Entrepreneurs are the founders and organizers of enterprises. First of all, entrepreneurs are independent legal representatives with certain powers and responsibilities, otherwise they are not entrepreneurs. Secondly, entrepreneurs are the founders and leaders of enterprises and the core of modern enterprises. An enterprise is composed of entrepreneurs, managers and employees, and is represented as a specific factory or company. It is the creator of wealth, undertakes social employment, product production and sales, earns foreign exchange through export, and is also the main source of national tax revenue. Therefore, without enterprises, modern countries will not have full social employment, rich commodities, strong exports and strong financial strength. So what about the development of entrepreneurs and enterprises in China since the reform and opening up? How do they affect the changes of China's national wealth? Entrepreneurs in the true sense are only private entrepreneurs in China, because they have the status of independent legal representatives, while state-owned enterprises have no entrepreneurs, only managers, who are hired by the state to manage state-owned enterprises and assets. In this sense, there are no entrepreneurs in China, or more accurately, there are no entrepreneurs in modern large enterprises in China, but there are state-owned enterprises in China. At present, China is in the position of the world factory in the global division of labor system. Enterprises in China include foreign enterprises, state-owned enterprises and private enterprises. It is these three enterprises in China that have promoted employment in China, made China a world factory, and promoted the strong export of China and the rapid growth of China's national wealth. So there are no entrepreneurs in China, why can China enterprises develop rapidly after 30 years of reform and opening up, especially after joining WTO? The reason lies in the transfer of capital and technology from developed high-wage countries to underdeveloped low-wage countries in the era of economic globalization.
The rapid development of China enterprises and China manufacturing in the past 30 years is the result of industrial division of labor in the era of economic globalization. In the era of economic globalization, the difference of monetary income and wage income among countries has become an important comparative advantage. Where the unit labor cost is low, entrepreneurs will go there to invest, and the modern mass production process can be realized equally efficiently all over the world. Then capital investment will always seek the country with the lowest labor cost, because it will increase profits, and the maximum profit = the most advanced technology+the cheapest labor. Therefore, in the era of economic globalization, transnational corporations, as the main body of global economic activities, transcend national boundaries and integrate and allocate global resources in order to achieve the most effective use of resources and maximize profits. The U-shaped curve industrial division of labor structure is the result of this configuration, that is, R&D and marketing are mainly controlled by European and American multinational companies, and production and processing are in developing countries, currently mainly in China. So why China? Because China is rich in cheap labor resources, attractive investment environment, relatively stable domestic political environment, perfect supporting facilities and huge potential consumer market. First of all, since 1978, China has received 500 billion US dollars of foreign investment, making it the second largest investment center in the world after the United States. Secondly, the influx of foreign capital enabled China to achieve an average economic growth rate of more than 9.5% from 65438 to 0978, which was three times that of the United States. Thirdly, the introduction of capital and technology has made China a big manufacturing country and the largest trade exporter in the world. Fourthly, China, as the largest exporter, has become the largest foreign exchange reserve country in the world, which has now reached 3 trillion US dollars. Fifthly, China, as a factory in the world, naturally becomes the largest energy consumer in the world. In the past 10 years, China's energy consumption increased by 8.9% on average. Sixth, with the immigration of a large number of multinational companies, China's fiscal revenue has reached the second place in the world. At present, China has surpassed Japan to become the second largest economy in the world, and according to the forecast, the total GDP of China will surpass that of the United States in 20 19.
