Russian citizens who have reached the age of 2 1 and have the right to vote can be elected as deputies to the State Duma. Deputies of the State Duma work full-time for a long time and may not hold other government posts concurrently. The State Duma is elected every five years (the first term is two years). When the new State Duma began to work, the powers of the previous State Duma ceased to be exercised.
During Yeltsin's administration, as the majority of the seats in the State Duma were occupied by the opposition, disputes between the President, the government and the Parliament continued. After Putin took office as president, by strengthening the regulation and governance of politics and party system, unifying the State Duma led by the Russian Party and actively cooperating with the authorities after the reform, the relationship between the parliament and the administrative and judicial organs was straightened out, and the relationship between the two houses of parliament was more coordinated and smooth. The proportion of laws passed by the State Duma rejected by the Federal Council has been greatly reduced, and the efficiency of legislation has been greatly improved.
The full name of the Russian Parliament is the Parliament of the Russian Federation, which is the main legislative body of Russia. It consists of two houses-the Federal Council (the upper house of parliament) and the State Duma (the lower house of parliament). Its main responsibility is to formulate and pass various laws and decrees according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and make decisions on major issues of state administration. The Federal Council has the following powers:
1. Confirm the boundaries between entities of the Russian Federation;
2. To approve the decree issued by the President of the Russian Federation to implement the military and state of emergency;
3. Decide whether to use Russian armed forces outside Russia;
4. Prepare for the presidential election;
5. Impeach the President;
6. Appointment of judges of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Arbitration Court, and the Attorney General of the Russian Federation. The State Duma consists of 450 deputies, half of whom (225 seats) are elected by representatives of all political parties. If a political party obtains not less than 5% of the votes in the election, its representatives have the right to attend the State Duma. The more votes a political party gets, the more seats it has in the State Duma. The other half of the seats are produced by each single-seat constituency. Candidates register for election independently, and voters do not vote for a political party or ideology, but for a specific individual and its program.
The adoption of Russian laws requires collective discussion. Generally speaking, a draft law is first passed by the State Duma and then approved by the Federal Council. If the House of Lords fails to consider the federal law passed by the State Duma within 14 days, it can be considered that the decree has been approved by the Federal Council. The federal law of constitutional interpretation has two meanings: first, it refers to all decrees passed by the Federal Council, and second, it refers to the common law that is not directly stipulated in the Constitution and is not subject to adjustment by the federal constitution or constitutional amendments (see Article 4, paragraph 2). The Federal Constitution recognizes that federal laws are superior to those of federal entities (see article 4, paragraph 2, and article 76, paragraph 5), except for issues that fall within the special competence of federal entities.
When the Federal Council and the State Duma disagree on a draft law, the two houses have the right to form a coordination committee. If the State Duma disagrees with the resolution of the Federal Council, the law can only be passed when it is voted again by two thirds of the total votes. Its legal effect was finally obtained after the president signed and promulgated it.
A federal constitutional law can only be regarded as passed if it is passed by a majority of members (more than 3/4 of the Federal Council and more than 2/3 of the State Duma). Federal constitutional laws only promulgate laws related to the provisions stipulated in the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 7 1). According to article 76, paragraph 3, no federal law may violate the Constitution.
In Russia, the right to propose legislation belongs to the President, the Federal Council, members of the Federal Council, deputies to the State Duma, the federal entity government and legislative (representative) bodies.
The Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation may also submit draft laws to the State Duma and the Federal Council within their respective functions and powers.
Members of the Federal Council are responsible for reviewing the legal provisions adopted by the State Duma on the federal budget, federal taxation, finance, foreign exchange and customs control, currency issuance, ratification and rejection of international treaties, national and border defense, waging war and concluding peace treaties.
During their term of office, deputies to the State Duma and members of the Federal Council enjoy inviolable rights (see Article 98 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation), and they may not be detained, arrested, searched or inspected privately, except to protect the safety of others under the circumstances stipulated in the federal law "General Principles of Major Legislative (Representative) Organs and Executive Organs of the Russian Federation".
The president has the right to dissolve the State Duma in two situations: the candidate for the government presidency recommended by the president has failed to pass three votes, or the first vote of no confidence in the government has been rejected by the president, and a vote of no confidence in the government has been cast again within three months. The President will appoint an election date after the dissolution of the lower house of parliament, so that the newly elected Duma can re-operate within four months after the dissolution of the former Duma.
Elections for the State Duma are held every four years. The powers of the members of the Federal Council and the time limit for exercising their powers are determined by the legislative (government) bodies of the federal subjects they choose (Constitution of the Federal Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation).