1, commodity

① Meaning: labor products for exchange ② Necessary conditions:

First, it must be a product of labor, and what is not a product of labor is not necessarily a commodity.

B, must be used for exchange, not for exchange of labor products is not a commodity, exchange is the basic feature of goods.

C, all goods have use value, but it is not necessarily a commodity that has use value.

D. commodities must be inseparable from the circulation field. Once it enters the field of consumption, it becomes a consumer product, not a commodity.

(3) Two basic attributes of commodities:

A, use value and value are two basic attributes of goods. (The former is a natural attribute and the latter is a social attribute)

B, use value refers to the property that goods can meet people's needs.

C value refers to undifferentiated human labor condensed in commodities.

Note: 1, labor products are not necessarily valuable, because value is a unique attribute of goods.

2. Things with use value are not necessarily valuable, because things with use value are not necessarily commodities.

☆ The relationship between them: unity of opposites.

Unity: it exists in commodities at the same time, and commodities are the unity of the two.

Opposition: No one can have two attributes at the same time.

A, use value is the material undertaker of value (because goods are used for exchange, people don't want useless items), as a commodity, it must have use value and value, both of which are indispensable, which is a manifestation of the unity of the two.

B, the opposition is manifested in: commodity producers and buyers can not have the use value and value of goods at the same time. In order to realize the value of goods, commodity producers must transfer the use value to buyers, and buyers must also pay the corresponding value to producers in order to obtain the use value. When the use value and value of goods are separated, it means that the exchange is realized.

2. Currency

① Currency generation: accidental barter-expanded barter-universal equivalent-universal equivalent fixed on gold and silver → currency generation. (Note: Accidental barter is not equivalent exchange. )

(2) The essence of money-the universal equivalent (essence) is a commodity.

Cause: Generation: It is a commodity in itself. Function: Like universal equivalents, it represents the value of all other commodities and acts as a medium of commodity exchange.

(3) the function of money:

A. Basic function: (1) means of circulation, only real money is needed. (2) The measure of value is only the concept of money.

B, other functions: (1) storage means, sufficient money.

(2) The means of payment, payment methods and exchange time are different. Example: go to the bank to get paid.

(3) World currency refers to the function of currency as a universal equivalent in the world market.

3. Paper money:

The meaning of paper money: a mandatory value symbol issued by the country (or some regions).

② Reasons: A. It is inconvenient for currency to circulate in the form of gold and silver bars, and the metal coins in circulation have defects, which are easy to wear out in use.

Loss, become a currency with insufficient value, and paper money is easier to keep and transport because of its low cost, avoiding the loss of coins in circulation.

B, from the function of money as a means of circulation.

Function: means of circulation, means of payment (paper money in some countries also has the function of world currency)

Note: Paper money has no value, but it is useful.

④ Issue: The circulation of paper money must be limited to the amount of money needed in circulation.

4. The imbalance between total social demand and total supply leads to: ① inflation ② deflation.

① The essence of inflation: the supply is less than the demand, which is manifested in the rising prices and the depreciation of paper money. Impact: paper money depreciates, prices rise, purchasing power declines, living standards decline, commodity sales are difficult, and economic order is chaotic.

② The essence of deflation: supply exceeds demand, which is manifested by falling prices and appreciation of paper money. Influence; Falling prices are beneficial to the people to a certain extent, but long-term large-scale decline will affect the enthusiasm of enterprises for production and investment, make the economy depressed, affect the improvement of people's living standards, and lead to sluggish market consumption, which is unfavorable to long-term economic development and people's long-term interests.

Note: Amount of money required for circulation = total price of goods/times of currency circulation.

Note: Solution:

Inflation: a moderately tight monetary policy and a fiscal policy of living within our means.

Deflation: a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy, issuing government bonds, investing in environmental protection facilities and expanding exports.

5. Credit instruments:

(1) credit currency: meaning: credit securities that replace metal currency as a means of circulation and payment are converted into credit currency.

Function: means of circulation and means of payment.

