In the Liang Qichao era a hundred years ago, intellectuals talked about the so-called "Western learning spreading to the east". One hundred years later, the so-called "western learning" is no longer a question of "gradual progress" and "gradual progress". It intrudes into people's hearts from their fingertips, penetrates into the world people breathe from pure thoughts and abstract theories, and penetrates into the most concrete contents and details of life.
However, what is "globalization", where does the influence come from, where is it going, who is being "transformed" by what power and who is being "transformed" by whom?
Thomas l. friedman, an economist, once said in his book The World is Flat: A Perspective of Lexus and Olive Tree that the continuous dynamic process of globalization includes: the ruthless integration of market, nation-state and technology, which is unprecedented in history, enabling individuals, enterprises and nation-state to contact the world in a wider, faster, deeper and cheaper way than before ... "
In other words, you can communicate with most people in different countries in the world in English. You can find McDonald's and Starbucks all over the world. You will see people all over the world wearing Nike brand, and even chasing Taylor Swift on the same Internet, saying that she is an idol of globalization.
At the same time, there are more than 20,000 international standards in the world, which have unified various product specifications and service standards around the world; More than 44,500 multinational companies with an annual turnover of 7 trillion US dollars; More than 250 multilateral regulatory agencies and 16500 cross-border civil organizations; Every year, the number of air passengers exceeds 654.38 billion, the annual foreign exchange transaction volume is 450 trillion US dollars, and the annual cross-border capital investment reaches 60 trillion US dollars. In the past 50 years, the value of international trade has increased by over 16 times.
Similarly, the world is becoming more and more globalized, and various new developments of globalization have brought about a new situation in the world. In this new development, different groups, organizations, countries and regions are facing different opportunities and challenges, and the interests and losses are naturally inconsistent, which has triggered new disputes.
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Marx once mentioned in Das Kapital (Volume I) that "world trade and world market opened the modern life history of capital in16th century".
It is hard to imagine that the picture of economic globalization began from the moment when Columbus left Barroso, Spain, and arrived in the New World in 492. As a result, European commercial capitalism expanded to America first and then to Asia through ocean voyage, gradually connecting five continents, thus opening the globalization process that changed world history.
People's understanding of world geography has undergone subversive changes, resulting in a qualitative leap.
/kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, Britain took the lead in completing the industrial revolution and began to actively promote the free trade policy on a global scale, which was the first climax of globalization. According to the data in paul kennedy's The Rise and Fall of Great Powers, after the first round of globalization, the world trade volume in 19 13 was nearly ten times that in 1850.
With the bloody development of capitalist colonies, the process of globalization really began and developed to a great extent. For example, a British economist once said, "Oceania has our pastures, and Argentina and the grasslands in western North America have our cattle. Peru sent silver, and gold from South Africa and Australia flowed to London. Indians and China grow tea for us, and our coffee, sugar and spice plantations are all over east indies. "
/kloc-the second half of the 0/9th century to the beginning of the 20th century has also become a period of accelerated economic globalization.
On the one hand, the second industrial revolution, represented by the development of electric power industry and the application of internal combustion engines, made the western developed countries enter the electrical age from age of steam, from the light industrial revolution centered on textile industry to the heavy chemical industrial revolution represented by steel, petrochemical, electrical appliances, machinery and automobiles, and the productivity gained new and great development. During this period, new means of transportation and new means of communication appeared constantly, which greatly shortened the time and space distance and promoted the great development of international trade. At the same time, with the rapid increase of international investment and the free movement of people, the whole world has really embarked on the process of global integration.
After World War II, the United States replaced Britain as the standard bearer of globalization and trade freedom, which was the second climax of globalization. Up to the key historical node 197 1, the world trade volume of that year was 5.2 times that of 19 13 and 5.05 times that of 1948.
Since 1980s, human beings have entered an era of globalization, and major factors including capital, market, products, labor force and capitalists have become a global phenomenon. Especially after 1990s, the network of international division of labor and professional cooperation has matured. Multinational companies even replace the national market and become the center of economic activities, playing an important role in the globalization of trade, finance, technology and culture and the spread of military technology.
Globalization promotes the globalization of labor force and the new international division of labor, which is accompanied by the flow of capital, technology and labor force and the transfer of production capacity. The main direction is that backward production capacity and low-end industries in western developed countries are transferred to third world countries, and capital and high-end talents are gathered in developed countries. This process is the inevitable result of capital's pursuit of profit and efficiency under the condition of global market.
