1, remarkable achievements have been made in economic construction. ?

In 2007, China's gross domestic product (GDP) reached 24.66 trillion yuan, ranking fourth in the world; GDP accounts for about 5.5% of the world, but in 1978, China's GDP was only 1.8% of the world's, which was the lowest in China's history (according to the book Long-term Economic Operation of China (1998) by the famous economist Angus Madison, it was calculated by purchasing power parity (PPP) method:/. Ranked first in the world, after the reform and opening up, it dropped to 13.2% in 890, 9.19, 5.2% in 1952 and19. ?

At the beginning of the reform and opening up, China's manufacturing industry accounted for less than 1% of the world's manufacturing industry, but now it accounts for more than 8% of the world's manufacturing industry, and China has become the third largest manufacturing country in the world (according to the 2007 China Manufacturing Development Research Report+February 2007). ?

In 2007, the national fiscal revenue reached 51300 million yuan (up to 9 10 billion yuan if extra-tax charges are added), ranking second in the world; China's total import and export trade reached US$ 2 17 trillion, ranking third in the world. Foreign exchange reserves exceeded 1.52 trillion US dollars, ranking first in the world, while China's foreign exchange reserves were only 654.38+67 million US dollars in 1978 and only 5.55 billion US dollars in 1989. ?

China's steel output ranks first in the world; In February 2005, China became the world's largest producer with an annual output of 200 million tons of steel. China's cement output and coal output rank first in the world, exceeding half of the world's total output; The output of televisions, refrigerators, DVDs, air conditioners, motorcycles, mobile phones, pianos and fertilizers in China ranks first in the world. China is the first producer of phosphorus, the first consumer of copper, the first consumer market of machine tools, the first exporter of furniture, the first user of telephone users and Internet users, and the first producer and exporter of shoes and textiles. China is the second largest shipbuilding country in the world, and the container manufacturing industry accounts for 70% of the world. The number of tall buildings in China ranks first in the world; China ranks first in the world in grain, fruits and vegetables, meat and cotton production; China is the largest fishing country in the world, and also a big sheep-raising country. ?

China is also a world leader in aerospace, high-speed rail, hydropower stations, nuclear power plants, launch vehicles, nuclear weapons, high-performance computers, third-generation mobile communications and super hybrid rice. ?

Great progress has been made in social life. ?

The urbanization rate of China increased from 17.9% in 978 to 410.8% in 2005 (Beijing Summit of China City Forum in 2005, Beijing Evening News in September 2005 14) and 43.9% in 2006. The per capita disposable income of 8 million urban residents increased from 343 yuan in 1978 to 13786 yuan in 2007, and the per capita net income of rural residents increased from 1978 to 133.6 yuan in 2007. ?

After the reform and opening up, China has also made great or certain achievements in education, medical care, social security and cultural undertakings. At present, the scale of higher education in China ranks first in the world, the number of doctoral students ranks first in the world, and the number of primary and secondary school students ranks first in the world. The government has successively promoted free compulsory education in rural areas and cities, and began to implement free education for normal students in 2007. China has taken the first step to achieve educational equity. ?

The number of doctors in China ranks first in the world; The number of diseases in the national immunization program has been expanded from 7 to 15, and patients with major infectious diseases such as AIDS, tuberculosis and schistosomiasis have been treated free of charge; The state allocated funds to rebuild and build 1.88 million township health centers, 786 county hospitals, 285 county traditional Chinese medicine hospitals and 534 county maternal and child health centers, and equipped1.7 million township health centers with medical equipment; According to the World Health Report 2007 published by the World Health Organization, the life expectancy of men and women in China reached 7 1 year and 74 years respectively in 2007, which was more than 4 years higher than that of 1.978. ?

China has also made progress in social security. In 2006, the number of people participating in pension insurance, medical insurance and unemployment insurance reached 6.5438+29.3 million, 6.5438+40.5 million and 6.5438+03.5 million respectively (according to People's Daily Overseas Edition, September 27, 2007); The minimum living security system for urban residents has been continuously improved. In 2007, a minimum living security system was established in rural areas throughout the country, and 34,565,438+900,000 rural residents were covered. ?

