Lesson 1, Magic Currency

1, Meaning of Commodity ② Necessary conditions:

③ Two basic attributes of commodity:

2, ① Money generation ② The essence of money-universal equivalent (essence) is a commodity.

reason: origin: it is a commodity in itself, and function: like universal equivalent, it shows the value of all other commodities and acts as a medium of commodity exchange. ③ Function of money:

4. Inflation ② Deflation caused by imbalance between total social demand and total supply

① Essence: supply is less than demand, manifested by rising prices and devaluation of paper money. Impact: paper money depreciates, prices rise, purchasing power declines, living standards decline, commodity sales are difficult, and economic order is chaotic.

② essence: supply exceeds demand, manifested by falling prices and appreciation of paper money. Influence; Falling prices are beneficial to the people to a certain extent, but a long-term and large-scale decline will affect the enthusiasm of enterprises for production and investment, make the economy depressed, affect the improvement of people's living standards, and lead to sluggish market consumption, which is unfavorable to long-term economic development and people's long-term interests.

lesson 2, changeable prices

(1) factors affecting prices:

1. factors affecting prices:

1. factors affecting prices:

2. supply and demand affect prices.

① the demand exceeds the supply, and the price rises.

A, seller's market: meaning, a market type dominated by sellers.

B, performance: because the demand exceeds the supply, the seller is in a favorable position in market transactions, and can sell the goods even if the price is raised.

② the supply exceeds the demand, and the price is reduced.

A, the buyer's market, is a market type dominated by the buyer.

B, performance; Due to oversupply, buyers are in a favorable position in market transactions, and prices usually tend to fall.

3. Value determines price:

(1) The relationship between price and value.

①A, in a market economy, the price is ultimately determined by the value. Value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value.

B, the level of commodity prices, because they contain different values. Other things being equal, the greater the commodity value, the higher the price; The smaller the value, the lower the price.

(2) socially necessary labor time determines the value of goods.

① Determinants of value quantity: not determined by individual labor time, but by socially necessary labor time for producing commodities.

A, socially necessary labor time refers to the time required to manufacture a commodity under the existing normal social production conditions and the average social labor proficiency and labor intensity.

B, individual labor time is the time taken by individual commodity producers to produce a certain commodity.

② The commodity value is in direct proportion to the socially necessary labor time. The more socially necessary labor time a commodity consumes, the greater its value, and vice versa.

(3)① The value of commodities is inversely proportional to social labor productivity.

labor productivity: the productivity of workers. ↑ labor rate ↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑↑

③ The change of individual labor productivity does not affect the value of commodities, but can change individual labor hours and the total value created at the same time.

Relationship diagram of labor time, labor productivity and commodity value

4. Contents and manifestations of the law of value.

① the content of the law of value: the value of goods is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing goods, and the exchange of goods is based on the value.

② manifestation: influenced by the relationship between supply and demand, commodity prices fluctuate around the value, which is the manifestation of the law of value.

③ Function: Adjust the distribution of labor and means of production in all sectors of social production (optimize the allocation of resources among all sectors of society) to stimulate commodity producers to improve technology, management and labor productivity (optimize the allocation within enterprises), leading to the survival of the fittest in commodity production. (to optimize the allocation of resources among enterprises, in short, it is conducive to the optimal, reasonable and efficient allocation of resources)

Lesson 3, colorful consumption

1. Consumption types:

(1) According to product types: tangible goods consumption and labor consumption.

(2) according to the transaction mode, money and goods are paid off, payment for goods is consumed, and goods are rented.

(3) according to the purpose of consumption, living consumption can be divided into subsistence consumption, development consumption and enjoyment consumption. Among them, the consumption of subsistence materials can meet people's lower-level needs and is the most basic consumption; Development data consumption can meet the requirements of people's development; Enjoying data consumption can meet people's enjoyment needs and is the highest level of consumption.

3. Consumption structure:

(1) Consumption structure refers to the proportion of people's various consumption expenditures in total consumption expenditure.

(2) characteristics: it is not static, but will change with economic development and income changes, and the direction follows the order from survival needs to development needs to enjoyment needs.

5. Establish a correct consumption concept.

(1) Due to the influence of natural conditions, social environment, personal experience and other factors, people's psychology is often different, which makes consumption complicated.