Obviously, multinational enterprises have shown great development space in depth and breadth in the past two decades, and the process of economic globalization has obviously accelerated. In this process, the automobile industry has become the leading industry and one of the most typical industries. After the emergence of the new pattern of international automobile industry development, it also laid the groundwork for the changes in the internal and external development situation of China automobile industry 20 years later.
6+3 competition mode
This is a world-famous transaction.
1998165438+10 In October, Daimler-Benz acquired Chrysler Company of the United States with a huge sum of US$ 36 billion. Daimler, Germany's largest company, crossed the Atlantic and merged with Chrysler, the smallest of the American automobile giants, which was tenacious and passionate, and lost its independence from then on. The proud and powerful Daimler company shows the world that Germany's ambition is by no means limited to Europe.
The Wall Street Journal called the move a "unique industrial merger."
The marriage between Daimler and Chrysler has brought great shock to the whole automobile industry, and outlined a huge grand blueprint for international mergers and acquisitions with unprecedented momentum, which has caused a series of reactions among competitors actively seeking global partners.
Automobile groups know that if they continue to play the role of regional manufacturers and only operate in one country, they will face the survival crisis under the new conditions. If they can quickly change from the role of regional manufacturers to the role of global manufacturers, they can obtain the necessary conditions for survival and development.
So when those people are still arguing about the existence of 4 million clubs, and it is difficult to reach the economic scale of10.5 million or 200 thousand for a long time, in fact, multinational companies have taken initial shape through merger, holding and equity participation? 6+3 competition pattern, namely GM-Fiat-Suzuki-Fuji Heavy Industries-Isuzu Group, Ford-Mazda-Volvo Automobile Group, Daimler-Chrysler-Mitsubishi Group, Toyota-Daihatsu-Hino Group, Volkswagen-Scania Group, Renault-Nissan-Samsung Group and BMW Company, Honda Company and Peugeot-Citroen Company.
The annual output of the six major groups alone exceeds 4 million vehicles, and the sum of their 1999 output is 46.29 million vehicles, accounting for 84.6% of the world's total output, of which GM's output accounts for 24.6% and Ford's 16.5%.
198, there were 6 18 mergers and acquisitions in the world automobile industry, with a total transaction amount of 80.6 billion us dollars. The merger and reorganization of parts industry is also very active. 1999, TRW, the largest airbag manufacturer in the United States, acquired Lucas, a large British component manufacturer, for $7 billion through fierce competition, making it comparable to Delphi and Bosch and becoming the "three major" component multinational companies in the world.
The monopoly pattern of global automobile industry giants has been formed, and there is a trend of further strengthening, and this stage is also the last stage of global value chain of major multinational automobile groups.
For example, using global resources to achieve global procurement of parts, global layout of products and sales networks, technology utilization and localization of R&D systems. For example, General Motors established the John Welch Technology Center in India; Established R&D comprehensive center in Zhangjiang High-tech Park, China; Establishment of European R&D Center in Munich, Germany. Volkswagen, Ford, Toyota and other groups have also established research and development institutions around the world.
According to Robert Reich, an American political economist, when consumers buy a GM car in the United States for 10000, of which $3,000 is paid to Korean assembly line workers, 1750 is paid to Japanese parts manufacturers, $700 is paid to German car designers, $400 is paid to China Taiwan Province Province and Singaporean parts manufacturers, and $250 is paid.
Under the background of globalization, such an example clearly reflects the complex manufacturing network of the automobile industry. When these groups established honest cooperative partnerships with upstream suppliers, downstream vendors and service providers, they not only gained huge economic benefits, expanded their profit margins, but also further enhanced their competitiveness.
At the same time, emerging markets are emerging.
In the early 1990s, with the increase of per capita income in developing countries such as Latin America, Asia and Eastern Europe, and the implementation of the opening-up policy, the automobile market developed rapidly. In particular, these countries have made great progress in trade liberalization. Many countries and regions that have been closed for a long time in the past have opened their own markets by reducing or canceling the trade barriers of automobile products, thus providing opportunities for multinational automobile groups to enter the emerging automobile market.
But they didn't notice that the dawn of the global automobile industry has gradually turned to the East.
