(1) Economy 1952 After Nasser overthrew the Farouk dynasty, he nationalized the original large-scale industry and commerce, banking, insurance, transportation and import and export trade. 1974 president Sadat announced the implementation of the "economic opening" policy, actively seeking foreign aid, vigorously introducing foreign capital, developing free zones and special economic zones, developing private enterprises and promoting state-owned enterprises. From 1974 to 1982, the annual economic growth rate reached 8%. After Mubarak took office, he continued to adjust economic policies, carry out financial, economic and management reforms, and implement the "productive opening policy". While developing state-owned enterprises, we will continue to relax restrictions on private enterprises. We should increase production and save, improve efficiency, restrict imports, encourage exports, overcome economic difficulties and develop the economy with the spirit of self-reliance. 199 1 year, because Egypt opposed Iraq's annexation of Kuwait in the Gulf War, it was appreciated by the United States and other unitary countries and Gulf Arab countries, and more than 20 countries and international financial institutions successively provided loans and emergency assistance to Egypt. In addition, the United States has forgiven Egypt's military debts, and Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Qatar have also forgiven Egypt's debts. In May of the same year, the creditor countries of the Paris Club cancelled Egypt's debt of about 1 1 billion dollars. Egypt's economic difficulties have been alleviated. 1992 GDP1391100,000 pounds. 1993 exchange rate: 3.37 Egyptian pounds 1 USD.

Egypt is rich in resources, with preliminarily proved reserves: 6 billion barrels of oil, 328.4 billion cubic meters of natural gas, about 654.38+0.2 billion tons of phosphate and 0/0.82 billion tons of iron ore/kloc; In addition, there are manganese, coal, gold, zinc, chromium, silver, molybdenum, copper, talc and so on. Egypt's industries are mainly light industries such as textiles and food processing. Heavy industries such as petroleum, copper, iron, electricity, fertilizer, cement and machinery. Great progress has been made, especially in the oil industry. 1990 ~ 199 1 The annual output value of petroleum reached 6 billion US dollars, realizing the self-sufficiency of petroleum products. 199 1 ~ 1992 produced 44 million tons of oil, making it the fourth largest oil producer in Africa with an export value of12.85 million US dollars. The export value of industrial products 1992 reached US$ 2 billion.

Agriculture plays an important role in Egypt's national economy. The rural population accounts for 52% of the national population. 199 1 year, the cultivated land in China accounts for 3.5% of the national area. The government attaches great importance to agricultural development and the expansion of cultivated land. The main crops are cotton, wheat, rice, sorghum, corn, sugarcane, flax, peanuts, fruits and vegetables. Egypt has a splendid culture, a long history, magnificent and rich historical sites, and has extremely advantageous conditions for developing tourism. The main tourist attractions are the pyramids, the Sphinx, the Azhar Mosque, the ancient castle, the Greek-Roman Museum, the Kataba Castle, the Montassar Palace, the Luxor Temple, the Karnak Temple, the Valley of the Kings and the Aswan Dam. Tourism income is one of the main sources of foreign exchange in Egypt.

The transportation in Egypt is very convenient. The transportation capacity of land, sea and air has improved rapidly. This railway is 7000 kilometers long. The first subway in Cairo is 42.5 kilometers long, and the first phase of the project was completed and opened to traffic in September 1987. The total length of the highway is over 40,000 kilometers. There are 7 seaports with an annual throughput of 30.5 million tons. The main ports are Alexandria, Port Said and Suez. There are five international airports, and Cairo Airport is an important international airport connecting Asia, Africa and Europe. In addition to taxes, financial sources mainly rely on oil, remittances, canals and tourism.

Due to the small variety and quantity of export commodities, the foreign trade deficit has occurred every year. With the development of industry, export commodities have gradually changed, changing the situation that agricultural products are the main products, and petroleum and petroleum products have become one of the main export commodities; Followed by cotton, potatoes, citrus, textiles and so on. Imports are mainly machinery, transportation equipment, chemical products, livestock products, grain, vegetables and petroleum.