(2) The manifestations of the complexity of consumer psychology are:

conformity psychology: comparison psychology: realism psychology:

6. Being a rational consumer.

(1) live within our means and spend moderately. (2) Avoid blind obedience and rational consumption. (3) Environmental protection and green consumption. (4) Diligence and hard work.

unit 2, investment and entrepreneurship

lesson 4, production and economic system

test site 1: production and economic system

(1) developing production to meet consumption

(1) production determines consumption (people's consumption is not determined by subjective wishes, but by objective material production conditions). Production determines the object of consumption, the mode of consumption and the quality of consumption. The production of material data is the basis for the survival and development of human society. In a sense, the history of mankind is the history of production development.

Test site 2: Vigorously develop productive forces

1. Necessity: ① Vigorously developing productive forces is determined by the main contradiction of socialism in China and is the fundamental task and essential requirement of socialism. At present, China is in the primary stage of socialism, and the contradiction between the people's growing material and cultural needs and backward social production is the main contradiction in society. In order to solve this contradiction, we must vigorously develop productive forces.

2. Importance: Only by vigorously developing productive forces can we build a solid material and technical foundation for consolidating the socialist system, get rid of the backward state of economy and culture, narrow the gap left over from history with developed countries, and catch up with or even surpass developed countries to fully demonstrate the superiority of the socialist system; Only in this way can we continuously enhance our comprehensive national strength and improve our country's international status.

Test center III. Economic system with public ownership as the main body and multiple ownership economies developing together

(leading role-in the case of state-owned economy, the main position-the whole public ownership position)

(1) Public ownership of the means of production is the fundamental economic feature of socialism and the foundation of the socialist economic system:

(3) The main manifestation of the main position of public ownership: < We should not only have the advantage of quantity, but also pay attention to the improvement of quality.

② The state-owned economy controls the lifeline of the national economy and plays a leading role in economic development. The leading role of the state-owned economy is mainly reflected in its control, that is, its ability to control the development direction of the national economy, the overall situation of economic operation and the important scarce resources. In the important industries and key fields that are related to the lifeline of the national economy, the state-owned economy must occupy a dominant position.

Lesson 5, Enterprises and Laborers

Test sites IV. Company Management and Development

1. Enterprises. ① An enterprise is an economic organization that engages in production and business activities for profit and provides goods or services to the society. It is the main participant in market economic activities and the cell of the national economy.

② In China, state-owned enterprises, collective enterprises, private enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises and other enterprises of various ownership coexist, and * * * together constitute the micro-foundation of the socialist market economy.

the factors of the company's success.

(1) make a correct business strategy. (2) Relying on technological progress, scientific management and other means to form their own competitive advantage.

(3) operate in good faith and establish a good reputation and corporate image.

(4) In the fierce market competition, those enterprises with poor management will be merged or face bankruptcy.

9. Enterprise bankruptcy refers to the economic phenomenon that enterprises with long-term losses, insolvency and no hope of turning losses into losses are liquidated according to legal procedures. The implementation of enterprise bankruptcy system is conducive to strengthening the risk awareness of enterprises, prompting enterprises to improve their management and competitiveness, and is conducive to the rational allocation of social resources and the rational adjustment of industrial structure.

Test Site 5: Labor and Employment

1. The importance of labor and employment. (1) Labor is the mental and physical expenditure of workers, and it is the creation activity of material wealth and spiritual wealth. Laborers are the main body of the production process and play a leading role in the development of productive forces. Labor is the source of progress and development of human civilization. Glory belongs to the workers.

2. China's severe employment pressure. ① China's total population and labor force are relatively large, while the level of productivity development is relatively low; ② The quality of labor force is not fully adapted to the needs of social and economic development; ③ The labor market is imperfect and the employment information transmission system is not smooth. All these make China's employment problem more prominent, heavy and urgent than any other country.

④ Starting from the fundamental interests of the broad masses of the people, the Party and the government put the expansion of employment in a prominent position in economic and social development, implemented a positive employment policy, and strived to improve the employment and entrepreneurial environment.

3. Laborers should carry forward the spirit of hard work and self-improvement and establish a correct concept of choosing a job.

(1) Establish the concept of independent career choice. Decide what to do independently according to one's interests, specialties and conditions. This is conducive to bringing everyone's intelligence into play and mobilizing everyone's enthusiasm and creativity in production.

