In order to solve the economic crisis and consolidate bourgeois rule

What is the main content of Roosevelt's New Deal?

Finance (the New Deal begins with finance)

(1) Save the banking crisis, reform and start to manage the financial system. In order to solve the shortage of bank money, it entrusted the Federal Reserve Bank to issue money according to the bank's assets, and authorized Fuxing Finance Corporation to provide liquidity by purchasing priority shares of the bank. In order to restore people's trust in banks, it stipulates that the Ministry of Finance should rectify banks and supervise their reopening. According to the requirements, the Ministry of Finance has taken measures to support large banks that have the ability to pay, and eliminated unsound banks that have the ability to repay without compensation. In order to protect the bank reserves and prevent the outflow of gold, it prohibits the storage and export of gold. (2) On March 20th, Roosevelt's Economy Act was passed, reducing government expenditure and veterans' allowance by 500 million dollars. (3) By providing securities facts, securities trading and banking business, namely the famous Glass-Steagall method, the reform and management of banks, securities markets and currencies have been strengthened successively. (4) The dollar is decoupled from gold, the dollar depreciates, and the gold standard is abandoned. Results: The financial measures were successful. Through the above measures, the Roosevelt administration maintained and strengthened the private ownership of American financial capital, and also strengthened the state's management and control over the financial system.

Agricultural and industrial management

During the "100-day New Deal", while solving the banking problem, Roosevelt tried his best to urge the parliament to pass the agricultural adjustment law and the national industrial revival law successively, becoming the right-hand man of the whole New Deal. Roosevelt asked capitalists to abide by the rules of "fair competition" and stipulate the scale, price and sales scope of each enterprise; The minimum wage and maximum working hours are set for workers (the original workers work 55 hours a week, and the salary is only 60 cents, and the adjusted standard is: workers work 40 hours a week, and the minimum wage per week is 12 US dollars), thus limiting monopoly and reducing and alleviating tense class contradictions. After receiving the reluctant support of large enterprises, Roosevelt then tried his best to win the support of small and medium-sized business owners. He said that it is very important for large enterprises to accept the industrial revival law. "The field that produces fruitful results lies in small employers, and their contribution will be to provide new employment opportunities for 1 to 10 people. These small employers are actually an extremely important part of the backbone of the country, and the success or failure of our plan depends largely on them. " The development of small and medium-sized enterprises has played a positive role in social stability and economic recovery in the United States. In order to implement the new regulations, the government awarded the "Blue Eagle" medal to the enterprises that accepted the regulations, which was marked with the slogan "We do our duty" in recognition.

Government investment vigorously promotes office projects to provide relief for the unemployed.

Another important content of Roosevelt's New Deal is relief work. 1933 in may, congress passed the federal emergency relief law, established the federal emergency relief agency, and quickly allocated various relief funds and materials to the States. The following year, the simple relief was changed to "work for relief", which provided the unemployed with opportunities to engage in public utilities and safeguarded their self-reliance and self-esteem.

Establish a social security system

The second "New Deal" began with 1935. On the basis of the first stage, the achievements of the New Deal were consolidated in the form of legislation through social insurance bill, national labor relations bill, public utilities bill and other laws and regulations. Roosevelt believed that if a government "can't take care of the elderly and the sick, can't provide jobs for the strong, can't inject young people into the industrial system, and let the shadow of insecurity hang over every family, it is not a government that can or should exist", and social insurance should be responsible for the whole life from cradle to grave. To this end, the Social Insurance Law was promulgated. According to the law, all wage workers who retire at the age of 65 can get a monthly pension of 10 to $85 according to different wage levels. Regarding unemployment insurance, Roosevelt explained: "It can not only help individuals avoid relying on relief when they are dismissed in the future, but also alleviate the impact of economic difficulties by maintaining purchasing power." The source of insurance money. Half of the insurance premium is paid by employees and employers, equivalent to 1% of workers' wages, and the other half is allocated by the federal government. This social insurance law reflects the strong desire of the broad masses of working people and is welcomed and praised by the vast majority of Americans.

