After the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, the four families took advantage of the new situation during the war to strengthen the monopoly position of bureaucratic capital in the whole national economy, making a windfall and making bureaucratic capital expand rapidly.
The rapid expansion of bureaucratic capital and the strengthening of the monopoly position of the four families. It is achieved through political privilege and economic plunder. Four people mainly gather bureaucratic capital by the following means:
(1) Issuing government bonds. From 1938 to 1944, the Ministry of Finance of the National Government issued 18 kinds of domestic debts, some of which were calculated in legal tender and customs clearance, and some were calculated in pounds and dollars. Total 15,192,000,000 yuan,/kloc-0,000,000 sets, 20,000,000 pounds, 2/kloc-0,000,000 dollars. In addition, there are grain and wheat grain bonds. Except for 1937 national salvation bonds, which were "collected" by the people, the rest were not publicly issued, but were mortgaged to the bank in the form of general coupons, and then advanced to the national government by the bank. Banks use it as a preparation for issuing banknotes, and issue cashless banknotes. Bureaucratic capital has created both public debt wealth and legal tender wealth.
(2) increase taxes. As the coastal areas along the Yangtze River with developed industry and commerce fell one after another, customs duties, salt taxes, unified taxes and other taxes were greatly reduced. The national government made up for the reduced tax by expanding the scope of taxation and raising the tax rate. The national government extended the unified tax to the goods tax, forming a situation of almost no tax. 1943 10, 3 yuan was levied per catty, and it was raised to 60 yuan 1945/0/0. Due to inflation, land tax has been levied since the second half of 194 1. According to the tax amount of regular tax and local tax surcharge, 2 bushels of rice is levied per yuan, which is increased to 4 bushels in 1942. Since 1942, it has been widely implemented to purchase grain with tax, and the purchase price is much lower than the market price, and most of them do not pay cash, but only pay food stamps or legal currency savings vouchers. 1943 grain lending is widely carried out, and paying interest and repaying principal is just empty talk. From 194 1 to 1945 in June, the national government passed the "three signs" and * * * paid in more than 240 million stony rice and wheat. This is the most direct and severe plunder of the broad masses of farmers.
(3) inflation. Four months after the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, the National Government decided to make up the fiscal deficit by issuing more paper money. According to official figures, the legal tender circulation at the end of 1937 was1600 million1.600 million yuan. At the end of 1945, it was 10 and 31900 million yuan. It has increased by 738 times in eight years. Actually, it's more than that. As a result of the indiscriminate issuance of paper money, the wealth of the four families is rapidly concentrated, while the general public is increasingly poor.
(4) Foreign exchange control and gold trading. The national government implemented foreign exchange control from March 1938. Since then, official foreign exchange has been monopolized, and black market transactions have followed. With the devaluation of legal tender, the difference between the official price and the black market is getting bigger and bigger. During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's period, the exchange rate of US dollar and legal tender in foreign exchange was always 1:20, while it was 1:85.4, 1.944, 1:542 on the black market. The four families used their privileges to buy a large amount of foreign exchange and gold at the official price, sell them at the black market price, and make huge profits by changing hands.
(five) the implementation of monopoly system. 194 1 April, the National Government established the Monopoly Administration. Since the following year, we have monopolized six commodities, such as salt, sugar, cigarettes, matches, tea and wine. This system has greatly increased the income of the national government. The income increase amount 1942 is 478 million yuan, and 1943 is17.47 million yuan, about 1944. This system has greatly increased the burden on the people. Kuomintang officials and relevant institutions took the opportunity to engage in malpractices, took monopoly products and turned them into the black market, from which they made huge profits.