(2) Credit instruments: credit cards, checks and drafts: settlement in different places, bank drafts and commercial drafts.

A credit card: meaning: it is a credit certificate issued by a bank to a reputable customer.

Function: It integrates deposit and withdrawal, consumption, settlement and inquiry, which can reduce cash use, simplify collection procedures, facilitate shopping and consumption, enhance consumption safety and bring many conveniences to cardholders.

B. Cheque: Meaning: Cheque is a payment voucher for demand deposits, and it is a bill that the drawer entrusts banks and other financial institutions to unconditionally pay a certain amount to the payee or the holder at sight.

Type: Recent and future checks, registered or bearer checks, cash and transfer checks are mainly divided into transfer checks and cash checks in China.

① Transfer cheque: used for settlement in the same city. After the payer or individual issues the invoice, the payee will transfer the money to his bank account.

(2) Cash cheque: drawn by the payer, and the payee draws cash from the bank with the bill.

6. Foreign exchange and exchange rate

(1) foreign exchange: meaning: it is a means of payment expressed in foreign currency for international settlement.

(2) Exchange rate: Meaning: Also known as exchange rate, it is the exchange rate between two currencies.

China's exchange rate system: a managed floating exchange rate system based on market supply and demand and adjusted with reference to a basket of currencies.

Example: RMB appreciates against the US dollar, the exchange rate declines, the US dollar depreciates, and the exchange rate appreciates.

① Foreign exchange rate: the amount of a unit's foreign currency converted into local currency. The amount of foreign exchange exchanged is more than before, the foreign exchange rate is higher, the value of foreign currency appreciates, the amount of foreign exchange exchanged is less than before, and the foreign exchange rate is lower.

② Influence of exchange rate fluctuation:

A, a country's currency exchange rate decline (that is, foreign currency depreciation), usually leads to export expansion and import reduction, domestic prices rise, international reserves increase, employment increases, national income increases and capital flight.

B, a country's currency exchange rate rise (that is, currency appreciation), usually leads to a decrease in exports and an increase in imports, which worsens a country's foreign trade environment, reduces international reserves, and reduces employment and national income. But it can improve the credibility of the national currency, improve the country's economic status and attract foreign capital inflows.

Because of the influence of exchange rate fluctuation on economy, it has become an important means for countries to adjust their economies. For example, in order to stimulate export growth, they often directly announce the depreciation of their currencies, that is, the exchange rate of their currencies has fallen.

③ The importance of reasonable and stable exchange rate:

A. A reasonable and stable exchange rate is a necessary condition for the economic development of a country and even the world. From a country's point of view, it is conducive to promoting the healthy development of foreign trade, achieving foreign trade balance, stabilizing prices, increasing employment and national income, and enhancing international reserves.

B, from a global perspective, it is conducive to the smooth progress of international trade and the stability of the international financial order, and promotes the normal flow of international capital. On the contrary, if the exchange rate fluctuates frequently and violently, it will intensify international economic competition and affect the smooth progress of international trade; It will stimulate international speculation and lead to turmoil and chaos in financial markets.

④ The significance of maintaining the stability of the RMB value. In other words, keeping the overall price level stable internally and the real effective exchange rate of RMB stable externally is of great significance for expanding employment, economic growth and balance of payments, and promoting the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy.

The second lesson, changeable prices

First, the factors affecting the price:

1, factors affecting the price:

① Factors affecting prices: such as climate, time, region, output, and even religion and customs.

(2) The influence of various factors on commodity prices is realized by changing the relationship between supply and demand of commodities.

2. Supply and demand affect prices.

(1) Demand exceeds supply and prices rise.

A seller's market: meaning, the type of market dominated by the seller.

B. Performance: Due to the shortage of supply, the seller is in a favorable position in market transactions, and can sell the goods even if the price is raised.

(2) Supply exceeds demand and prices are reduced.

A, the buyer's market, is a buyer-led market type.