What are the characteristics of the New Deal?

On the premise of avoiding nationalization as much as possible and striving to maintain the capitalist free enterprise system, the government fully intervenes in the economy; Try to control the mass production of goods and achieve a balanced state; At the same time, we should take some measures that are beneficial to workers and small producers, ease domestic class contradictions, and strengthen state intervention and guidance in the economy.

"New" of Roosevelt's New Deal

1) new theory and new policy: capitalist economic thought → free capitalism → Keynesianism, and the New Deal is the greatest practice of Keynesianism;

2) New features: try to avoid nationalization as much as possible and try to maintain the capitalist free enterprise system, the government fully intervenes in the economy, and at the same time takes measures beneficial to workers and small producers to ease domestic class contradictions;

3) New starting point: The New Deal is actually a partial adjustment of the relations of production, pushing American private monopoly capitalism to American-style and illegal Sith-style state monopoly capitalism. This is the concrete embodiment of the reaction of the superstructure to the economic base in the theory of historical materialism.

4) New model: A new model of state intervention in economic development was created, which was borrowed and inherited by some major capitalist countries after World War II, prompting new changes in capitalist development after World War II and entering the "golden age" of capitalist development.

Effect and influence of main measures

1. rectify the banking and financial sectors, order banks to suspend business for rectification, gradually restore bank credit, abandon the gold standard and devalue the dollar to stimulate exports; 2. Industrial revival or industrial adjustment (central measure): prevent overproduction caused by blind competition through the National Industrial Revival Law and the Blue Eagle Action; According to the National Industrial Revival Law, all industrial enterprises formulate fair management rules for their own industries, determine their production scale, price level, market distribution, wage standards and working days, and prevent blind competition from causing overproduction, thus strengthening the government's control and regulation of capitalist industrial production and easing class contradictions. 4. Implement "work for relief" (the most important measure); 5. Vigorously build public * * * projects, alleviate social crisis and class contradictions, and increase employment to stimulate consumption and production; 6. The government has also established a social security system so that retired workers can get pensions and insurance, unemployed people can get insurance money, and mothers with young children and disabled people can get subsidies. 7, the establishment of emergency relief agencies, to provide relief funds for the people.

Effect and influence

1. The American economy rebounded and the number of unemployed people dropped sharply. Capitalist countries have strengthened macro-control and management of their economies. 2. The power of the federal government of China has been significantly enhanced. 3. The capitalist system has been adjusted, consolidated and developed. 4. Learn from the advantages of socialism boldly, save the crisis of capitalism by means of reform, and avoid fascism coming to power. 5. The New Deal is of great significance in the history of capitalist development in the United States and the world. 6. Created a new model of state intervention in the economy, and the United States entered the period of state monopoly capitalism.

How should we learn from the New Deal?

Strengthen financial supervision, correctly implement policies and guard against financial risks.

Modern financial policies have a great regulating effect on the national economy, and most modern economic crises are caused by the chaos in the financial field. Since last year, the financial crisis in Southeast Asia has affected many countries. Due to the sound economic development, China has maintained the stability of the financial market and the RMB exchange rate. However, we must learn from it and take active measures to prevent and solve the possible negative effects. In fact, the financial crisis has had a significant impact on labor-intensive enterprises whose products are mainly exported to Southeast Asian countries, which will make the business situation of some enterprises more severe and lead to more and more workers being laid off and unemployed. This also warns us that we should always pay attention to the negative impact of the rapid expansion of virtual capital, prevent the emergence of "bubble economy", maintain moderate foreign exchange reserves, strengthen financial supervision, discover and evacuate financial risks in time, and cautiously open foreign capital and financial markets. At the same time, we should vigorously optimize the industrial and product structure, realize the adjustment of economic structure and the transformation of economic growth mode as soon as possible, strive to eliminate the hidden dangers caused by investment expansion, overheated real estate and stock markets, low-level redundant construction, and the sharp increase of non-performing assets of financial institutions, make all kinds of preparations to resist the financial crisis, and prevent financial policy mistakes from bringing undue losses to the national economy and the lives of the broad masses of the people.