(6) Unified purchase and marketing. 1September, 937, the National Government set up the Trade Committee, which was composed of Fuxing Company, Hua Fu Company and China Tea Company, and implemented the unified purchase and marketing of silk, tea, tung oil, bristles and other major export materials in the Kuomintang-controlled areas. The main export mineral products such as tungsten, antimony, tin and mercury are purchased and sold by the Resources Committee. On February 1942, Material Bureau was established to purchase cotton yarn in a unified way. Under the policy of unified purchase and marketing, the national government implemented low-price forced purchase and made use of the price difference between buyers and sellers to obtain high profits. Taking tung oil as an example, the difference between the purchase price of 1942 and the domestic market price is 100 yuan, and that of 1943 is100 yuan.
In short, the national government publicly plundered the people through various means, which made the bureaucratic capital expand rapidly during the Anti-Japanese War.
The monopoly of bureaucratic capital of the four families on the national economy began before the Anti-Japanese War. During the Anti-Japanese War, financial monopoly was not only strengthened, but also extended to all sectors of industry and commerce.
In terms of finance, the Central Bank (Chiang Kai-shek), Bank of China (Song Ziwen), Bank of Communications (Kong Xiangxi) and Farmers Bank (Chen and Chen Lifu) were established at the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War as centralized financial institutions of the National Government. Chiang Kai-shek served as chairman of the General Administration, "taking charge of all affairs". Kong Xiangxi served as the finance minister and vice president of the Executive Yuan of the Kuomintang, directly controlled the four major banks, established the Central Trust Bureau and the Postal Savings Bank Bureau, and formed a pattern of four lines and two bureaus. Under the banner of the Kong family, he successively founded and accepted China Industrial Bank, China Domestic Bank, Siming Bank, Shaanxi Yuhua Bank, Commercial Bank and Qingji Commercial Bank. Although there are four families, the bank is in the hands of the Ministry of Finance, and the former chairman of the Bank of China is called. Kong Xiangxi is the governor of the central bank. 1July, 942, the national government stipulated that the national currency issuance should be centralized and unified in the central bank. As a result, the monopoly position of bureaucratic capital of the four families in the national financial industry has been strengthened step by step. During the Anti-Japanese War, the deposits of four banks increased by six oranges in four years, which was the fastest growth among banks. Among all bank deposits, the deposits of the four major banks account for %80 to %90, while the deposits of 1936 before the war only account for %59.
During the Anti-Japanese War, bureaucratic capital formed a formal and open monopoly in business. The establishment of monopoly bureau, trade commission and materials bureau and the implementation of monopoly and unified purchase and marketing policies are important steps for bureaucratic capital to realize commercial monopoly. In addition, Fushengzhuang, an agricultural bureau originally belonging to the Kongjia system, was later reorganized into the Flower Yarn Control Bureau to control the flower yarn trade. As a part of the reactionary Kuomintang regime, these palace institutions monopolized the domestic and foreign trade in the Kuomintang-controlled areas under the pretext of the war of resistance. During the Anti-Japanese War, the four families set up many commercial companies in private names. The more famous ones are: Qingjiyano. Kongjia Company, Huaqiang Company, Dayuan Company, China Cotton Trading Company of Song Family, Chongqing China Domestic Products Company and Xining Industrial Company; Chen Jia's flower satin company, cotton transportation company and so on. This kind of company has both political privilege and huge financial power, and has a monopoly position to manipulate the market.
Before the Anti-Japanese War, the monopoly of the four families on industrial and mining was still very small. At the end of 1935, the government-run part only accounted for% 1 1 of the total capital of government-run and private factories in China. After the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, 1937 set up the Industrial and Mining Adjustment Committee in September to expand government-run industries, merge private industries, and implement state monopoly on industrial and mining institutions. There are mainly two directly affiliated systems in the four family-run industries, namely, the Resources Committee and the Military Industry Department of the Ministry of War. 1944, there were 105 troops under the Resources Committee and dozens of troops under the Ordnance Department. In addition, there are government-run industries run by provinces, such as Guizhou Enterprise Company, Sichuan Chuankang Industrial Company and Hunan Industrial Company, with many units. The report of the Ministry of Economic Affairs of the National Government from 65438 to 0943 illustrates the monopoly position of government-run industries. Of the more than 3,700 industries in the Kuomintang-ruled areas, more than 600 are government-run and more than 365,438,000 are private. But official enterprise accounts for %69 of the total capital, and private enterprises only account for %3 1. In addition to government-run industries, the four families also have private industries in the form of so-called business. This kind of industry is well-known: China Industrial Company, which is dominated by Kongjia. When 1939 was established in July, its capital was120,000 yuan, which increased to 1943, making it the largest company in the rear area. Under the control of the Song family, 1940 established Yongxing Industrial Co., Ltd. 1942 in may, there were 18 completed and unfinished units, most of which were located in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, mainly engaged in the textile industry. Apart from the factory sponsored by the Resources Committee, it is the largest monopoly enterprise in the northwest. 1942, and its starting spindles account for 1/4 of all spindles in the rear area. Chen family, including Dahua Enterprise Company, Huaxi Construction Company and China Industrial and Mining Construction Company, is also a large monopoly enterprise.
