The process of foreign exchange trading market

1, export trade process

1) Preparation before export transaction

① Collection and arrangement of international business information; ② International market research; ③ Implement export sources;

(4) Formulation of export business plan; ⑤ Establish business relationship;

⑥ Selection of economic and trade negotiators and determination of negotiation contents;

⑦ Advertisement of export commodities;

(8) Trademark registration of export commodities and domain name registration of enterprises.

2) Transaction negotiation:

Including inquiry, offer, counter-offer and acceptance. Among them, offer and acceptance are two indispensable basic links and necessary legal steps to conclude a transaction and establish a contract. In the process of negotiation, only after one party's offer is accepted by the other party can the transaction be established and the buyer and seller form a contractual relationship. The next step is to sign a written contract.

3) General procedures for performing export contracts

(1) Apply for an export license (to be examined and approved by the foreign trade and economic cooperation agency)

② Application for Certificate of Origin (approved by China Council for the Promotion of International Trade)

(3) Accept statutory inspection or entrusted appraisal, and obtain inspection report or appraisal certificate (provided by commodity inspection).

(four) supervise, review and correct the certificate.

⑤ Make various documents (such as bills of exchange and invoices). )

⑥ Go through the consignment formalities.

⑦ Insurance and customs declaration; (9) Paying customs duties and freight; Exchange bills of lading and prepare documents.

After the documents are ready to be submitted to the bank, the next steps are: reviewing and copying the documents → settlement of foreign exchange → tax refund → contract filing.

2. Import trade process

1) Preparation before import transaction

① Market research at home and abroad; Including commodity price trends and supplier credit.

② Import cost accounting;

(3) application for import goods license;

④ Import foreign exchange;

⑤ Entrust an agent to import.

⑥ Select commodities and objects to trade.

2) Transaction negotiation

Inquiry and negotiation

Sign a foreign trade contract

3) General procedures for performing import contracts

① Opening and amendment of letters of credit

② Consignment shipment

③ Pre-shipment inspection

④ Ask for the commodity inspection certificate.

⑤ Transportation and insurance

⑥ Review documents and payment

⑦ Import declaration and tax payment

(8) Inspection of imported goods.

Pet-name ruby offshore delivery

Export cargo flow

The export goods flow mainly includes: quotation, ordering, payment method, stocking, packaging, customs clearance, loading, transportation insurance, bill of lading and foreign exchange settlement.

I. Quotation

In international trade, the inquiry and quotation of products are generally the beginning of trade. Among them, the quotation of export products mainly includes: product quality grade, product specification and model, whether the product has special packaging requirements, quantity of purchased products, delivery time requirements, product transportation mode, product material and so on.

Commonly used quotations include: FOB, CNF, CIF, insurance and freight, etc.

Second, the order (contract)

After the two parties to the transaction reach an agreement on the quotation, the buyer's enterprise formally places an order and negotiates with the seller's enterprise on some related matters. After both parties agree, they need to sign a purchase contract. In the process of signing the purchase contract, we mainly discuss the commodity name, specification, quantity, price, packaging, place of origin, date of shipment, payment terms, settlement method, claim and arbitration, and write the agreement reached after negotiation into the purchase contract. This marks the official start of export business. Usually, the purchase contract is signed in duplicate, and it takes effect after both parties affix the official seal of our company, and each party holds one copy.

Three. terms of payment

There are three commonly used payment methods in the world, namely, letter of credit payment, TT payment and direct payment.

1. Payment by letter of credit

Letters of credit are divided into clean letters of credit and documentary letters of credit. Documentary letter of credit refers to a letter of credit with specified documents, and a letter of credit without any documents is called a clean letter of credit. Simply put, a letter of credit is a guarantee document to ensure that the exporter can recover the payment. Please note that the shipment period of export goods should be within the validity period of the letter of credit, and the period of presentation in the letter of credit must be later than the validity period of the letter of credit.

In international trade, the letter of credit is the mode of payment, and the opening date of the letter of credit should be clear, definite and complete. Several domestic state-owned commercial banks, such as Bank of China, China Construction Bank, Agricultural Bank and Industrial and Commercial Bank, can open letters of credit (the handling fee of these big banks is 65,438+0.5‰ of the amount issued).

2.TT payment method

TT payment is settled in foreign exchange cash. Your customer will remit the money to the foreign exchange bank account designated by your company, and you can ask for remittance within a certain period after the goods arrive.

3. Direct payment method

Refers to direct delivery payment between the buyer and the seller.

Fourth, stock up.

Stocking plays an important role in the whole trade process and must be carried out in accordance with the contract item by item. The main contents of inventory inspection are as follows:

1. The quality and specifications of the goods shall be verified according to the requirements of the contract.

2. Quantity of goods: guarantee to meet the requirements of the contract or letter of credit for quantity.

3. Preparation time: According to the provisions of the letter of credit, combined with the shipping date, it is convenient for the connection between the ship and the goods.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) packaging

You can choose the packing form (such as cartons, wooden cases, woven bags, etc.). ) according to the different commodities. Different packaging forms have different packaging requirements.