According to the statistics of the World Bank, according to the international poverty (extreme poverty) line standard of 1 USD per person per day, from 1.978, the poverty population in China was 624 million, which decreased to 220 million in 2003. According to the purchasing power parity (PPP) calculation of the World Bank, in 2007, the poverty population in China was 654.38+35 billion, accounting for 654.38+00% of the total population. ?

3. Significant progress has been made in building democracy and the rule of law. ?

Before the reform and opening-up, China lacked basic freedoms and could only serve the "Big Four"-speaking loudly and debating big-character posters; The unit system, people's commune system, household registration system, ticket system and planned economy system firmly bound the people; At that time, there was no rule of law, and the constitution could not protect the president, let alone ordinary people. For example, the "four clean-ups" campaign persecuted and killed 77,560 people; The Cultural Revolution persecuted and killed 7.73 million people. After the reform and opening up, the people of China gradually gained economic freedom, as well as some political freedom and social freedom, and realized freedom of speech and migration to a certain extent, and the civil rights of the vast majority of citizens were guaranteed; China's society and culture are developing in a diversified way. Democratic politics has progressed, and the personal dictatorship of the top leaders has given way to the collective leadership of the Politburo Standing Committee; The cause of governing the country according to law and building a country ruled by law has progressed in twists and turns, and the property law, supervision law, administrative licensing law and anti-monopoly law have been implemented; The news media has completely got rid of the situation of boasting, and the intensity of public opinion supervision and network supervision has been increasing; The independent roles of people's congress, judiciary, supervision and auditing are becoming more and more obvious. ?

II. Thirty years of reform and opening up in China. ?

1, government and political system. ?

The biggest mistake in China's 30 years of reform and opening up is that public power is out of control, and effective measures have not been taken to restrain the government and officials, so that a huge privileged interest group has gradually formed, which has seriously hindered the establishment of a civil society and a country ruled by law. At the beginning of the reform and opening up, in order to cope with the situation of invigorating the economy, the mobility of people and the freedom of speech, to ensure social stability, and to promote the rapid economic development with the help of the government, the highest authorities in China naturally chose the model of big government and strong government. However, market economy requires small government, limited government and moderate government. It requires the government not to be absent and offside, and requires the public power to withdraw from the micro-economy and market, carry out macro-control, provide public products, establish social security and defend property rights. Otherwise, it will lead to "government failure"-rent-seeking activities of the government and corruption of officials; With the self-expansion of government departments, officials continue to expand the size of disposable funds; The inefficiency of government agencies and the shirking of government responsibilities. China's reform and opening up is accompanied by two opposite movements-economic liberalization and marketization, rigid political thinking and large-scale government. ?

On the one hand, public power has been involved in the market economy. From the three-level government before the reform and opening up (central-provincial-county, when regional administrative offices and people's communes were only dispatched agencies of provincial and county governments, the scale was very small) to the five-level government (central-provincial-city-county-township) or five-and-a-half-level government (plus village committees and half-level governments) after the reform and opening up, the number of government departments at all levels has increased rapidly. Although it has been "streamlined", the number of institutions has decreased, and supernumerary institutions have multiplied like malignant tumors. Li Jinhua, the former auditor-general, once pointed out that the National Audit Office investigated 3 1 ministries, and each ministry had an average of 163 self-established non-state-established institutions in addition to the following dozens of departments; At present, there are generally 80 to 120 internal institutions in counties and cities across the country, and there are countless temporary organizations and institutions. For example, a county-level city with a population of 400,000 and an urban population of less than 250,000 is an economically backward area. But there are 88 party and government departments and administrative organs in this city, plus four leading bodies, there are 92 * * *. There are 92 leading cadres and 279 deputy cadres. Its construction bureau has 16 units, and the garden management office has about 200 people. Only one park with a diameter of less than one mile has 150 employees. The water company has about 200 people. Its Education Bureau currently has 9 directors and deputy directors, including education supervision office, discipline inspection team, trade union, office, personnel unit, finance unit, general education unit, adult education unit, vocational education unit, enrollment office, teaching and research section, electrical equipment room, teacher training unit, legal unit, etc. 14 shares, with more than 0/00 employees. Its Water Conservancy and Electric Power Bureau has more than 90 cadres, 9 subordinate units and 1000 employees. ?

