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The influence of China's entry into WTO on China's travel agency industry and its countermeasures
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Asymmetry of large industries and small enterprises: "Made in China" faces difficulties in upgrading.
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After China's entry into the World Trade Organization, China's industrial enterprises will undoubtedly face great influence while meeting opportunities. In this regard, relevant industries have made preliminary judgments.
Textile-the biggest beneficiary of the industry
China is the largest developing country in the world and the largest exporter of textiles and clothing. The liberalization of textile trade will make the textile industry the biggest industry beneficiary after China's accession to the World Trade Organization: enterprises that need to import raw materials to process and produce textiles and clothing will benefit from the reduction of raw material prices brought about by tariff concessions; Due to the reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers, export enterprises will reduce production costs and improve their international competitiveness. At the same time, the export cost is reduced and the export channels are safer and more stable. After joining the World Trade Organization, the import tariff of textile fabrics will be reduced; The general trade import of middle and high-grade fabrics will increase to a certain extent; The competitive pressure of printing and dyeing enterprises will increase; High-end clothing manufacturers have been hit hard, and imported foreign brands will become their strong competitors. In particular, China's chemical fiber enterprises have been protected by high tariffs and import licenses because of their small production scale and high raw material costs, and there is a big gap between them and foreign countries in terms of variety, quality and price. Therefore, after China's accession to the World Trade Organization, the tariff rate of chemical fiber products will be adjusted to an average of 14%, and non-tariff barriers will be removed before 2005 (most restrictions will be removed before 2003). At that time, in the face of cheap and high-quality imported products, China's chemical fiber enterprises are obviously at a disadvantage in the competition, and some small-scale and technologically backward enterprises will be hit harder. In this regard, chemical fiber enterprises can learn from the experience of vertical integration of foreign chemical fiber textile industry, improve the value of domestic chemical fiber products, establish an integrated production system including polymerization, textile manufacturing, dyeing and finishing by using new technologies, and increase the added value of products.
Building materials-internationalization of domestic market
Joining the World Trade Organization will help China building materials enterprises to change their ideas, keep up with the development trend of the world building materials industry, absorb foreign advanced technology and management experience, give full play to their comparative advantages and fully participate in international competition. At the same time, after China's entry into WTO, China's building materials industry will face severe challenges: compared with foreign advanced level, there is still a big gap between domestic enterprises in terms of technical equipment level, R&D capability, energy and resource utilization efficiency; The reduction of tariffs on some commodities may lead to an increase in imports and internationalization of the domestic market; Multinational companies will rely on their advantages in capital, technology and management to increase their investment in China's building materials field, and domestic building materials enterprises will face more fierce competition.
Coal-Welcome New Export Opportunities
China's coal reserves account for 33.8% of the world's total; China ranks first in the world in coal production, with complete coal types and great export potential. However, at present, coal exports only account for 2%-3% of the total output. Therefore, from the perspective of coal export, joining the World Trade Organization is conducive to expanding coal exports. However, due to the acceleration of economic globalization and trade liberalization, especially China's accession to the World Trade Organization, China's energy supply will be allocated in a more open system, and the foreign imports and price changes of high-quality energy such as oil and natural gas will directly affect the relationship between supply and demand in the domestic coal market. Tariffs on high energy-consuming products such as steel, building materials and chemicals have dropped, and similar foreign products have entered the domestic market by virtue of their price and quality advantages, and the import volume may increase, which indirectly reduces domestic coal consumption. China's foreign trade system will gradually integrate with the international market, implement the foreign trade qualification registration system, and gradually liberalize the import and export trade of various enterprises, which will have an important impact on China's current coal export trade management system. However, after China's accession to the World Trade Organization, if we can improve the export transportation conditions and vigorously develop the production of selected coal, coal exports are expected to increase substantially. As the import tariff of coal will be greatly reduced, coal imports will increase in the future, and thermal coal, coking coal, anthracite and coke from Japan, South Korea, India, Europe and Taiwan Province Province of China will also compete in the coal market in China. But from the long-term strategic trend, the overall development trend of the coal industry should be incremental development.
Medicine-will be affected by three aspects in the near future.