Start the market with work instead of relief.

The government's increasing investment in infrastructure can usually bring social total demand and national income several times that of investment, which plays a "multiplier effect" in economics. In this regard, the "New Deal" is a model to help the unemployed by establishing infrastructure and public projects, which is obvious to all. At present, the lag of infrastructure construction is still a "bottleneck" restricting China's economic development. The impact of the Asian financial turmoil also makes it more urgent and necessary to ensure the sustained growth of the national economy by increasing domestic investment and domestic demand.

Attach importance to the protection and development of national industries

Since the reform and opening up, China has gradually formed a situation in which various economic components coexist. Due to the adoption of a series of preferential policies by the state, "foreign capital" has shown a sharp upward trend in recent years, which has played an important role in strengthening China's overall economic strength, promoting scientific and technological progress of enterprises and upgrading products, but it has also squeezed the development of national industries. There is no doubt that we should continue to implement the policy of attracting foreign investment, but formulating the policy of safeguarding national industries is a major plan related to China's long-term development. Collective enterprises, township enterprises and individual and private enterprises are all important components of the socialist economy. We should create a more relaxed environment for them and provide preferential policies, especially credit policies, to promote their faster and better development. Only by creating a more suitable policy and social environment for national industries, reducing their tax burden, and attaching importance to scientific and technological transformation and scientific management can we gradually enhance their ability of self-accumulation, self-development and self-transformation and their market competitiveness, attract more capital and resources to flow to industries, create more employment opportunities, and absorb rural surplus labor. Accelerate industrialization and modernization.

Attach importance to agriculture and strengthen the foundation.

Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy. Without the modernization of agriculture, there will be no modernization of the whole country, no well-off of farmers, and no well-off of the whole people. Roosevelt's "New Deal" considered the prosperity of the city and the revitalization of the countryside together, emphasizing that "if the rural population does not have enough purchasing power to buy shoes, clothes and cars, then the industrial center will also be damaged". In policy, the government attaches great importance to agricultural relief, afforestation and the development of electric power resources. The vast majority of our population lives in rural areas. In recent years, the basic position of agriculture has actually been weakened to some extent in the voice of "strengthening", and the rural market is far from being developed. The responsibility system based on household contract system has brought benefits to farmers, but the untimely and disorderly intervention in agriculture, the difficulty in selling agricultural and sideline products and the increasing burden on farmers have offset this benefit from time to time. There are a large number of surplus labor in rural areas, but there are still a large number of resources such as grasslands, deserts and beaches that cannot be developed. The slow growth of farmers' income and the shrinking of the rural market are important factors for the insufficient effective demand of the whole society and the laid-off workers of state-owned enterprises. No matter from the perspective of social stability, coordinated development of urban and rural areas, or from the perspective of improving the quality and civilization of the Chinese nation, we must attach importance to and strengthen the research on agriculture and rural issues, formulate feasible rural economic development plans from a macro perspective, further support, guide and help "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" in policy, and realize rural development, increase agricultural production and increase farmers' income.

