The packing arrangement of goods should be scientific. Generally speaking, it consists of a certain number of goods stacked according to their length, width and height, and boxed to form a whole box. The sum of the plane areas of the six sides of the box is the "surface area" of the goods, and the size of the surface area plays a decisive role in the amount of packaging materials. If the length, width and height change under the same volume and surface area, the materials used in the box will also change accordingly. Generally speaking, packaging with width less than height or length saves materials; The packaging cost exceeds the height or length; Materials with width and length greater than height; The width is the same, the height is greater than the length, saving materials. But this is only a general principle, and the specific packaging should be considered according to the goods. Towels and other commodities are put into the box, and the box type is "fixed in length and width and adjustable in height"; For fragile products, another method can be adopted, such as the packaging of daily-use ceramics: first, different ceramics are classified and queued, and then classified according to the same caliber, and then according to the volume of the classified ceramics, how many boxes are packed in each box, so that each box can be packed by dozen. Second, stagger the arrangement according to the shape and size of the goods; Others use the gaps between commodities to hide the handles, ears and rings in the products into the gaps, make full use of the container capacity, and reduce the gaps between commodities by filling in the blanks, which not only makes the commodities smooth, but also increases the compression resistance of the packaging box.

Western-style clothes

For goods with regular shapes, we can make use of the space of the product itself and cooperate with the size and caliber of the product to package the product. This method can not only reduce the gap and prevent damage, but also save materials and freight. Such as jewelry boxes, enamel utensils and glasses, can be combined by the size and shape of the products themselves. For some fragile products, it is necessary to strengthen the protection of the corners of the products and add some fillers to make the packaging elastic and able to withstand certain impact.

Disassembly and assembly

For some products that cannot be reduced by pressure, reasonable arrangement and suit, because of their irregular volume and large occupied area, they can be reduced by disassembling and assembling some parts. Such as: furniture, medical equipment, sewing machines and other products.

4. Reasonably reduce the quantity of commodities

For the packaging of bulky and light light-weight light bubble goods, such as cotton, textiles, straw mats, embroidery, fishing nets, feathers, bicycle tires and other goods, the main solution is to reduce the packaging volume reasonably. When packing or preloading, the principle is generally not to damage the goods. That is, on the premise of protecting the quality of goods, the volume of goods is compressed by pressure or vacuum packaging, saving packaging materials and freight.

In the past, the packaging volume was compressed by manpower and animal power, but now it is mostly mechanical compression, and the oil press is the best. For example, every 200 sacks are packed in a bundle, and the stack thickness is 1.7m before pressing, 60cm after pressing and 90cm after recycling. The springback has a great relationship with the performance of strapping material. If the hemp rope is compressed and bound by hand, the recovery rate will reach 50%. If packed with iron, the recovery rate after compression is only about 5%.

Another way to reduce the packaging volume is to use vacuum packaging. This kind of packaging is generally suitable for textiles, clothing, silk, feathers and other commodities. If the general compression packaging method is used, textiles and clothing usually have many folds and creases, and it is very expensive to return to normal (reduce). In order to solve this problem, Sweden began to study this work in 1 967. After years of practice and experiments, it invented the vacuum packaging technology. This was one of the most important innovative projects in the packaging field at that time. The advantages of vacuum packaging are twofold:

First of all, the use of vacuum packaging for bulky products can greatly save the cost of transportation and storage sites. Taking textiles as an example, the capacity reduction of vacuum packaging is: complete set of clothes 50%, plush shirts 30%-35%, towels 30%-50% and bedspreads 60%-80%. As a result of reducing the volume of goods, not only can transportation and storage costs be saved, but also packaging containers such as cartons can be replaced by plastic bags because of vacuum packaging. So as to protect commodities during storage and circulation.