At present, China exports more than 80,000 tons of chemical raw materials and Chinese herbal medicines every year, earning nearly $4 billion in foreign exchange each year. After China's entry into WTO, this advantage will be expanded, which is more conducive to China's product export. At the same time, it is conducive to reducing the import prices of key raw materials, medical devices, key components and spare parts of pharmaceutical machinery, reducing or even eliminating non-tariff barriers, and introducing new drugs and production technologies. However, in the near future, the pharmaceutical industry will be directly affected by three aspects: First, the tariff reduction will have a great impact on semi-synthetic antibiotics and cephalosporins and related intermediates, B-ultrasound and endoscopes in medical devices. Second, the protection of intellectual property rights is stricter. Therefore, the patented drugs needed for clinical treatment in China will mainly rely on imports. Third, there are many enterprises, small scale, rigid mechanism, low efficiency, high cost, poor efficiency and disorder in the field of pharmaceutical circulation in China. Pharmaceutical circulation enterprises can't compete with international multinational companies in terms of operation mode, capital quality and scale, and will be greatly impacted. According to the agreement signed between China and the United States, the China administration's commitment to the pharmaceutical industry includes five aspects: first, protecting the intellectual property rights of drugs; Second, reduce drug import tariffs; Three, from 200 1 to cancel the administrative control of the import of large medical equipment; Fourth, since 2003, the drug distribution service has been opened; Fifth, open medical services. The most noteworthy of these five contents are articles 1 and 4.
Light industry-the influencing factors are complex and diverse.
There are many "small" industries in light industry. After China's entry into WTO, different industries and different products in the same industry are facing a very complicated situation and its influence: it is beneficial to industries with high openness and more foreign capital utilization, such as household appliances, daily chemicals, beer and beverages, especially household appliances; For light industrial labor-intensive products such as bicycles, sewing machines, toys, clocks and watches, furniture, hardware products, ceramics, canned goods, leather, luggage and embroidery products, it is expected to further explore the international market and expand exports; Lighting appliances, daily glass, salt making, stationery, pen making and other industries that have little dependence on domestic market imports or foreign products occupy a certain domestic market share have little impact, but may form certain barriers to product and technology upgrading, and the overall impact will outweigh the disadvantages; It has a great impact on dairy products, wine, monosodium glutamate and other products that mainly face the domestic market with agricultural products as raw materials; It has a great influence on papermaking, papermaking machinery, sugar making and other industries. Its technical equipment level and product economic scale are far from the advanced level abroad, with high production cost and weak market competitiveness.
Mining industry-the environment for attracting foreign investment has changed a lot.
Joining WTO will enhance the confidence of international mining industry in investing in China, and promote its investment decision and investment. In addition, the international mining industry is already a capital-intensive industry. A mature mining project often needs hundreds of millions of dollars or even billions of dollars of investment, and multinational companies can't come up with this money in a short time, so they must go to the capital market for financing. The gradual opening of the financial industry will promote the formation and development of the domestic mining capital market, and the mining investment and financing system and mechanism will inevitably undergo fundamental changes. This is beneficial to both foreign and domestic mining enterprises, but it will be more beneficial to foreign mining enterprises. With the opening of the market, the market price of mineral products will be more international, and the mineral products that foreign investors can sell directly will increase, especially precious metal products, which will greatly reduce the investment concerns of foreign investors, and the implementation of the development strategy for the central and western regions will be an important promotion to attract foreign investment in mining.
Electricity-the direct impact is not obvious.
At present, the power trade between China and overseas countries is very small. China's accession to the World Trade Organization will not have obvious direct impact on the power industry, but it will have some indirect effects. Generally speaking, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. After China's accession to the World Trade Organization, the electric power industry will face the international and domestic markets, and the introduction of advanced equipment and technology will increase, which can not only make up for the shortage of some domestic equipment varieties and quantities, but also gradually enhance China's ability to manufacture advanced equipment through digestion and absorption, and promote the improvement of domestic electric power equipment production technology level, thus improving the overall technical equipment level of the electric power industry. With the acceleration of economic globalization, foreign investment in China's power sector will be further expanded, and the number of foreign-invested power generation enterprises will continue to increase, thus promoting the market-oriented reform process of China's power industry and improving the overall management level of the power industry.
The competition in the automobile market is more intense.