B. performance; Due to oversupply, buyers are in a favorable position in market transactions, and prices usually tend to fall.

3. Value determines price:

(1) The relationship between price and value.

In a market economy, the price is ultimately determined by the value. Value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value.

(2) the level of commodity prices, because they contain different values. Other things being equal, the greater the commodity value, the higher the price; The smaller the value, the lower the price.

(2) socially necessary labor time determines the value of goods.

① Determinants of value: not determined by individual labor time, but by socially necessary labor time for producing goods.

First, socially necessary labor time refers to the production of a commodity with the average social labor proficiency and labor intensity under the existing normal social production conditions.

B, individual labor time is the time spent by individual commodity producers to produce a commodity.

② The value of commodities is directly proportional to the socially necessary labor time. The more socially necessary labor time a commodity consumes, the greater its value, and vice versa.

③ that significance of socially necessary labor time to producer.

A, the lower the socially necessary labor time, in a favorable position.

B, the higher the socially necessary labor time, the more unfavorable.

→ Decide that producers should strive to shorten individual labor time for producing commodities and improve labor productivity.

(3)① The value of commodities is inversely proportional to social labor productivity.

Labor productivity: the productivity of workers. Labor rate = original product quantity = labor time =

② The socially necessary labor time is the expression of certain social productive forces, which is caused by the changes of social productive forces.

(3) The change of individual labor productivity does not affect the value of goods, but it can change individual labor hours and change the total value created at the same time.

Note: master the relationship diagram of labor time, labor productivity and commodity value (see the guide)

4. The content and manifestation of the law of value.

The content of the law of value: the value of commodities is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing commodities, and the exchange of commodities is based on value.

(2) Manifestation: Affected by the relationship between supply and demand, commodity prices fluctuate around value, which is the manifestation of the law of value.

③ Function: a. Adjust the distribution of labor force and means of production in all social production departments (optimize the resource allocation of all social departments).

B. Stimulate commodity producers to improve technology, management and labor productivity (in order to achieve optimal allocation within enterprises)

C. leading to the survival of the fittest in commodity production. (Optimizing the allocation of resources among enterprises, in short, is conducive to the optimal, reasonable and efficient allocation of resources)

Two. Impact of price changes: See the textbook P 17- 19.

The third lesson, colorful consumption

1, factors affecting consumption

(1) Residents' income impact

① Relationship between income and consumption: income is the basis and premise of consumption. Other things being equal, the more disposable income people have, the more they spend on various goods and services. In the period of rapid income growth, consumption also grows rapidly; On the contrary, the growth rate of income is reduced, and the growth rate of consumption is also reduced.

The fundamental way to improve people's consumption level is to develop the economy, maintain stable economic growth and increase residents' income.

The consumption level of residents is closely related to the size of people's income gap: if people's income gap is too large, their overall consumption will decline; Conversely, narrowing the gap will improve their overall consumption level. (The gap is too large, affecting consumer demand)

(2) Commodity price is also one of the most important factors affecting consumption.

① Relationship between price changes and people's consumption level: When people's income level is fixed, prices rise, purchasing power declines, prices fall, purchasing power increases, and consumption level also increases.

To improve people's consumption level, in addition to developing the economy and increasing people's income, it is also necessary to stabilize prices and control price increases, which requires the state to carry out macro-control.

③ Basic consumer goods are less affected by price changes than luxury goods.

(4) Changes in the prices of various commodities will also affect consumers' choices, and changes in the prices of substitutes and supplements will affect people's consumption. In addition, goods, performance, appearance, quality, packaging, advertising and even purchase methods, store location and service attitude can all affect people's consumption activities.

2. Consumption type:

(1) By product type: tangible goods consumption and labor service consumption.

(2) According to different transaction methods: payment of money and goods, payment for goods, and rental of goods.

(3) According to the purpose of consumption, living consumption can be divided into survival consumption, development consumption and enjoyment consumption. Among them, the consumption of means of subsistence can meet people's lower-level needs and is the most basic consumption; Developing data consumption can meet people's development requirements; Enjoying data consumption can meet people's enjoyment needs and is the highest level of consumption.