Asian sample
Although Japan's automobile industry had gone through the embryonic stage before World War II, it really rose after World War II.
After declaring unconditional surrender, Japan in ruins can only pin its development on civilian industry. As a comprehensive industry of steel, rubber and electromechanical, automobile industry has become the driving force of Japan's economic development. In addition, because the United States ordered a large number of military vehicles from Japan, it promoted the recovery of Japan's automobile industry and the output rebounded rapidly. At the same time, the government's policy and tax support for Toyota and Nissan has basically formed Japan's automobile industry system.
Japan's five-year revitalization bill has rapidly increased its production capacity from 600,000 to 2 million. The rapidly rising Japanese automobile industry has not only gained a firm foothold in the competition with Europe and America, but also started to become a force to be reckoned with among Asian automobile manufacturers by learning from each other's strong points and even relying on independent technological innovation.
Take Toyota as an example. 1965, Toyota only exported 288 cars to the United States. 10 years later, it surpassed its main competitor Volkswagen and ranked first among American automobile importers. In the early 1980s, the annual output exceeded 3 million vehicles, making it the second largest automobile manufacturer in the world. From 65438 to 0985, its sales in the American market accounted for 20% of the American auto market.
In the face of strong competitors such as the United States and Western Europe, Toyota's product strategy is to avoid the real and make the virtual, and produce cars with high quality, miniaturization, convenience, reliability and applicability, with the aim of making Japanese cars accepted by American consumers as a means of transportation.
After Toyota established itself in the United States, they quickly increased their investment, established the most advanced factories, trained first-class engineering and technical personnel and front-line workers, and strengthened scientific management, which laid a material foundation for greatly improving labor productivity and economies of scale. From 65438 to 0969, the average annual output of Toyota was as high as 39 vehicles, which was 3.42 times that of General Motors in the same period.
Coupled with the low price, stable quality, good performance and low maintenance cost, Toyota has established a good image. American automakers have no strength to fight back, and a large number of market shares are gradually eroded by Toyota. At the same time, the distribution channel strategy and promotion strategy also made Toyota win a great victory in this commercial war without smoke.
At that time, the Japanese government's support for the automobile industry became the biggest boost to its rapid development, including measures such as defining the automobile industry as an export industry, introducing technology, strengthening international competitiveness and restructuring enterprises. In addition, in order to keep the European and American automobile export markets, Japan made every effort to put forward strict requirements on automobile safety, emission and energy saving, which greatly promoted the development of Japanese automobiles in terms of output and quality.
However, due to the bursting of Japan's economic bubble in the early 1990s, the Japanese economy fell into a painful "lost 20 years", and Japanese cars also fell into a painful downturn. Japan's automobile industry, which sprouted from the war, was not defeated by such a blow. Japanese auto companies began large-scale mergers and acquisitions, and increased technological innovation.
At the same time, South Korea, which is separated from Japan by the Korean Strait, also stood on the stage of globalization and began to show its graceful dance.
In order to conform to the global trend, South Korea began to promote industrialization. 1967, Hyundai Group seized the opportunity to start from the Ford assembly plant and transform into the automotive field. It owns two major passenger car brands, Hyundai and Kia. Because South Korea has a small population and relatively small domestic demand, developing export business has become a national strategy. From 65438 to 0976, Hyundai Motor began to develop its own models. At the beginning, it was mainly to export the whole vehicle and set up overseas sales agencies, and then set up CKD factories or technology transfer centers, targeting less developed countries such as South America, Africa and the Middle East.
Unlike Toyota, Hyundai started from the Canadian market and entered the American market after accumulating experience. Only because of the initial product quality and other problems, consumers in the American market have a low awareness of modern brands. Subsequently, by increasing investment and quality control in R&D, the company greatly improved the quality of cars and increased the competitiveness of products. At the same time, we should combine global R&D and global procurement to optimize the cost, localize and develop products suitable for local consumers, and select key breakthrough market segments. And through innovative marketing and after-sales service, keep pace with the upstream parts enterprises.
In the end, this humble brand gained a firm foothold in the United States, the world's most weathervane market. As one of the global companies, Hyundai Motor sold 65,438+0,565,438+0,000 vehicles worldwide in 2000, of which 820,000 vehicles were sold overseas, accounting for 54%. 2 1 century, Hyundai Motor achieved a breakthrough in sales volume in China market, which made the road to globalization of Hyundai Motor by going up one flight of stairs.