Make full use of human resources and vigorously promote re-employment

The reform we are carrying out now is actually the second liberation movement of productive forces since the rural reform in the 1980s. Labor is always the most active and creative factor in productivity. Rich and cheap labor resources are unique and huge input factors for developing countries. A poor genius, if the only purpose of life is to think about how to stop starving, then even if he is a hero in the world, it is hard to use it. In China, a large number of laid-off cadres and workers from government institutions and state-owned enterprises are mostly outstanding talents from all walks of life, or at least skilled workers with certain cultural literacy. Under the original system, these huge resources have not been rationally allocated, some have been idle for a long time, and some have even done the opposite, resulting in negative economic benefits, which is the greatest waste. Looking back on the course of rural reform, one of the keys to success is that the responsibility system based on the household contract system has mobilized farmers' enthusiasm and provided a broad stage for their intelligence to give full play. At present, compared with the rural labor force, the laid-off labor force has greater advantages in knowledge structure, technical level, management ability and internal and external communication, and is a valuable asset. Once these labor resources are rationally allocated and optimally combined, they will become a great force to promote China's economic construction. Governments at all levels have the responsibility to make good use of these human resources. All government departments should take this as the goal, formulate feasible work plans according to their respective responsibilities, gradually establish and improve the systematic re-employment mechanism, do a good job in employment services, speed up the construction of the labor market, establish and improve the information network of labor supply and demand, provide laid-off workers with job search and recruitment information, strengthen employment guidance and training, and guide laid-off workers to choose their own jobs. Self-employment and relying on market employment, improve the re-employment ability in many ways, create a good social atmosphere for the implementation of the re-employment project, and strive to make the country.

Improve the basic living security system for laid-off workers

Among the laid-off workers in China, state-owned enterprises account for the vast majority. For decades, they have made indelible contributions to national economic construction, reform and opening up, and enterprise development and growth. There are many factors that cause many state-owned enterprises to get into trouble and have too many redundant staff. For a long time, in terms of employment mode and employment system, we have adopted the mode of contracting out labor by the state, mainly state-owned enterprises. There are also some problems, such as blind construction and repeated construction, which lead to no market for products and unsustainable business operation. Some enterprises have to be laid off and unemployed because of improper employment and poor management; Some state-owned enterprises' operating mechanism is slow to change, which does not meet the requirements of market economy development; Some are due to the adjustment of enterprise products, technology and economic structure, which leads to employee adjustment and job transfer, and so on. Most of the existing government agencies are the products of the planned economy period, and several reforms have failed to get out of the strange circle of "expansion-streamlining-re-expansion-streamlining", resulting in more and more people with no major changes in their functions, and some even played some negative roles under the conditions of developing the socialist market economy. The surplus staff of these enterprises and institutions are bound to bear the brunt of the reform process and take the lead in joining the ranks of laid-off workers, which is the general trend. However, these people are by no means a burden to society. Their practical actions of being laid off have created a good environment for the country's various reforms and made contributions to society in a special way. The government and the whole society should try their best to solve their difficulties. The initial measure of Roosevelt's "New Deal" was the establishment of the Federal Emergency Relief Agency, and the government allocated special funds to provide jobs for the unemployed. If they can't find a job for a while, they will be used as necessary food, clothing, housing and transportation expenses. We are glad to see that the CPC Central Committee, the State Council and local party committees and governments at all levels have a clear understanding of this and are implementing it in various practical actions. The recent conference on basic living security and reemployment of laid-off workers from state-owned enterprises made corresponding arrangements, and defined the respective responsibilities of the government, enterprises and society. In China, because the phenomenon of laid-off and unemployment has appeared for a short time, and the government's re-employment mechanism and measures are not perfect and matching, ensuring the basic living expenses of laid-off and unemployed people before re-employment is the most critical link, especially important, which is related to the vital interests of the workers, the party's policy of relying on the working class wholeheartedly, and the overall situation of economic development, social stability and long-term stability of the country. We must attach great importance to it and do it earnestly.

Improve laws and regulations to ensure the smooth progress of various reforms.

