Summary of a knowledge point in a compulsory political course for senior one 1
Monetary theory
I. Commodities
1. Meaning: labor products used for exchange.
Basic attribute: (1) Use value (natural attribute): the attribute that a commodity can meet people's needs. The use value of commodities is also the material undertaker of value. (2) Value (social attribute): Indifferent human labor condensed in commodities-commodities are the unity of use value and value. When the use value and value of commodities are separated, exchange is realized.
Second, money: the product of the development of commodity exchange to a certain stage
1. Meaning: separated from commodities and fixed as commodities in universal equivalents-money is the product of commodity exchange at a certain stage.
2. Essence: universal equivalent (with the function of expressing and measuring the value of all other commodities)
13. Function: The embodiment of the essence of money (determined by the essence) refers to the role that money plays in economic life.
Basic functions: 1. Value scale: the performance of money and the function of measuring the value of all other commodities. Price significance: the implementation form of commodity value expressed by a certain amount of money: concept currency.
Two. Means of circulation: the function of money as a medium of commodity exchange: realistic money-commodity circulation: commodity exchange with money as the medium, the formula is W-G-W-commodity exchange: barter, and the formula is W-W (2) Other functions: storage means, payment means, world currency.
Law of currency circulation: The actual amount of money needed in circulation is governed by the law of currency circulation (1) Content: The amount of money needed in circulation is directly proportional to the total price of goods and inversely proportional to the number of times of currency circulation (2) Formula: the amount of money needed in circulation = the total price of goods ÷ the number of times of currency circulation.
Third, paper money.
1. Meaning: a mandatory value symbol issued by the country (or some regions).
2. Determinants: circulation, face value-national purchasing power (actual representative value)-actual amount of money needed in circulation.
3. Quota: The circulation should be limited to the amount of money actually needed in circulation. -Too much is easy to lead to inflation (prices continue to rise in an all-round way), and too little is easy to lead to deflation (prices continue to fall in an all-round way).
4. Electronic money: "electronic money" that is stored, transferred, purchased and paid by computer.
The development of money: metal money (gold and silver bars-coins)-paper money-electronic money.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) foreign exchange
1. Meaning: means of payment expressed in foreign currency in international settlement.
Exchange rate: also known as exchange rate, refers to the exchange rate between two currencies-keep the value of RMB stable: (1) Meaning: keep the overall price level stable at home and the RMB exchange rate stable abroad; (2) Significance: It is of great significance to the stability of people's lives and the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy, as well as to the world financial stability and economic development. (People's life, national economy, world finance)
Intransitive verb credit instrument
1. settlement method: (1) cash settlement: the receipt and payment of economic transactions are completed in paper money; (1) Transfer settlement: the receipt and payment of economic business is completed through bank transfer.
Credit card: an electronic payment card with some or all functions such as consumption, transfer settlement, cash deposit and withdrawal, credit loan, etc. -Advantages: reducing cash use, simplifying payment procedures, facilitating shopping and consumption, and enhancing consumer safety. (Not too simplified, convenient and safe)
13. Checks: payment vouchers for demand deposits, bills that the drawer entrusts banks and other financial institutions to unconditionally pay a certain amount to the payee or the holder at sight.
Summary of a knowledge point of compulsory politics in senior two.
law of value
1. Value determines price: Value plays a fundamental role in price.
1. theoretical content: value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value (in general, the value of goods is directly proportional to the price).
Determinant of commodity value: socially necessary labor time.
(1) Meaning: It refers to the labor time required to manufacture a commodity with the average social labor proficiency and labor intensity under the existing normal social production conditions.
(2) Significance to commodity producers: First, if the personal working hours are higher than the socially necessary working hours, it will be at a disadvantage; Two. Individual labor time is lower than the socially necessary labor time, so it is in a favorable position-individual: it urges commodity producers to shorten the individual labor time used to produce commodities and improve labor productivity. Society: the general improvement of individual labor productivity will increase social labor productivity and reduce the value of unit goods.
Second, the relationship between supply and demand affects the price: 1. Theoretical content: Non-value factors (indirect factors) affect prices by changing the relationship between supply and demand of commodities (direct factors).
The relationship between supply and demand and price: (1) Demand exceeds supply → commodity shortage, price rise—seller's market (the seller plays a leading role and is in a favorable position); (2) Supply exceeds demand → commodity surplus, price drop—buyer's market (the buyer plays a leading role and is in a favorable position).
Third, the law of value:
1. Basic content: The value of goods is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing the goods, and the exchange of goods is based on value. ⑵ The value of a commodity is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing it: from the perspective of production field, the formation of commodity value ⑵ Commodity exchange is based on value, and the realization of commodity value is from the perspective of circulation field.
First, the characteristics of the principle of equivalent exchange: in the dynamic implementation
Two. The significance of the principle of equivalent exchange: safeguarding the interests of producers and consumers, forming an equal competitive environment, enabling commodity producers to survive the fittest in competition and promoting rapid and healthy economic development.
Summary of a knowledge point of compulsory politics in senior three
consumption level
I. Influencing factors of consumption level:
Fundamental factor: the level of national economic development.
Main factors: (1) Residents' income: income is the basis and premise of consumption; Consumption is affected by future income expectations; The overall consumption level of society is closely related to the income gap of the people. 2. Overall price level: price changes affect people's purchasing power-measures to improve consumption level: 1. Vigorously develop productive forces and improve the level of national economic development. Two. It is necessary to maintain steady economic growth and increase residents' income. Three. Improve the rational distribution system and narrow the income gap. Four. Strengthen national macro-control and stabilize prices.
Second, the consumption type.
1. By product type: tangible goods consumption and labor service consumption.
2. According to the transaction method, it can be divided into two categories: money and goods settlement consumption, loan consumption and lease consumption.
3. According to the purpose of consumption: subsistence consumption (the most basic consumption), development consumption and enjoyment consumption.
Third, the consumption structure
An important indicator reflecting the proportion of people's consumption expenditure in total consumption expenditure: Engel's coefficient-the proportion of food expenditure in total household expenditure (1). If Engel's coefficient is too large, it will inevitably affect other consumption expenditures, especially the increase of development materials and enjoyment materials, and limit the improvement of consumption level and quality. (2) If Engel's coefficient decreases, it means that people's living standards have improved and consumption structure has improved.
Law of change: the consumption structure is constantly changing with the development of economy and the change of income. The general development trend is that the consumption proportion of basic living materials is gradually decreasing, while the consumption proportion of development materials and enjoyment materials is gradually increasing.
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