In rural areas, the four big families are the biggest usurers. According to the investigation in 15 provinces, the proportion of banks, cooperatives and cooperative coffers directly or indirectly manipulated by four big families is% 26 1940 and% 38 1942. 1937 In September, the National Government established the Agricultural Products Regulation Committee as an institution to control and monopolize agricultural production. During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, cotton, silk, tea, bristles and tung oil were purchased and sold by the National Government. Under the purchase and loan measures, a large amount of grain was brought under the direct control of the four families. The four families also directly occupy a large amount of rural land. The Chen family's Huaxi Reclamation Company and the new Gannan National Economic Construction Company are all such institutions.
The state monopoly capitalism of the four big families is the biggest exploiter of the working people, which seriously hinders the development of social productive forces and is a huge obstacle to social progress. The intensification of class contradictions caused by the cruel exploitation of bureaucratic capital is one of the fundamental reasons for the development of China's revolution.
During the Anti-Japanese War, bureaucratic capital officially began to dominate the national economy.
Song Ziwen (1894 ~ 197 1) was the president and finance minister of the Executive Yuan of the National Government during the Republic of China. Originally from Wenchang County, Guangdong Province (now Hainan Province). 1894 65438+February 4th (the eighth day of November in the 20th year of Guangxu reign of Qing Dynasty) was born in Shanghai. His father, Song Jiashu, studied in the United States in his early years, worked as a missionary in Shanghai, and then turned to business, sympathizing with and supporting Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary activities. Song Ziwen graduated from St. John's University, and then entered the Economics Department of Harvard University. 19 17 was hired by Sheng Xuanhuai as the secretary of Hanyeping Company's general office in Shanghai. 1923 10 went to Guangzhou to be the English secretary of Marshal Sun Yat-sen's office and the manager of Guangdong-Guangxi Salt Audit Office. 1In August, 924, he served as the governor of the central bank. Later, he was transferred to the director of the Department of Commerce of the Guangdong Provincial Government. Later, he was promoted to Finance Minister of the National Government and concurrently served as Finance Director of Guangdong Province, and made great achievements in sorting out finance. 1926+0 After the Second National Congress of the Kuomintang in June, he served as the Central Executive Committee member and Minister of Commerce, responsible for raising funds for the Northern Expedition Army. When Chiang Kai-shek seized the power of the Kuomintang party, government and army, he actively supported it financially. 1926 65438+ went to Wuchang in February. At the beginning of the following year, he served as a member and member of the Standing Committee of Wuhan National Government.