Hyundai Group released a 20 19 sales report, showing that its global cumulative sales reached 7190,000 vehicles. In China, the United States, South Korea and India, the sales volume in 20 19 years accounted for 18.7%, 13.4%, 18. 1% and 13.6%, respectively, and China remained.
Spring 200 1
"Does the world need China more, or does China need the world more?"
This is an unsolved but often mentioned problem. Behind this tangle, it reflects the complex mentality of the western world and neighboring countries towards the rise of China.
Teacher Wu Xiaobo said in "Ten Years of Agitation": China Enterprises 2008~20 18: In this decade, China's total economic output surpassed that of Japan, and its manufacturing scale surpassed that of the United States. The overtaking of automobile production and sales in 2009 caused a huge psychological impact in Detroit.
But as samuel huntington, an American politician, revealed, the rise of great powers means the beginning of a new cycle of interest adjustment. This is a long and uncertain adjustment cycle, so far, all parties involved have not found the most suitable way to get along.
Since 1978, China has been opening wider to the outside world and joined the WTO in 2006. Based on its huge production capacity and consumption capacity, it is different from the United States starting a new stove after World War II, and it is also different from the dominance of Britain and the United States when leading globalization. The entry of export-oriented rising China has changed the existing pattern of economic globalization, which is another climax of globalization.
At present, local enterprises in many major industries in China have actually started to occupy the largest market share. From refrigerators to computers, from banks to fast-moving consumer goods, local enterprises enjoy a larger share of "cakes" than multinational competitors. However, after investing hundreds of billions of dollars, China automobile enterprises have not yet reached 50% market share.
It is an obvious fact that multinational automobile manufacturers still dominate the China market.
Since China's entry into WTO 20 years ago, China's automobile industry has developed rapidly, but its maturity and development level are low, especially in the initial stage, the strategy of "exchanging market for technology" was adopted. However, with the improvement of technical level and the intensification of global competition, over-reliance on cheap labor and abundant raw materials can no longer meet the development of automobile industry at this stage.
To be sure, the performance of China automobile manufacturers is really impressive.
In just over ten years, China brand has almost grown from scratch, building its own passenger car brand step by step. For example, Geely and Great Wall, BYD and Changan Automobile have rapidly consolidated their market share of nearly 25-30% in the China automobile market, which is growing at double digits every year.
In recent years, the R&D strength of some enterprises has also developed greatly. For example, a major breakthrough has been made in the development of new energy vehicles. Technical enterprises represented by BYD have made progress in power battery and motor control, and innovative enterprises represented by Geely Automobile have made great achievements in vehicle design and manufacturing.
It can't be ignored that with the rise of human resources and resource capital in China, Hyundai and other multinational automobile companies have gradually transferred their automobile manufacturing industries to low-cost emerging developing countries such as Southeast Asia under the global strategy. Therefore, constantly optimizing and upgrading the industrial structure and "going out" is the only way for China automobile industry.
In fact, as early as 1957, 10 and 17, Jordan overseas trading company ordered three jiefang CA 10 trucks, and China automobile went abroad for the first time. 200 1, Chery entered the Middle East market, which opened the prelude to its entry into the international market. In 20 12 years, China's automobile exports exceeded1000000 vehicles for the first time, and China's automobile industry has been "going out" step by step.
However, China's automobile industry has obvious problems in the process of globalization.
Including the blind expansion of global production base, but there is no big breakthrough in sales volume, and the poor coordination of global R&D centers, the lack of targeted models for local market development. More importantly, globalization is concentrated in backward areas and emerging markets, and has not yet entered the developed and mature markets such as the European Union and the United States, especially because of strict supervision in Europe and the United States and insufficient technology accumulation of domestic enterprises.
Therefore, only by solving the problems of independent research and development ability, innovative technology and immature sales model, and realizing the integration of Lian Heng in the industrial chain, can we really go out and stimulate economic growth.
With the further implementation of tariff reduction, share ratio liberalization, "Belt and Road" and free trade zone construction, China's automobile internationalization is expected to usher in a more favorable market environment, while the process of world globalization will still fluctuate in the balance of various forces.
Text/Cao Yuxi
This article comes from car home, the author of the car manufacturer, and does not represent car home's position.