The function of the transaction medium; Payment through the transaction medium of the appraisal unit
The basic characteristics of non-cash credit monetary system; All the currencies in circulation are credit currencies, which are mainly composed of cash and bank deposits. The three countries put credit money into circulation through the business activities of financial institutions, and managed and regulated the quantity and structure of credit money through the monetary policy operation of the central bank.
The content of Bretton Woods system; ① Double-linked international reserve currency with gold as the foundation and US dollar as the main body ② Fixed exchange rate system ③ Establishment of permanent international financial institutions.
Advantages of direct credit; ① It is conducive to guiding the rational flow of monetary funds and realizing the rational allocation of monetary funds; (2) Strengthen the attention and supervision of suppliers to the demand side and improve the efficiency of the use of funds; ③ It is beneficial for demanders to raise stable and long-term investment funds; (4) There is no financial institution to obtain interest spread, so the financing cost is low and the investment income is high.
Advantages of indirect financing; Flexible, convenient, diversified investment, high security and economies of scale; Stress relief intermediary
Commercial paper; Valuable tickets have legal styles and contents, and negotiable tickets can be circulated for no reason.
The role of interest rate in microeconomics; One; The change of interest rate affects the distribution of personal income between consumption and savings; Affect the price of financial assets and thus affect the choice of financial assets; Affect the investment decision-making and management of enterprises.
Conditions for the interest rate to play a role; ① Microeconomic subjects are sensitive to interest rate changes. The fluctuation of interest rate is determined by the supply and demand of market funds. ③ ; Establish a reasonable linkage interest rate structure system
Factors affecting the exchange rate; Inflation, economic growth, balance of payments, interest rate, psychological expectation, government intervention
The role of exchange rate; Impact on import and export trade: capital flow, price level and asset selection
The goal of China's exchange rate reform; Establish and improve a managed floating exchange rate system based on market supply to maintain the basic stability of the RMB exchange rate at a reasonable and balanced level; Active controllable gradualism
Elements of financial market; Organizational model of financial instrument trading price trading for market participants
The difference between bonds and stocks; ① The shares have been subscribed for free and shall not be returned for any reason. Stock bonds have a repayment period. ② Shareholders' dividends and dividend bonds receive fixed interest income from pre-tax profits. (3) When the company goes bankrupt, the bondholders have the priority to obtain the company's property. Fourth, common shareholders have the right to participate in company decision-making. ⑤ The bondholders have no higher risk than bonds. ⑤ In terms of options, stocks are mainly convertible preferred stocks and redeemable preferred stocks.
Types of financial markets; By term (money market and capital market), by subject matter (bills, securities, derivatives, gold and foreign exchange markets), by delivery method (spot market and futures market), by fixed place (tangible and intangible) and by region (domestic and international).
:: Functions of financial markets; 1. Functions of capital aggregation and allocation ① Financial markets provide a variety of alternative financial instruments for money surplus, realizing capital aggregation ② Price fluctuation of various financial instruments in the market, guiding capital to flow to the departments with the greatest interests, and realizing optimal allocation; 2. Functions of risk dispersion and risk transfer; 3. The macro-economic reflection and adjustment function.
Characteristics of money market; Short trading cycle, strong liquidity, high security and large trading volume.
The function of money market; One; It is the second market for government enterprises to adjust the surplus and deficiency of funds and meet the short-term financing needs; It is the third market for commercial banks and other financial institutions to conduct liquidity management; It is a place where the central bank of a country carries out macro-financial regulation. It is where the market benchmark interest rate is generated.
The purpose of issuing government bonds; First, in order to raise short-term funds, adjust the imbalance of fiscal revenue and expenditure, and make up for the annual fiscal deficit, in a fiscal year, the government's expenditure in the first half of the year is greater than that in the second half, and issuing treasury bills can solve this problem. By rolling out treasury bills, the government can raise low-interest long-term funds to make up for the fiscal deficit. In order to regulate the economy.
Large negotiable time deposits; The secondary market of large denomination certificates of deposit and bearer certificates of deposit is developed.
The liquidity of securities is inversely proportional to the repurchase rate.
Advantages and disadvantages of public offering and private offering; Advantages of public offering; Public investors have a wide range of issues, and many investors have raised a lot of money. Creditor's rights are scattered and liquid. Advantages and disadvantages of high private placement requirements, complicated procedures, long issuance time and high cost; Convenient procedures, short time, high efficiency but poor liquidity!