After China's entry into WTO, the reduction of tariffs and the gradual elimination of non-tariff barriers, especially the opening of service trade, will make China's automobile market internationalized, the market competition will be more intense, and the development of automobile industry will face unprecedented challenges. First of all, the tariff on automobiles and parts is greatly reduced, and the import license is gradually cancelled, which will have different degrees of influence on all kinds of automobiles and parts; Secondly, the automobile service trade fields that will be opened to the outside world, such as domestic sales of automobiles and parts, automobile import and export and distribution services, operating transportation companies, automobile installment payment and financial leasing, and automobile productive financing, will also have a significant impact on China's automobile industry, where the service trade system is still not perfect; In addition, after China's entry into WTO, the preferential policies to encourage the localization of automobile products will be cancelled, which will have a certain impact on attracting foreign investment to develop key parts, improving technical level and promoting product upgrading. However, it will promote the structural adjustment of China's automobile industry and improve the automobile consumption environment in China.
Agricultural risks come from two aspects.
After joining the WTO, China will lose all non-tariff measures to protect agricultural products, and tariffs will become the only protective measures in the domestic market. The loss of non-tariff policies and measures is not conducive to China's macro-control of market access. But in the long run, joining WTO is of great significance to improve China's agricultural economic benefits and competitive advantages and make up for the shortage of China's agricultural resources. After China's entry into WTO, the risks faced by China's agricultural products market mainly come from two aspects: First, in recent years, the production cost of major agricultural products in China has increased at an average rate of more than 10% every year, and the domestic prices of bulk agricultural products such as wheat, corn, soybeans, cotton and oilseeds have always been higher than those in the international market, so they have no commercial competitive advantage. Second, at present, due to the difficulty in selling agricultural products, the slow growth of farmers' income, and the obstruction of rural labor transfer, many contradictions have accumulated in rural areas of China. With the opening of the market, these contradictions may become more prominent to some extent. However, according to the agricultural rules of the World Trade Organization, we can implement management measures such as tariff quota management system for the import of some important agricultural products, and grasp the initiative to control the risk of market opening. After China's entry into the WTO, according to the agricultural rules of the WTO, rice producers in China will be very beneficial to break through the Japanese and Korean markets. The prices of livestock products, aquatic products and horticultural products in China are about 30% lower than those in the international market, which has certain competitive advantages. Joining the WTO will be more conducive to the export of these products. However, the existing problems such as pesticide residues and hormones in additives must be properly solved, so that the export of such products can reach a new level.
The polarization of foreign trade will accelerate.
After China's entry into WTO, foreign trade enterprises mainly exporting high added value and high technology will benefit a lot, while foreign trade enterprises mainly exporting primary products will benefit a lot. The scope and degree of export tax rebate will be further expanded, and there will be a price to pay in reducing non-tariff measures. The measures to control import and export will focus on the exchange rate policy, and the import and export will be controlled by adjusting the exchange rate, thus ensuring the stability of the international balance of payments.
Logistics-a good opportunity is just around the corner.
Joining WTO will bring unprecedented opportunities to the development of China's logistics industry. In the short term, the rapid growth of import and export trade brought about by the weakening of trade barriers after China's entry into WTO will provide new market space for the development of logistics industry; In the long run, the development of logistics industry itself will reduce the transportation cost of trade, have a positive impact on the formation of a unified domestic market, improve the efficiency of resource allocation, narrow the gap of regional economic development level, accelerate China's participation in the process of international division of labor and global economic integration, and thus provide a continuously expanding market space for the development of logistics industry. However, after China's entry into WTO, due to the market access of the logistics industry, the competition in China's logistics market will become more intense. According to the bilateral agreement between China and the United States, in terms of market access of logistics industry, China's main commitments are: it will provide American companies with trading rights (import and export rights) and distribution rights (wholesale, retail, maintenance and transportation), in which the trading rights will be gradually implemented within three years, and the distribution rights will include the most restrictive trade sectors, such as fertilizers, crude oil and petroleum processed products; In three to four years, the distribution auxiliary services (leasing, express delivery, goods storage and transportation, warehousing, advertising, technical inspection and analysis, packaging, etc.) will be restricted. ) will be lifted, and American distribution auxiliary service providers will be allowed to establish wholly-owned branches. This means that after China's entry into WTO, large multinational logistics enterprises will quickly enter China to seize the rapidly growing logistics market. Author: Chen Yongjun Source: China Journal of Chemistry.