At present, the total number of civil servants in China (including civil servants, democratic parties, young workers and women, supernumerary personnel and personnel of non-market institutions-there is no "institution" in developed countries, and each unit is either a government institution or a market subject) is about 60 million, and it is still increasing at a rate of at least 6,543,800+million every year; According to the report "China residents' evaluation of government and government services" completed by Zero Company under the guidance of Kennedy College of Harvard University, nearly 70% people think that the total number of government civil servants should be reduced at present; According to the analysis of the proportion of civil servants in GDP, the number of civil servants in China is much higher than that in developed countries, nearly 20 times that in developed countries (China Youth Daily, March 30, 2006). ?

Super-scale government has not played a role in strengthening social control. On the contrary, due to the serious government failure and immoral behavior of officials, China's "soft regime"-"there are policies at the top and countermeasures at the bottom"; "There is no law, and law enforcement is illegal"; The authority and impartiality of governments at all levels have been questioned as never before; The credit of local governments is decreasing and social dissatisfaction is increasing; The Blue Book of Society published by China Academy of Social Sciences in 2005 shows that from 1993 to 2003, the number of mass incidents in China increased from 1000 to 60,000, and the number of participants increased from about 73,000 to about 3.07 million. Statistics show that the number of mass incidents in 2006 has reached 80,000. It can be seen that the idea that big government can adapt to the needs of market economy and play a role in stabilizing society is completely wrong. ?

On the one hand, China's public power is expanding like cancer; on the other hand, public power has not been effectively restricted and supervised. For a long time, in order to criticize and resist the "separation of three powers" in the politics of developed countries, and even violate the principle of "separation of three powers and mutual checks and balances" of human civilization, the relevant parties have concentrated all the decision-making power, execution power and supervision power in one or a few hands, forming an absurd peer supervision and self-supervision mechanism. Judicial, procuratorial, supervisory, anti-corruption, auditing and journalism in various places lack their due independence. The media is controlled by governments at all levels and often becomes a tool for self-beautification and evasion of accountability. Due to the lag of political system reform, problems such as corruption, people's livelihood, administrative monopoly and vulnerable groups caused by privilege system have become the most serious social problems in China today. ?

Privilege system is manifested as: privilege hierarchy-hierarchy was only implemented among "cadres" before the reform and opening up, and now it has spread to all fields of society. Factories, hospitals, banks, cities, streets, schools, research institutes, social organizations, democratic parties, singers, abbots and Taoist temples have all been graded and enjoyed corresponding privileges. ?

Privileged financial system-the money bag of developed countries is in the hands of parliament, and every penny spent by officials must be approved by parliament. China's finances are official, random and secret, and all expenditures are decided by officials; Therefore, in the past 25 years, the administrative expenditure of China government has increased 87 times; According to the news of People's Daily Online on June 5438+1October 3 1 2006, in 2004, China's public funds for eating and drinking reached 370 billion yuan a year, which was equivalent to "eating" the funds for compulsory education for all; The bus consumption is 408.5 billion yuan, which is equivalent to "grinding" the medical and pension expenses of most people in China; Spending 300 billion yuan abroad at public expense is equivalent to "swimming" all the minimum living allowances in China 10. Every year, the total expenditure wasted by public funds can build seven or eight Three Gorges projects. ?

Privileged judicial system-Shanghai tycoon Zhou Zhengyi's detention center and prison life, also highlights privileges everywhere: "four dishes and one soup" for each meal; Allow the use of mobile phones; I saw the doctor several times, and every time the hospital received an order to stop the outpatient service, specifically for Zhou Zhengyi; Family calls became privileged calls that Zhou Zhengyi wanted to make; The privilege of officials violating the constitution and law-the reeducation-through-labor system of detaining ordinary people outside the law has not been abolished. ?

Privileged cultural system-800 million peasants, 200 million migrant workers, more than 300 million people with low living standards, 40 million landless peasants, 30 million petitioners, 20 million left-behind children in rural areas, 20 million floating children, 60 million disabled people, 200 million laborers, 65.438+0.2 billion hepatitis B virus carriers and millions of AIDS patients all disappeared from the media, becoming the silent majority.