1. General standard for export packaging: packaging shall be carried out according to the general standard for trade export.

2. Special export packaging standards: export goods are packaged according to the special requirements of customers.

3. Packaging and marks (marks and numbers) of the goods: they should be carefully checked and verified to make them conform to the provisions of the letter of credit.

VI. Customs clearance procedures

Customs clearance procedures are extremely cumbersome and important. If you can't clear the customs smoothly, you can't complete the transaction.

1. Export commodities subject to statutory inspection shall be subject to export commodity inspection certificate.

At present, China's import and export commodity inspection mainly has four links:

○ Acceptance of inspection: Inspection means that foreign trade applies to the commodity inspection authorities for inspection.

○ Sampling: After accepting the application for inspection, the commodity inspection authorities will promptly send personnel to the goods storage site for on-site inspection and appraisal.

○ Inspection: After accepting the inspection application, the commodity inspection authorities carefully study the declared inspection items and determine the inspection contents. And carefully review the terms of quality, specifications and packaging in the contract (letter of credit), find out the inspection basis and determine the inspection standards and methods. (Inspection methods include sampling inspection and instrument analysis inspection; Physical examination; Sensory test; Microbiological examination, etc. )

○ Issuance of certificates: In terms of export, all export commodities listed in the Category List shall be issued with a release form after passing the inspection by the commodity inspection authorities (or a release stamp shall be affixed to the export goods declaration form instead of the release form).

2. The professional holder of the customs declaration certificate shall go through the customs declaration formalities with the text of box list, invoice, declaration power of attorney, export settlement verification form, copy of export goods contract, export commodity inspection certificate, etc.

○ Packing list is the packing details of export products provided by exporters.

○ Invoice is the export product certificate provided by the exporter.

The power of attorney for customs declaration is a certificate that a unit or individual without customs declaration ability entrusts a customs declaration agent to declare.

○ The export verification form, which is applied by the exporting unit to the foreign exchange bureau, refers to a certificate that the unit with export ability obtains the export tax rebate.

○ The commodity inspection certificate is obtained after passing the inspection by the entry-exit inspection and quarantine department or its designated inspection agency, and it is the general name of inspection certificates, appraisal certificates and other certificates of various import and export commodities. It is an effective certificate with legal basis for all parties concerned in foreign trade to fulfill their contractual obligations, handle claims disputes, negotiate arbitration and provide evidence in litigation. It is also a necessary proof of customs clearance, tariff collection and tariff reduction and exemption.

Import process

Flow chart and brief description of handling customs import formalities

1, generally imported from abroad to China.

Arrival of goods in hong kong-> foreign trade company or entrusted foreign trade company to handle customs formalities-> import

Remarks: 1. A foreign trade company refers to an enterprise approved by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation or the provincial and municipal economic and trade commissions to operate and act as an agent for import and export commodities.

2. Required customs clearance documents: 1) Import contract 2) Import invoice 3) Packing list 4) Ocean Bill of Lading 5) Bill of Lading (endorsement of original ocean bill of lading, exchange of fax air bill of lading) 6) Various import licenses (according to customs commodity number).

2, from abroad as imports into the bonded area.

Arrival of goods in Hong Kong-> Enterprises in the bonded area shall go through customs filing formalities in the bonded area by themselves-> bonded area warehouse

Remarks: 1. Customs filing means that importers truthfully declare imported goods to the customs without increasing taxes and holding import licenses. The goods registered in the area are in bonded state.

2. Documents required for customs filing: 1) Import contract (if the foreign seller is our company's system, it can be exempted) 2) Import invoice 3) Packing list 4) Bill of Lading (endorsement of original ocean bill of lading, replaced by air bill of lading) 5) Ocean bill of lading and air bill of lading 6) Bonded warehouse entry register.

3. Import from the bonded area to China.

Goods in bonded warehouse-> customs clearance procedures or customs verification procedures in bonded area, customs clearance procedures-> import

Remarks: 1. Method B refers to the method that warehouses and production enterprises that invest and operate their own products in the bonded area and are approved by the customs of the bonded area write off their products on a monthly or quarterly basis. The characteristic is that goods can be sold in China first, and then customs declaration, tax payment and voucher payment are carried out.

2. Customs clearance documents: 1) import contract (for bonded enterprises and foreign trade companies) 2 import invoice (for bonded enterprises and foreign trade companies) 3) packing list 4) outbound order (original) 5) various import licenses (as stipulated in the customs commodity number).

4, from abroad through the bonded customs (one-time) import to China.

Arrival of goods in Hong Kong-> Customs clearance procedures for imported bonded areas by foreign trade companies-> Domestic

Remarks: 1. This method is a kind of import customs clearance method adopted by enterprises in the bonded area to ensure their independent overseas business.

Shipper's international consignment instruction letter

Shipping order

First mate receipt m/r

Equipment exchange receipt equipment exchange receipt EIR

Container packing list container loading plan

Bill of lading

Ocean bill of lading

Bill of lading

MFST cargo list

loading list

International multimodal transport bill of lading.

Compiling comprehensive cargo manifest cm/f