3. Consumption structure:

(1) Consumption structure refers to the proportion of people's various consumption expenditures in total consumption expenditures.

(2) Characteristics: It is not static, but will change with economic development and income changes, and the direction will follow the order from survival demand to development demand to enjoyment demand.

4. Engel coefficient:

Meaning: The proportion of food expenditure to total household expenditure is a coefficient reflecting people's consumption structure and level.

② The relationship between Engel's coefficient and the change of consumption structure:

The greater the Engel's coefficient, the greater the proportion of food expenditure in the total household expenditure, which will inevitably affect the development and enjoyment of other consumption and information consumption, limit the level and quality of consumption, and lead to a single consumption structure and low consumption level. The smaller Engel's coefficient, the more perfect and optimized people's consumption structure, and the higher people's consumption level.

5. Establish a correct concept of consumption:

All aspects of consumer psychology.

(1) Due to the influence of natural conditions, social environment, personal experience and other factors, people's psychology is often different, which makes consumption complicated.

(2) The manifestations of consumer psychological complexity are:

1. Conformity psychology: People with conformity psychology will do something involuntarily when they see others doing it, and their consumption will be influenced by others' evaluation and driven by others' behavior.

② Psychology of seeking difference: Consumer behavior is different and unconventional.

(3) Comparison psychology: For some commodities, the purpose of people owning them is not its practical value and the fun it brings, but its "upward alignment", which makes people show off.

④ Realistic psychology: When consumers choose goods, they often consider many factors, such as whether the value is cheap, whether the quality is good, whether the service is in place and whether the functions are complete. And pay attention to material benefits, which is a rational consumption according to their own needs.

6. Be a rational consumer.

(1) Live within our means and spend moderately.

(2) Avoid blind obedience and rational consumption.

(3) Environmental protection and green consumption.

(4) diligent efforts.

2010-1-20 21:06 reply

Full-time priest

0 vermicelli

Fifth Floor

Unit 2, Investment and Entrepreneurship

Lesson 4, Production and Economic System

1. Develop production to meet consumption.

(1) Production determines consumption (human consumption is not determined by subjective will, but by objective material production conditions). Production determines the object, mode, quality and level of consumption, and production creates power for consumption. The production of material data is the basis for the survival and development of human society. In a sense, the history of mankind is the history of production development.

(2) Consumption has an important reaction to production, and the development of consumption promotes the development of production.

The new demand formed by consumption plays a guiding role in the adjustment and upgrading of production.

② Consumption is the purpose of production. Only when the produced products are consumed can the production behavior of such products be finally completed.

③ Consumption is the driving force of production. The emergence of a new consumption hotspot can often lead to the emergence and growth of an industry.

(4) Consumption has created a new labor force for production, improved the quality of labor force and enhanced the production enthusiasm of workers.

(3) Four links in the process of social reproduction: production, distribution, exchange and consumption.

① Social reproduction: the continuous repetition and renewal of the social production process.

② Relationship: The direct production process is the decisive link; Distribution and exchange are the ties between production and consumption, which have an important impact on production and consumption; Consumption is the ultimate goal and motive force of material production process.

2. Vigorously develop productive forces

1. Necessity:

Vigorously developing productive forces is determined by the main contradiction of socialism in China and is the fundamental task and essential requirement of socialism. At present, China is in the primary stage of socialism, and the contradiction between the people's growing material and cultural needs and backward social production is the main contradiction in society. In order to solve this contradiction, we must vigorously develop productive forces.

Vigorously developing productive forces and concentrating on socialist modernization are the fundamental tasks of our country. Therefore, we must unswervingly adhere to the party's basic line, persist in taking economic construction as the center, concentrate on construction and seek development wholeheartedly.