(2) Establish the concept of competitive employment. Self-employment should be achieved through competition in the labor market. We should study hard, improve our skills and quality, change our ideas and actively adapt to the needs of the labor market.

(3) Establish the concept of equal employment. All kinds of legitimate professional workers are necessary to create social wealth, and there is no distinction between high and low. No matter what job you are engaged in, as long as you are down-to-earth and conscientious, you can make a difference.

(4) establish a variety of employment concepts. Modern market economy and information technology lead to the diversification of employment forms, such as freelance, flexible working days, temporary workers and other employment methods are increasing, so we can choose more flexibly. People can also choose jobs through employment agencies, media advertisements, online talent markets, job fairs, etc. to achieve employment.

test site 6: safeguard the rights and interests of workers according to law

3. Practice: Workers enjoy their rights on the premise of fulfilling their obligations. Therefore, consciously fulfilling the obligations of workers is the basis for obtaining rights and safeguarding rights and interests. China's implementation of the labor contract system and the signing of labor contracts according to law is an important basis for safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of workers. When one's rights and interests are violated, one can ask for protection by means of complaint, negotiation, application for mediation, application for arbitration, and filing a lawsuit in court, instead of taking revenge by illegal means.

workers should enhance their rights awareness and legal awareness. When the rights and interests are infringed, it is the right choice for every worker to defend their rights by legal means and legal procedures.

lesson 6, choice of investment

test center 7: savings deposits and commercial banks

1. the meaning of savings deposits: refers to an activity in which an individual takes a passbook or a certificate of deposit as evidence, and the personal passbook or certificate of deposit can withdraw the principal and interest of the deposit, and the savings institution pays the principal and interest of the deposit according to the regulations.

2. China's savings institutions mainly include commercial banks, credit cooperatives, postal enterprises and other institutions that handle savings business according to law.

3. People save money for different purposes, but they can all earn interest. Interest is the only income people get from savings deposits, the reward paid by banks for using savings deposits, and the value-added part of deposit principal. The amount of interest depends on three factors: principal, deposit period and interest rate level. The calculation formula of interest is: interest = principal × interest rate × deposit term. In China, 2% of deposit interest income should be turned over to the state as tax.

4. Classification of savings deposits. At present, China's savings mainly include demand deposits and time deposits. As an investment object, current savings is flexible and convenient, which is suitable for the storage of funds to be used in personal daily life. However, regular savings with low income have poor liquidity, and the income is higher than current savings, but generally lower than bonds and stocks. Corresponding to the low income, because the bank's credit is relatively high, the savings deposit is relatively safe and the risk is low, but there is also the risk of depreciation of deposits under inflation and the risk of interest loss due to early withdrawal of time deposits.

test center 8: stocks, bonds and insurance

unit 3 income and distribution

lesson 7: personal income and distribution

test center 1 distribution according to work is the main body, and multiple modes of distribution coexist

production determines the distribution, and the mode of production determines the distribution. In the primary stage of socialism, the basic economic system of public ownership is the main body and multiple ownership economies develop together.

1. The nature of distribution according to work is the basic principle of individual consumer goods distribution in socialist public ownership economy.

2. Contents and requirements: In the public ownership economy, after all necessary deductions have been made for the total social products, personal consumer goods are distributed according to the labor provided by laborers to the society (including the quantity and quality of labor), and more work is more, and less work is less.

4. Significance: ① The implementation of distribution according to work is conducive to fully mobilizing the enthusiasm and creativity of workers, thus promoting the development of productive forces. Distribution according to work, as a socialist distribution system, is a fundamental denial of the exploitation system that has been obtained for thousands of years, an important condition for eliminating and eliminating polarization, which embodies the social status of workers working together and distributing equally, and is a great change in the distribution system.

6. Distribution methods other than distribution according to work: mainly including distribution according to individual labor achievements and distribution according to production factors.

test center 2 gives priority to efficiency, giving consideration to fairness

1. Adhere to efficiency priority:

① Meaning: efficiency refers to the comparison between input and output in economic activities, which indicates the degree of effective utilization of resources. Improving efficiency means saving resources and increasing social wealth. People always pursue the greatest achievement with the least investment.