Egypt has trade relations with more than 120 countries and regions, and the main trade targets are the United States, France, Germany, Italy, Britain, Japan and other countries. Egypt has also received more foreign aid. The United States is a major donor to Egypt. Countries and organizations that provide aid and loans to Egypt include Germany, Japan, Britain, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. 1990 After the Gulf War, the West and Gulf countries reduced or exempted Egypt's debt by * * * 25.5 billion US dollars. In addition, Egypt has received more than $654,380 billion in grants or emergency assistance from Gulf countries, the United States, Western European countries, Japan, Canada and South Korea. The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf is working out a development plan to support Egypt's economy, and promises to provide Egypt with 3 billion to 5 billion US dollars of economic assistance every year, of which/kloc-0 billion to 2 billion US dollars is working capital.

In terms of people's life, the Egyptian government has long implemented a family subsidy system. In addition, price subsidies are given to rice, flour, edible oil, sugar and energy.

(2) In addition to taxes, Egypt's financial sources mainly rely on oil, remittances, canals and tourism. The budgetary revenue and expenditure are as follows (unit: hundreds of millions of Egyptian pounds):

1993/94 1994/95 1995/96

Income 562.30 659.98 7 1 1

Expenditure 653.13712.438+0 775

Deficit 90.83 52.83 63

The main foreign exchange income is as follows (unit: billion US dollars):

1993/94 1994/95 1995/96

Remittance 6 1.64 42

Travel 18 22 30.09

Suez canal19.4438+0.2018.8l

Petroleum 15 2 1 22.26

From 65438 to 0995, Egypt's domestic and foreign debts totaled more than 65.9 billion US dollars, including 29 billion US dollars in foreign debts. From 65438 to 0996, foreign exchange reserves increased to190 billion US dollars.

(3) Tourism income is one of the main sources of foreign exchange in Egypt. Egypt has a long history, splendid culture and many places of interest, which has good conditions for developing tourism. The government attaches great importance to the development of tourism. From 65438 to 0996, Egypt's tourism industry got rid of the influence of terrorist incidents against foreign tourists in previous years, with 4 million foreign tourists and income of $3.009 billion, becoming Egypt's second largest source of foreign exchange. There are 32 five-star hotels in China. The main tourist attractions are pyramids, the Sphinx, Luxor Temple and Aswan Dam.

(4) Transportation The transportation in Egypt is very convenient, and the transportation capacity of land, sea and air has increased rapidly in recent years.

Railway: the total length is 7000 kilometers; 1993/94 passenger traffic was 996 million passengers. The Cairo subway is 42.5 kilometers long.

Highway: the total length is 48,000 kilometers; 1993, the total number of cars in Egypt was nearly 5 million.

Water transportation: 1994 * * There are merchant ships 145 ships with total deadweight10.56 million tons; 7 international shipping routes; The total length of inland waterway is about 3000 kilometers. At present, there are seven ports, including Alexandria, Port Said and Suez, and the throughput of 1996 is 50 million tons. Suez Canal is the main international waterway connecting Asia, Africa and Europe, with about 50 ships passing through it every day. 1996 Suez Canal transit tax revenue 18438+0 billion US dollars, a decrease of 4% over the previous year.

Air transport: 58 civil aircraft. There are five international airports, and Cairo Airport is an important international air terminal.

Pipeline transportation; It has developed rapidly in recent years. 1988 natural gas pipeline and control network 1927 km, 1990 total length of oil pipeline 42 10 km.

(5) Culture and Education Egypt implements a compulsory primary education system for all. Illiteracy accounts for nearly half of the national population. There are 13 comprehensive universities in China, including Cairo University, Alexandria University, Ain chams University and Azhar University.

There are 7 daily newspapers and more than 70 periodicals in Egypt, which are divided into 7 systems. Mainly Arabic, a little French and English. Newspapers include Pyramid, Fire, Evening News and Izvestia. All of the above are in Arabic, and there are two influential French newspapers: Egyptian Progress and Egyptian Daily. Magazines are all in Arabic, including Pyramid Economist, Last Minute Weekly, Picture Weekly and Luz Yusuf Weekly.

The Middle East News Agency is the only news agency run by the state. It was founded in 1956 and has more than 10 journalists in London, Paris, Washington, new york and Bonn. Founded in 1928, China National Radio broadcasts in more than 30 languages at home and abroad, with a daily broadcast time of about 170 hours. There are also Radio Middle East and Radio Alexandria. Egypt Television is a state-run television station, built at 1960, with three channels.