2. Importance: Only by vigorously developing productive forces can we build a solid material and technical foundation for consolidating the socialist system, get rid of the backward economic and cultural conditions, narrow the gap left over from the history of developed countries, catch up with or even surpass developed countries, and fully demonstrate the superiority of the socialist system; Only in this way can we continuously enhance our comprehensive national strength and improve our international status.

3. Vigorously develop productive forces:

We must unswervingly adhere to the party's basic line, take economic construction as the center, concentrate on construction and seek development wholeheartedly.

② Man is the most decisive force in productivity. To vigorously develop productive forces, we must respect labor, knowledge, talents and creativity, and comprehensively improve the quality of workers.

(3) Science and technology are the primary productive forces, the concentrated expression and main symbol of advanced productive forces. To vigorously develop productive forces, we must accelerate the development of science and technology and vigorously promote scientific and technological progress and innovation.

Reform is the self-improvement and development of socialism, which can promote the development of productive forces. To vigorously develop productive forces, we must adjust the parts of the superstructure that are incompatible with the economic base through reform. Through reform, we will improve the basic socialist system and promote the development of social productive forces.

Third, an economic system with public ownership as the main body and multiple ownership economies developing together.

(leading role-as far as the state-owned economy is concerned, the main position-the whole public ownership position)

(1) Public ownership of the means of production is the fundamental economic feature of socialism and the foundation of the socialist economic system;

Content of public ownership economy (comparison of public ownership economy components)

raw material

state-owned economy

collective economy

State-owned and collective components in mixed economy

meaning

All social workers

Actors * * * share.

Have the means of production

Some workers own property.

Produce goods

According to certain principles, we will implement various ownership economies.

In the form of joint production or management of ownership

State-owned and collective components

condition

Be in a dominant position

Bit is its pillar.

An important part of public ownership economy

The role of an important part of public ownership economy

Controlling the lifeline of the national economy plays a leading role in the national economy.

Reflect the principle of * * * and prosperity, absorb funds and ease employment.

Pressure, increasing accumulation and taxes

State and collective holding have obvious public ownership nature, which can enhance the vitality of public ownership economy, improve the efficiency of enterprises and capital, expand the control scope of public ownership capital and enhance the main role of public ownership.

(2) the realization form of public ownership:

(1) Share-holding system, joint-stock cooperative system and all other operating modes and organizational forms that embody the law of socialized production can all become the realization forms of public ownership economy.

(2) joint-stock enterprises, if the state and collective holding, it has obvious public. As the main realization form of public ownership, shareholding system can enhance the vitality of public ownership economy, improve the efficiency of enterprises and capital, expand the control scope of public capital and enhance the main role of public ownership.

(3) the main performance of the dominant position of public ownership:

(1) Public assets are dominant in total social assets. It is necessary to have both quantitative advantages and quality improvement.

② The state-owned economy controls the lifeline of the national economy and plays a leading role in economic development. The leading role of the state-owned economy is mainly reflected in the control, that is, the ability to control the development direction of the national economy, the overall situation of economic operation and important scarce resources. State-owned economy must occupy a dominant position in important industries and key fields that are related to the lifeline of the national economy.

(4) Non-public economy in China at this stage:

individual economy

private sector of the economy

Foreign economy

meaning

Individual workers or families possess the means of production and engage in individual labor and management.

Based on the private ownership of means of production and wage labor, for the purpose of making profits.

Foreign investors invest in wholly-owned enterprises and Sino-foreign joint ventures and Sino-foreign cooperative enterprises established in the Mainland according to law.

trait

Mainly manual labor, small investment scale, simple equipment and flexible operation.

Large scale, advanced equipment and high labor productivity.

Investment distribution

function

It uses scattered resources and plays an irreplaceable role in developing commodity production, promoting commodity circulation, expanding social services, facilitating people's lives and increasing employment.

We can concentrate on using some private funds to absorb the employment of workers, increase their personal income and national tax revenue, which will play a positive role in improving comprehensive economic strength.

It is conducive to introducing foreign capital and advanced technology, learning from foreign advanced management experience, expanding employment, expanding exports and increasing fiscal revenue.