Undoubtedly, economic globalization has promoted the rise and development of enterprises and manufacturing industries in China, but because of this, enterprises and manufacturing industries in China are born with problems. First, China's enterprises and manufacturing industries have not developed through their own long-term accumulation. If they left the capital, technology and market of the United States and western countries, what would it be like to be made in China? In fact, China Manufacturing does not have its own core technology, global sales network and market, and it is a cheap OEM and processing production base in the global industrial division system. Secondly, China's manufacturing industry is built on the sweat of cheap labor, which is why China ranks second in the world, but China's per capita GDP is only over 3,800 dollars, ranking 100 in the world. Compared with one-tenth of Japanese population and one-twelfth of American population, there are about/kloc-0.50 billion poor people, because European and American multinational companies have benefited the most from China's economic development. Third, as a factory in the world, China's manufacturing industry is in low-end processing and production. Without American technology, it is impossible to talk about manufacturing in China. Competitive industries are dominated by multinational companies or have foreign investment background. In China's open industries, almost the top five enterprises in each industry have foreign capital holding, and in 28 major industries, foreign capital has the most asset control rights in 2 1 industry. Fourth, although China's total export volume is very large, 60% is dominated by multinational companies. At present, more than half of China's merchandise trade and 85% of its high-tech products are exported by foreign capital. Multinational companies only regard China as a cheap production base, and the final market of most products is in developed countries in Europe and America, while the purpose of manufacturing in China is only to process and then export. So China only produces, not consumes, but exports, not imports. Fifth, manufacturing in China leads to huge energy consumption and environmental pollution, because multinational companies take products that cannot be produced in their own countries to China for production, and then sell them to their own countries and other countries in the world. Generally speaking, China's manufacturing industry is subject to the global division of labor system and has no independence of its own. The manufacturing industry basically relies on external demand rather than domestic demand. China's manufacturing industry actually works for American and Western multinational companies. The situation is as follows: first, the labor force is exploited; Second, energy has been consumed by unprecedented overdraft; Third, the environmental pollution is serious. Western multinational companies are the leaders of economic globalization, so they are also the biggest winners. They transferred capital and technology to China and put production and processing in China, not to help China develop, but to maximize profits.
At present, European and American countries are deeply mired in debt crisis, and economic globalization is moving towards its own development, which has caused great impact on Chinese enterprises and manufacturing industries. On the one hand, China's unskilled industrial economic development model has come to an end. First of all, the cheap labor, which is the basis of this development model, has led to the increase of manufacturing costs in China and the aging of the population in China, the end of the era of cheap labor in China, and the transfer of many companies to the central and western parts of China, and some of them have moved out of China. Second, the financial crisis has led to a decline in global demand. In addition, due to the financial crisis, the United States and western countries retreated to trade protectionism, limiting and raising China's export threshold, resulting in unsustainable pressure on China manufacturing based on external demand. Finally, the domestic living environment of China manufacturing enterprises, mainly small and medium-sized private enterprises, is also facing deterioration. The foundation of China's rise is made in China, and the main body made in China is small and medium-sized private enterprises in China. However, most private enterprises in China are transformed from the original state-owned enterprises, which are not only congenitally deficient, but also malnourished, and most of them are labor-intensive OEM enterprises with low added value. At present, it is facing the influence of difficult loans, rising prices of raw materials and labor and imperfect competition rules, and its survival is in jeopardy. On the other hand, the plight of China's manufacturing industry comes from its own slow and powerless transformation. The sustainability of China's economic growth will depend on the transformation of China. China can't always work for others. China manufacturing must have its own core technology, its own market and its own driving force, but it is easier said than done.
The prosperity of a country mainly depends on the development of its own enterprises. The United States and western countries do not lose first-class entrepreneurs and enterprises. However, due to the transfer and outsourcing of capital and technology and the hollowing out of industries in the United States and western countries, the unemployment rate is high, the trade deficit and debt are rising, so that the United States has first-class entrepreneurs, but there are no enterprises. There are no first-class entrepreneurs and enterprises in China, but due to the input of global capital and technology, enterprises and manufacturing industries in China have developed rapidly and national wealth has accumulated rapidly, so that China has no first-class entrepreneurs, but it is a world factory. China's enterprises and manufacturing industries will remain the foundation of China's rise and development, otherwise, China's rise will face recession, employment will become a problem, and exports and foreign exchange will decline. At present, China's enterprises and manufacturing industries are in the transformation of two development models. China's export-oriented manufacturing model, which lasted for nearly 30 years, is running out, while China's domestic demand-oriented manufacturing model has not yet formed. Fortunately, China and the Midwest. The development of the central and western regions will make China's manufacturing continue for at least 10 years, and at the same time, China will have at least 10 years to accelerate the transformation of its development mode. Of course, the earlier the transition, the better.