1April, 927, Song Ziwen took advantage of the opportunity of the Wuhan government to send him to Shanghai to inspect the situation, and planned an anti-* * party with Wu Zhihui and Bai Chongxi to support Chiang Kai-shek in launching the "Four? 12 "coup, and urged Jiang and Wang to merge. Chiang Kai-shek retired in August and married his sister Song Meiling in 65438+February. He tried his best to win the support of American authorities and Jiangsu and Zhejiang consortia for Chiang Kai-shek's return to power. 1928 In February, Chiang Kai-shek came to power again as the chairman of the Standing Committee of the Kuomintang Central Committee, and Song was appointed as the finance minister of the Nanjing National Government, and then became the governor of the Central Bank. 1929 was elected as the third executive member of the Kuomintang Central Committee in March and was re-elected for three terms. 1931June served as vice president and finance minister of the national government. "Nine? After the 18 incident, he made many speeches to expose the aggression crime of Japanese militarism. 65438+February and Chiang Kai-shek retired at the same time. From 65438 to 0932, Song Ziwen once again served as the vice president and finance minister of the Executive Yuan, and once acted as the Executive Dean. 1933, 10 months later, he resigned from the government and specialized in financial activities. In April of the following year, he concurrently served as the chairman of China Bank. The An Incident occurred in February 1936, and Song advocated a peaceful solution. He went to Xi 'an with Song Meiling to negotiate with representatives of Zhang Xueliang, Yang Hucheng and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, which contributed to the peaceful settlement of the Xi Incident and the joint anti-Japanese war.
After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, he went to Chongqing with the National Government and served as a director of the Board of Directors of Bank of China. He has strong economic strength and manipulates the real economic power of the Kuomintang. 1940 ~ 1942 served as Chiang Kai-shek's permanent representative to the United States and won American assistance for Chiang Kai-shek. He borrowed 1 billion dollars for the first time, and signed a lease agreement for the second time, with a loan of 500 million dollars. 1942 10 returned to China as Foreign Minister of the National Government. In April, 1945, together with the representative of China * * * production party, the China delegation attended the UN General Assembly in San Francisco. In June, he served as Executive Dean and Foreign Minister of the National Government. 1946 1 Chairman of the Supreme Economic Committee of the Kuomintang. In June 5438+10, he was re-appointed as the executive dean of the Kuomintang government, and tried his best to persuade the Truman administration of the United States to pay for guns and support the Chiang Kai-shek Group in launching a civil war. 1947 In September, he sought a retreat for Chiang Kai-shek, and Song was appointed as the chairman of the Guangdong Provincial Government of the Kuomintang. 1 1 served as the director of Chiang Kai-shek's Guangzhou business camp.
After the establishment of Nanjing National Government, Song Ziwen used political privileges to develop bureaucratic capital. First, we controlled the central bank, the Bank of China and other financial institutions, plundered wealth by issuing currency, bonds, inflation and other means, and then collected money by setting up cotton companies and monopolizing foreign trade. He made a fortune in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's time, and after the war, he accepted the industries of the puppet government and accumulated great wealth. Together with Chiang Kai-shek, Chen Lifu and Chen, they are called "four big families" and are typical representatives of the bureaucratic bourgeoisie in China. 1949 1 went to France and then lived in new york, USA. 197 1 passed away in San Francisco, USA on April 25th.
Kong Xiangxi
Kong Xiangxi, who claimed to be the seventy-fifth grandson of Confucius, was good at economy and trade when he was young, and he had a certain wealth in his hometown of Taigu, Shanxi. 1927 In April, he joined the Chiang Kai-shek Group, which facilitated the marriage of Chiang Kai-shek and Meiling. Since then, his official career has flourished, and he has served as minister of industry and commerce, industry and finance, vice president and dean of the Executive Yuan. Kong was in charge of finance 1 1 year, and made certain contributions to the monetary reform, supporting the peaceful settlement of the incident, and supporting the anti-Japanese war finance. However, Kong's abuse of power for personal gain and corruption have repeatedly been criticized by public opinion. He was forced to leave his post in June 1944 1 1 and left politics from then on.
