Lesson one? Magic currency?
1. Commodities are labor products for exchange. This concept is a historical category, not an eternal category. )?
2. Compared with commodities, money appeared later. Money is the product of the development of commodity exchange to a certain stage. ?
3. What stages did communication go through? ?
(1) Barter: commodity-commodity?
(2) Commodities-commodities that everyone is willing to accept (universal equivalents)-commodities?
Universal equivalent: it represents the value of all other commodities and acts as a medium for the exchange of various commodities. ?
(3) Commodity-money-commodity?
4. The meaning of money: a commodity that is separated from commodities and permanently acts as a universal equivalent. ?
5. The essence of money: universal equivalent?
6. What is the basic function of money?
(1) Meaning: It embodies the essence of money and refers to the role that money plays in people's economic life. ?
(2) Two basic functions:
Answer? Value scale-the concept of money (price: the value of goods expressed in a certain amount of money. )?
b？ Means of circulation-money in reality?
8. Commodity circulation: What is the function of money as a medium of commodity exchange? Formula: commodity-currency-commodity?
9. Is it better to issue more money? No?
The amount of metal money needed in circulation = the total price of goods? /? How many times does the currency circulate?
Paper money is a currency symbol stipulated by the state. If paper money is distributed indiscriminately, it will lead to the devaluation of paper money and the rise of prices, which will affect people's lives and social and economic order. ?
The less banknotes, the better. If the amount of paper money in circulation is less than the required amount of money, it will make it difficult to sell goods and directly hinder the circulation of goods. ?
10, when accounting for various economic income and expenditure transactions in a certain period of time, people usually adopt two settlement methods: cash settlement; Transfer settlement?
1 1. Classification of credit instruments:?
(1) Credit card: a credit certificate issued by a bank to a customer with good credit status. Features of credit card: Credit card integrates deposit and withdrawal, consumption, settlement and inquiry, which can reduce the use of cash, simplify collection procedures, facilitate shopping and consumption, enhance consumption safety and bring many conveniences to cardholders. ?
(2) Cheque: The payment voucher of demand deposit is a bill that the drawer entrusts a bank and other financial institutions to unconditionally pay a certain amount to the payee or holder at sight. ?
Classification: cash check and transfer check?
B*** Similarity: circulation and transfer are not allowed. ?
12, foreign exchange?
(1) Meaning: It is a means of payment for international settlement expressed in foreign currency. ?
(2) Exchange rate: also known as exchange rate, it is the exchange rate between two currencies. ?
100 unit of foreign currency can be converted into more RMB-the exchange rate of foreign currency against RMB rises-the RMB depreciates?
100 unit foreign currency can be converted into RMB less-the exchange rate of foreign currency against RMB decreases-RMB appreciates?
13. What is the significance of RMB stability?
Maintaining the stability of RMB means maintaining the overall price level at home and the real effective exchange rate of RMB at abroad, which is of great significance for expanding employment, economic growth and balance of payments, and promoting the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy. ?
Test site: 1. Is it better to issue more money? Or as little as possible? ?
2. How to deal with the pressure of RMB appreciation? What do you think of China's RMB appreciation this year? ?
Lesson two? Variable price?
1, factors that affect the price, such as climate, time, region, output, etc. But the influence of these factors on the price is realized by changing the relationship between supply and demand of commodities. ?
2. Does the relationship between supply and demand affect prices?
(1) Demand exceeds supply-snapping up-rising prices-forming a seller's market (seller-led market type)?
(2) oversupply-slow sales-falling prices-forming a buyer's market (the type of market in which the buyer plays a leading role)?
3. Value determines price?
Value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value. ?
Other things being equal, the greater the commodity value, the higher the price, the smaller the commodity value and the lower the price. ?
4. The value of commodities is determined by socially necessary labor time, not by individual labor time. ?
Socially necessary labor time: refers to the time required to manufacture a commodity with the average social labor proficiency and labor intensity under the existing normal production conditions. ?
What should a single enterprise do if it wants to make more profits? ?
Making money: Personal working hours are shorter than socially necessary working hours?
Lose money: do individuals work longer hours than socially necessary ones?
5. Ways to shorten personal working hours:?
(1) Strengthen labor proficiency and labor intensity; ?
(2) improve production technology and labor productivity. ?
The fundamental way: improving labor productivity?
6. Law of value?
(1) Basic content:?