Market economy is legal economy. The development of modern economy is inseparable from the gradual improvement of laws. One of the successful experiences of Roosevelt's New Deal is the promulgation and implementation of a set of laws and regulations in the process of implementation, and the determination of New Deal measures in the form of legislation. For example, the Agricultural Adjustment Law, the National Industrial Revival Law, the Social Security Law and the Wage and Working Hours Law have been promulgated successively. In the process of transition to market economy system, China's employment policy has changed from "one size fits all" to guiding employment, and from government resettlement to market regulation. With the deepening of the reform of state-owned enterprises, laid-off, unemployment and re-employment have increasingly become new economic phenomena. It is urgent for government departments to establish social security in an all-round way and provide unemployment, work injury insurance, maternity insurance and medical insurance for laid-off workers. In particular, it is necessary to promote the establishment of a social security system through legal means, which will not only help the broad masses of workers not to rely too much on relief, but also maintain their basic purchasing power and reduce the impact of economic difficulties on them. Efforts should be made to maintain the seriousness of various policies and regulations, ensure that laws are strictly enforced, and at the same time maintain the continuity of policies to avoid conflicts and collisions in implementation. While encouraging laid-off workers to actively engage in the individual and private economy, we must ensure that we stop arbitrarily apportioning, raising funds and imposing fines on them, and truly protect their legitimate rights and interests according to law.

Effectively transform government functions

It is the responsibility of the government to ensure the normal operation of the national economy and the full employment of citizens. The development of modern social economy is increasingly inseparable from the normal intervention and macro-control of the government. Looking back on the history of human development, people will find that the superstructure must adapt to the economic base, otherwise it will become a shackle that binds the development of productive forces. Whenever the productive forces reach a critical turning point, the government system will inevitably change accordingly. The basic framework of current government institutions in China was gradually formed under the original planned economy. Although there have been many adjustments and reforms in the past, due to the constraints of historical conditions and macro-environment, many problems have not been fundamentally solved, and the contradiction with the development of socialist market economy has become increasingly prominent, which has reached the point where it must be changed. The first session of the Ninth National People's Congress has made clear the basic idea of government institutional reform, and the government's own reform has gradually been included in the agenda of governments at all levels. The significance of institutional reform is not only to abolish institutions and reduce redundant staff, but also to completely change the traditional way of governing the country and adopt advanced scientific methods to quickly adapt to the requirements of the wave of economic globalization. In accordance with this requirement, in line with the principle of simplification, unification and efficiency, we should focus on transforming government functions, separating government from enterprises, establishing a scientific and standardized operating mechanism, strengthening government departments, merging and canceling, rationally adjusting departmental responsibilities and authorities, strengthening macro-control and law enforcement supervision departments, clarifying the division of responsibilities between departments, and improving the administrative operating mechanism, and never allowing several departments to do one thing. It is the responsibility of the government to ensure the normal operation of the national economy and the full employment of citizens. The development of modern social economy is increasingly inseparable from the normal intervention and macro-control of the government. Looking back on the history of human development, people will find that the superstructure must adapt to the economic base, otherwise it will become a shackle that binds the development of productive forces. Whenever the productive forces reach a critical turning point, the government system will inevitably change accordingly. The basic framework of current government institutions in China was gradually formed under the original planned economy. Although there have been many adjustments and reforms in the past, due to the constraints of historical conditions and macro-environment, many problems have not been fundamentally solved, and the contradiction with the development of socialist market economy has become increasingly prominent, which has reached the point where it must be changed. The first session of the Ninth National People's Congress has made clear the basic idea of government institutional reform, and the government's own reform has gradually been included in the agenda of governments at all levels. The significance of institutional reform is not only to abolish institutions and reduce redundant staff, but also to completely change the traditional way of governing the country and adopt advanced scientific methods to quickly adapt to the requirements of the wave of economic globalization. In accordance with this requirement, in line with the principle of simplification, unification and efficiency, we should focus on transforming government functions, separating government from enterprises, establishing a scientific and standardized operating mechanism, strengthening government departments, merging and canceling, rationally adjusting departmental responsibilities and authorities, strengthening macro-control and law enforcement supervision departments, clarifying the division of responsibilities between departments, and improving the administrative operating mechanism, and never allowing several departments to do one thing. A Comparison between Roosevelt's New Deal, Lenin's New Economic Policy and China's Reform and Opening-up.