Procedures of the stock exchange; Account opening, entrusted transaction, delivery and transfer
Bond investment risk; Interest rate price change inflation default liquidity exchange rate
Procedures for public offering of shares; Select underwriters, prepare prospectus, issue pricing, subscribe and sell shares.
Technical analysis methods of stock trading; ①K-line chart ② Morphological analysis ③ Trend analysis ④ Index analysis
Basic analysis of stock trading; Macroeconomic analysis industry analysis company analysis
Characteristics of securities investment funds; ① Portfolio investment spreads risks; ② Centralized management of professional financial management; (3) benefits * * * enjoy risks * * * bear.
Influencing factors of securities trading price; Repayment period of denomination of interest rate bills in coupon rate market
The trading mode of stocks; Spot trading futures trading options trading credit trading.
Characteristics of financial derivatives; One; Value is limited by basic financial instruments; High leverage and high risk; Complex structure, flexible design and diverse functions; Price discovery function, hedging function, speculative profit function.
Characteristics of financial futures contracts; (1) Indirect contact; (2) More liquidity than forward contracts; (3) The principle of marking the market day by day and daily settlement.
Trading rules of financial futures market; ① The trading varieties are standardized futures contracts; ② Margin system; ③ Debt-free settlement system; ④ Price limit system; ⑤ Forced liquidation system.
Types of financial futures; Foreign exchange futures, interest rate futures, stock index futures, stock futures
The content of financial options; The buyer and seller of the option contract, the number of assets won in the option fee contract, the exercise price and the expiration date.
Particularity of financial institutions; The special relationship and principle between business object and business content, risk and image.
Functions of financial institutions; One; Provide payment and settlement services; Promoting financial intermediation III; Reduce transaction costs four; Promoting the provision of financial services; Improve information asymmetry six; Transfer and manage risks
The role and limitations of international financial institutions; One; Keep the exchange rate stable 2; Standardize, supervise and coordinate the business activities of the financial industry; Provide long-term and short-term loans to adjust the imbalance of international payments and promote economic development; Preventing and rescuing the international financial crisis; Consultation on major events in the international economic and financial fields; Provide all kinds of technical assistance, training and consultation.
Types of deposits in commercial banks; Demand time deposit notice structure
Characteristics of securities investment business; Strong initiative, strong liquidity, large fluctuation of income and easy decentralized management. Four points.
Type of off-balance sheet business; ① Payment and settlement; 2 bank card; 3 agents; 4 trust business; 6 lease; 6 investment banks; ⑦ Guarantees and commitments; ⑧ Financial derivative trading business.
Ways to improve capital adequacy ratio; 1. Capital increase 2. Reduce the total amount of risky assets; ① Increase the total capital (core capital and secondary capital); (2) shrinking business and reducing total assets; ③ Adjust the asset structure and reduce the proportion of high-risk assets; Improve your own risk management level and reduce the risk content of assets.
Types of commercial banks; The basic framework of credit risk, market risk, operational risk, liquidity risk, national risk, compliance risk, reputation risk, strategic risk and risk management of commercial banks; Risk management environment, risk management organization and risk management process of commercial banks
Basic functions of investment banks; One; The supply and demand of media funds provide direct financing services, build a developed securities market, optimize the allocation of resources and promote industrial agglomeration.
The main determinants and influencing factors of China's money demand: income, price level, yield of other financial assets and other factors; (1) the development of credit; The advanced degree of technical means and service quality of financial institutions; ③ Perfection and perfection of social security system
Management of inflation; 1. Implement a tight monetary policy; 2. Implement an appropriate fiscal policy; 3. Implement an appropriate income policy (1. Guidelines-based restrictions; 2. Tax-based restrictions; 3. Mandatory restrictions); 4. Index strategy (1. Indexing interest rate; 2. Indexing wages; 3. Index tax).
Characteristics of monetary policy; First, monetary policy is a macroeconomic policy, and second, it is a policy to adjust the total social demand.
The ultimate goal of monetary policy; Stable prices, full employment, economic growth and international balance of payments
Selective monetary policy tools; The preferential interest rate of real estate in the consumer securities market pays the import deposit.
China's money supply stratification; M0= cash in circulation M 1=M.+ demand deposits of enterprises and institutions M2=M 1+ time deposits of enterprises and institutions, savings deposits of residents and deposits of corporate customers.
Song Shuang is suitable for the depression period when the production capacity is idle and the demand is seriously insufficient. Song Shuang is suitable for demand expansion, with overheated economy and high inflation.