Analyze the operation of the enterprise:
First, we should provide internal and external information for analysis. The most important internal information is the financial accounting report of the enterprise, which is a written document reflecting the financial status and operating results of the enterprise, including the main accounting statements (balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement), schedules, notes to accounting statements, etc. External information is information obtained from outside the enterprise, including industry data and data of other competitors.
Second, according to the financial report: according to the purpose of analysis, it is divided into: financial benefit analysis, asset operation analysis, solvency analysis and development ability analysis; According to different analysis objects, it can be divided into balance sheet analysis, income statement analysis and cash flow statement analysis.
(A) content analysis according to the purpose of analysis
1, wealth management income. That is, the profitability of enterprise assets. Asset profitability is an important issue that users of accounting information care about. The analysis of asset profitability provides decision-making basis for investors, creditors and enterprise managers. The analysis indicators mainly include: return on net assets, capital preservation and appreciation rate, profit rate of main business, multiple of surplus cash guarantee, profit rate of cost and expense, etc.
2. Operating conditions of assets. Refers to the turnover rate of enterprise assets, reflecting the utilization efficiency of economic resources occupied by enterprises. The main indicators are: total assets turnover rate, current assets turnover rate, inventory turnover rate, accounts receivable turnover rate, non-performing assets rate and so on.
3. solvency. The ability of an enterprise to repay short-term debt and long-term debt is an important embodiment of its economic strength and financial situation, and it is also an important measure to measure whether an enterprise operates steadily and the financial risk. The main indicators of analysis are: asset-liability ratio, interest earning multiple, cash flow debt ratio, quick ratio and so on.
4. Develop capabilities. The development ability is related to the sustainable survival of enterprises, as well as the future income of investors and the risk of creditors' long-term claims. The indicators for analyzing the development ability of enterprises are: sales growth rate, capital accumulation rate, three-year average capital growth rate, three-year average sales growth rate, technology investment ratio and so on.
(2) According to the different analysis objects.
1, balance sheet analysis. Mainly from the asset project, debt structure, owner's equity structure and other aspects of analysis.
The main analysis items of assets include: cash ratio, accounts receivable ratio, inventory ratio, intangible assets ratio, etc. Debt structure analysis includes: short-term solvency analysis, long-term solvency analysis and so on. The owner's equity structure is an analysis: the proportion of each kind of equity to the total owner's equity indicates the preservation and appreciation of the capital invested by investors and the composition of owner's equity.
2. Analysis of income statement. Mainly from the profitability, operating performance and other aspects of analysis. Main analysis indicators: return on net assets, return on total assets, profit rate of main business, profit rate of cost and expense, sales growth rate, etc.
3. Analysis of cash flow statement. Mainly from the cash payment ability, capital expenditure and investment ratio, cash flow income ratio and other aspects of analysis. The analysis indicators mainly include: cash ratio, current debt cash ratio, debt cash ratio, dividend cash ratio, capital purchase ratio, sales cash ratio, etc.
Extended data:
Benefit analysis method of enterprise management status
Enterprises not only care about the return on investment, but also care about the sustainability of high return. Therefore, the sustainability analysis of enterprises to obtain high profits has become another point of concern. When the product cost, macroeconomic conditions and various policies and regulations of enterprises are the same, if enterprises want to win in the competition, they can only earn more profits by improving efficiency.
Enterprise benefit refers to the labor, resources, equipment, materials and other business factors invested in the production and operation of enterprises, which are effectively used by operators and employees, resulting in high economic value and social contribution. It is used to measure the effective utilization of labor and assets. The specific indicators are:
1. added value rate
When investors choose investment projects, they are most concerned about whether they can produce high added value. The added value is the added value created in the process of enterprise production activities. Expressed as:
Added value = pre-tax net profit+labor cost+capitalized interest+rent+expense tax.
The added value can be calculated by looking up the income statement, the detailed list of management expenses and the detailed list of manufacturing expenses.
Value-added rate is the ratio of added value to sales revenue. It reflects the added value of every dollar of sales revenue. Generally speaking, the more capital-intensive the industry, the higher the added value of its products and the higher the net profit. On the contrary, industries with relatively low capital intensity have low added value and low net profit.
2. Labor productivity
Labor productivity is the ratio of added value to the total number of people. It reflects the added value created by a person.
The calculation formula is:
Labor productivity = added value/total number of people
The higher the index, the higher the efficiency of labor utilization and the more added value created, so it becomes an important index to measure the competitiveness of the same industry.
3. Ratio of added value to total capital (total capital investment income)
This index reflects the added value created by the total investment capital within one year. A high index means that the effective utilization rate of capital is high, and more added value and net profit are created.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Current Situation of Enterprise Management