(5) the relationship between public ownership economy and non-public ownership economy:

The non-public economy such as individual, private and foreign capital is an important part of the socialist market economy. We must unswervingly encourage, support and guide the development of the non-public economy. )

(2) developing the non-public economy is conducive to consolidating the dominant position of public ownership. Because the development of non-public economy is conducive to providing a large number of jobs, increasing employment, increasing people's income, expanding market demand, enhancing the vitality of the national economy, fully mobilizing the "three natures" of the people and all aspects of society, and playing an irreplaceable role in accelerating the development of production, it is conducive to the development of public economy, so the development of non-public economy will not only change the socialist nature of our country, but also help consolidate and develop the public economy. )

Adhere to public ownership as the main body, promote the development of non-public ownership economy, unify them in the process of socialist modern economic construction, and cannot be opposed. Various ownership economies should give full play to their respective advantages, promote each other and develop together in the market economy competition.

(6) The inevitability of the basic economic system with public ownership as the main body and multiple ownership economies developing together:

(1) conforms to the essential requirements of socialism.

② Adapt to the unbalanced multi-level development of productive forces in the primary stage of socialism.

Practice has proved that it is conducive to promoting the development of productive forces, enhancing comprehensive national strength and improving people's living standards. We must adhere to and improve this basic economic system.

Lesson 6, Investment Choice

I. Savings deposits

1. The meaning of savings deposit: refers to that an individual deposits all legal RMB or foreign currency savings institutions, savings institutions, etc. As a voucher, and the personal passbook or deposit certificate can withdraw the deposit principal and interest, the savings institution shall pay the deposit principal and interest according to the regulations.

2. Savings institutions in China mainly include commercial banks, credit cooperatives, postal enterprises and other institutions that handle savings business according to law.

3. The purpose of savings deposit: ① direct purpose: obtaining interest ② ultimate purpose: it varies from person to person.

4. Classification of savings deposits.

(1) At present, savings in China mainly include demand deposits and time deposits.

① Current deposit: a. Advantages: it has no limit on deposit term and amount, can be accessed at any time, is highly liquid, flexible and convenient, and is suitable for storing funds needed by individuals in their daily lives.

B. Disadvantages: As an investment method, the interest rate is low and the income is low.

② Time deposit: A. Advantages: The interest rate is higher than the current deposit, and the depositor's income is higher.

B. Disadvantages: Due to the limited deposit period, it is generally impossible to withdraw in advance before the maturity, and the liquidity is poor.

(2) Risk source: ① the risk of deposit depreciation under inflation.

② Risk of interest loss due to early withdrawal of time deposits.

5. About interest:

(1) Meaning: Interest is the only income people get from savings deposits, and it is a newspaper paid by banks with savings deposits.

Reward is the value-added part of the deposit principal.

(2) Determinants: principal, maturity and interest rate level.

(3) The calculation formula is: interest = principal × interest rate × deposit term.

(4) Interest tax: 20%

(5) Bank profit = loan interest-deposit interest-bank handling fee

(6) the impact of interest rate changes (omitted)

Second, commercial banks.

1. Meaning: A commercial bank refers to an operating institution that absorbs public deposits, issues loans and handles settlement. And take profit as the main business goal.

2. Composition: (1) Main body: wholly state-owned banks and state-controlled banks are the main bodies (five national commercial banks).

(2) Others: private joint-stock commercial banks, foreign banks, etc.

3. Status: It is the most important part of China's financial system.

4. There are three main businesses:

(1) deposit business. A deposit is a bank's debt to its customers. This business is the basic business of commercial banks.

(2) loan business. It is the main business of China commerce and the main source of profit for commercial banks.

(3) settlement business. Settlement business is a service that commercial banks provide means and tools for monetary revenue and expenditure in social and economic activities, and banks charge a certain service fee for it.

In addition to the above three businesses, commercial banks also provide us with services such as bond trading and redemption, foreign exchange trading, insurance agency and safe deposit box.

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