Answer? The value of commodities is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing commodities. ?
b？ Commodity exchange should be based on value quantity and implement equivalent exchange. ?
(2) Form of expression:?
Affected by the relationship between supply and demand, commodity prices fluctuate around value. ?
Schematic diagram of price fluctuation: (as shown on the right)?
7. What are the effects of price changes? ?
How does (1) affect people's lives?
Changes in prices will cause changes in demand. ?
Price changes have little influence on daily necessities, but have great influence on high-grade durable goods. ?
Generally speaking:?
Lower price-greater demand?
Higher price-less demand?
(2) The impact of price changes on production and operation?
Adjust production. (graphic sketch)?
B improve labor productivity?
Produce marketable high-quality products?
8. Substitution: The two commodities have the same or similar functions and can meet the same needs of consumers. Such as: train-plane? Air conditioning-fan?
Complementary goods: two kinds of goods meet a kind of demand of people. Such as: table tennis bat-table tennis? Car-gasoline?
Test center: How do enterprise producers win the price war? How to make your products competitive in the market? ?
Lesson three? Colorful consumption?
1. Factors affecting consumption: What is the most important factor?
(1) Income is the premise and foundation of consumption. ?
During the period of rapid income growth, consumption growth is also relatively fast; The growth rate of income has declined, and the growth rate of consumption has also declined. ?
-To improve the living standards of residents, we must maintain steady economic growth and increase residents' income. ?
(2) Commodity prices affect people's consumption choices. ?
Prices rise and purchasing power generally declines; Prices have fallen and purchasing power has generally increased. ?
Basic consumer goods are far less affected by price changes than luxury goods. ?
Learn how to use it: please name several ways to promote it?
Tip: Changes in the performance, appearance, quality, packaging, purchase method, store location, service attitude and after-sales maintenance of goods may bring different consumption choices to consumers. ?
2. Analysis: "From frugality to luxury, from luxury to frugality." A person with a high income level and consumption level in the past will try to maintain a high consumption level in the short term, but will not cut consumption expenditure immediately, even if disposable income is reduced. ?
3. What is the consumption type?
(1) is divided into tangible goods consumption and labor (service) consumption according to different product types. ?
(2) According to the different transaction methods, it can be divided into three types: consumption of money and commodities, consumption of loans and consumption of leasing. ?
(3) According to different consumption purposes, it can be divided into means of production consumption, means of development consumption and means of enjoyment consumption?
4. The smaller the proportion of food expenditure, development data expenditure and enjoyment data expenditure in the total household consumption expenditure, the higher the household consumption level? ?
A: The consumption structure reflects the proportion of people's various consumption expenditures in the total consumption expenditure. The ratio of food expenditure to total household expenditure is called Engel coefficient. The smaller the Engel coefficient, the higher the people's living standard. On the contrary, the lower. ?
Related material analysis questions:?
Jinan Municipal Bureau of Statistics released information that private cars and commercial houses became the main consumer goods with the strongest growth in 2004. Up to now, the total number of private cars in the city has reached 1 1.2 million. According to the unified calculation of urban and rural residents in Jinan, the number of private cars per 100 households has reached 6.5. Individual housing purchases also increased by 55.8% over the previous year. ?
Answer the economic knowledge reflected in the materials with relevant knowledge. ?
Analysis: According to the data, automobile and housing consumption have become the largest consumption category except food consumption, and the consumption structure reflects the proportion of people's various consumption expenditures in the total consumption expenditure. The ratio of food expenditure to total household expenditure is called Engel coefficient. The smaller the Engel coefficient, the higher the people's living standard. On the contrary, the lower. Therefore, it can be seen from the materials that the social consumption structure of Jinan is upgrading to development and enjoyment. ?
5. Psychological activities in the process of consumption are influenced by external factors (natural conditions, social environment and personal experience). The following are the main psychological induced consumption:
(1) Consumption caused by conformity psychology? (2) Consumption caused by seeking differences?
(3) Consumption caused by comparison psychology? (4) Consumption caused by realistic psychology?
6. How to be a rational consumer? ?
(1) Live within our means and spend moderately. ?
(2) Avoid blind obedience and rational consumption. ?
(3) Environmental protection and green consumption. Green consumption aims at protecting consumers' health and saving resources. Its core is sustainable development. )?
(4) Diligence and hard work are our spiritual wealth. ?
Test center: Considering the reality of building a conservation-oriented society in China, how to save money in consumption?