Guofu Chen
Minister of Organization Department of China Kuomintang Central Committee and Minister of Propaganda Department of the Central Committee. Formerly known as Zudao. Zhejiang Wuxing people. 1892 10 was born on October 27th (September 7th, 18th year of Guangxu). Chen is a nephew. When I was a child, I studied in Changsha Mingde School. From 65438 to 0907, he joined the Zhejiang Army Primary School and was influenced by Chen's revolutionary activities, so he joined the League. 19 1 1 year entered the fourth middle school of Nanjing army. After the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, he went to Wuhan to join the revolutionary army, and later joined Chen Yiqi in the struggle for Yuan. Since 19 18, I have been doing business in Shanghai and engaged in exchange speculation with Chiang Kai-shek. After the establishment of Huangpu Military Academy 1924, it recruited new students in Shanghai and purchased materials for the military academy. 1926 was elected as the second central supervisory Committee member of the Kuomintang and served as the acting minister of the organization department of the Kuomintang Central Committee. He is in charge of the Kuomintang party affairs and excludes the producers and the Kuomintang leftists. /kloc-in the spring of 0/927, he actively participated in Chiang Kai-shek's "clean party" against * * *. He has served as the organization minister of the Kuomintang Central Committee for many times. He is the executive member, standing committee member and member of the third, fourth, fifth and sixth Central Political Conference of the Kuomintang Central Committee, and has long been in charge of Kuomintang party affairs. He cultivated cronies, rejected dissidents, controlled party departments at all levels, and tried his best to turn the Kuomintang into a tool of Chiang Kai-shek's dictatorship. Together with his brother Chen Lifu, he organized the Central Club, which later became a powerful CC department. They expanded the investigation department of the Central Organization Department into a huge spy system, and later developed into the Bureau of Investigation and Statistics of the Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang (hereinafter referred to as "Zhong Tong"), engaged in activities against the * * * production party, persecuted progressives, and dealt with the resistance of anti-Chiang factions within the Kuomintang.
Chen has held important positions in the Kuomintang government: 1928, member of the National Government and vice president of the Supervisory Institute; 1932, vice chairman of Huaihe river steering Committee; 1933, Chairman of Jiangsu Provincial Government; 1938, director of the education department of the Central Political School; And 1939, the chairman of the military commission, the director of the third office.
Chen used political privileges to develop bureaucratic capital and took control of the Farmers Bank of China before 1935. During his stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, he founded and invested in many enterprises in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guangxi. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, he presided over the "party-run production enterprise", took over a large number of assets of the enemy and puppet troops, set up companies and banks, and changed the cultural, news, film and broadcasting units into "party-run". Chairman of China Agricultural Bank, Chairman of Central Cooperative Bank, Chairman of Land Development Corporation and Chairman of Central Financial Committee. He, Chiang Kai-shek, Song Ziwen and Kong Xiangxi are also known as the four major families in China. 1949 went to Taiwan Province province,1951died in Taibei on August 25th. He wrote1900,000 words of works of various genres in his life, and the Taiwan Province Provincial Department organized them into ten "complete works".
Chen Lifu (1900-2001) was born in Xing Wu county (now Huzhou city), Zhejiang province, and his real name was Zuyan. Chen is the younger brother. His second uncle Chen (Chen) and Huang Xing were Sun Yat-sen's right-hand men at the beginning of the Revolution of 1911, and they were closely related to Chiang Kai-shek. Chen and Chen Lifu are important figures of the Kuomintang. Chen Lifu was Chiang Kai-shek's private secretary, who presided over personnel and organizational work for a long time, and was also the founder of the investigation department of the Central Organization Department (China Unification), the Kuomintang's inner-party security spy agency. Within the Kuomintang, the factions of Chen Lifu and Chen Guo Fu are called "Chen Er" or CC. 1948, Chen Lifu went to the United States to campaign for Dewey, but Dewey lost the election, so the Kuomintang offended Truman who came to power. After Chiang Kai-shek arrived in Taiwan Province Province from 65438 to 0949, he tried to rectify his influence in Taiwan Province, and it was difficult for Chen Lifu to gain a foothold in Taiwan Province. He left politics and settled in New Jersey, USA, making a living by raising chickens and selling preserved eggs, zongzi and other foods. After returning to Taiwan Province Province in his later years, he also did more cultural work, which did not have a decisive influence in politics. However, he is still respected because he is a veteran of the Kuomintang.