Second, vacuum packaging can reduce the folds and creases of goods. This is mainly because the product has been pretreated before vacuum packaging-the water contained in the product has been removed. This can ensure that the textile fibers are completely "relaxed" before packaging, and once the fibers are in this controlled state, they can be compressed by vacuum packaging. When the package is opened, the fiber will return to its original state before packaging. Textile and clothing importers are willing to adopt this method because they don't have to hire labor, which saves a lot of money.

5. Collective packaging Collective packaging refers to the combination of several individual transportation packages into large pieces to meet the requirements of modernization of transportation and loading and unloading. At present, the common collective packaging includes pallets, container bags, containers and so on. The following are introduced respectively:

① container

The container is made of copper, glass fiber and aluminum alloy. There are ordinary boxes and various special boxes, and some have ventilation and refrigeration equipment. According to the provisions of the international organization for standardization, its specifications and dimensions are 8 feet wide, 40 feet high, 30 feet, 20 feet, 1 0 feet and 7 feet respectively, and its standard load capacity is 30 feet, 25 feet, 20 feet, 10 feet and 7 t.

Container transportation is a modern mode of transportation, and 1955 began to be used. 1967, the cargo ship Branda of Matoson Company in Hawaii, USA, successfully made its first trial in containers in the Pacific Ocean, and then it was widely adopted by all countries in the world. Because of its large loading capacity and scientific structure, all kinds of bulk goods and pallets can be loaded. This mode of transportation has developed rapidly and is called "transportation revolution". To sum up, using containers has three advantages.

First, fast-shorten the docking time of ships. Based on 10000t cargo, it takes only 22 hours for container to load and unload cargo, and 5 days for bulk cargo.

Second, safety-when wharf theft is prevalent in many countries, containers are difficult to be stolen because of tight sealing, and the damage to goods is greatly reduced;

Third, save costs-the handling fee can be saved. The handling fee for containers is only 1/6 per piece, and the quantity of packaging materials can be reduced accordingly.

Many countries in the world, such as the United States and Japan, have realized containerization of grocery transportation. Where goods need to be transported by container, the box type and specifications of the package must meet the requirements of container length, width and high specifications, otherwise it will waste the volume and cause the loss of foreign exchange freight.

② Container bag:

Generally speaking, container bags can be divided into two types: one is disposable bags, which are suitable for long transportation distance, difficult turnover and no storage conditions. High-strength polypropylene is selected as raw material, and the load is limited to1.5t. The other is a recyclable bag, which is suitable for short transportation distance and good storage conditions. PVC coated polyester fiber is used as raw material with a load of 4t. Polypropylene container bags made in Japan and Britain, with load 13t.

③ Tray

Pallet refers to the pad attached to the bottom of a goods or a group of goods. There are three beams under the cushion to form two sockets and four-way sockets, into which the two sockets and forks of the forklift can extend. Pallets are scooped up together with stacked goods for stacking, loading and unloading or transportation. Pallets have been widely used in international trade and transportation since 1960s. It has many advantages: it can effectively protect the goods, improve the efficiency of loading and unloading, promote the mechanization of loading and unloading operations, promote the standardization of packaging, expand sales, increase the selling price, reduce the packaging cost, facilitate the loading and unloading of goods, reduce errors and reduce the labor intensity of workers. There are more and more kinds of pallets, which can be divided into two types according to their use value: one is reusable pallet, which is firm in structure and reusable, and its material is mainly wood, a few are metal and some are plastic; The other is a disposable tray with simple structure and less materials. Most of the materials are wood, and there are trays made of corrugated cardboard.

According to the provisions of the national organization for standardization, the specifications of pallets are divided into three types. Namely: 80× 100cm, 80× 120cm,100x120cm.

Strapping material of pallet includes paper, plastic, iron and shrink-stretch film. Shrinkage film is widely used in western countries and also in the United States. Each shrink tray consumes 1kg film, which is fully automatic. When shrinking, heating method is adopted, including portable shrinking spray gun, vertical heater and shrinking drying channel. In order to expand China's foreign trade exports, it is an urgent task to fully promote the use of pallets.