3. Main measures: 1. Stabilize finance;
2. Revitalize industry;
3. Adjust agricultural policies;
4 , Promote "relief for work".
4. Effect and impact: The U.S. economy has rebounded and the number of unemployed people has dropped significantly.
Boldly borrowed the strengths of socialism and used reform methods to save the capitalist crisis and prevent fascism from coming to power.
5. How should we learn from the New Deal
Although our country’s economy has achieved a soft landing, the momentum of development is good, and the country’s economic strength has increased significantly. To prepare for a rainy day and take precautions before they happen, we should also clearly see that there are still many contradictions and problems in our country's economic and social development. Mainly: a considerable number of state-owned enterprises have difficulties in production and operation, the number of laid-off and unemployed people has increased, and employment pressure has increased; the agricultural foundation is still weak, blind investment and duplication of construction are common in economic construction, and the overall quality and efficiency of the national economy are not high; financial Supervision is not sound enough, and the financial order is relatively chaotic in some aspects; regional development gaps still exist obviously, income distribution relations have not been straightened out, and some people in both urban and rural areas are living in difficulty. The China Economic Prosperity Monitoring Center's tracking and monitoring of 58,000 state-owned industrial enterprises showed that "the state-owned enterprise index fell again from January to April, reaching -109 points, 28 points lower than the first to March period, and 103 points lower than the same period last year... State-owned enterprises The production and operation conditions of loss-making enterprises have further deteriorated, the scope of losses has expanded, and the amount of losses has increased. From January to April, the amount of losses increased by 31.6%, resulting in a net loss of 88.7% of all state-owned enterprises." According to the 1997 Labor Development Statistical Bulletin. It shows that "the number of jobs absorbed by the public economy has decreased. By the end of last year, there were still 6.343 million laid-off and unemployed people in state-owned enterprises across the country." Among the 846 million labor force in the country, 7.1 million people are newly employed every year, accounting for about 80% of the total labor force. The rural labor force is often in a state of intermittent unemployment. It should be clear that the emergence of these problems is an inevitable phenomenon in the deepening of our reform and economic development. It is a problem in progress. It is fundamentally different from the massive unemployment phenomenon that occurred during the economic crisis in Western countries, and is also different from the phenomenon that occurred during the economic difficulties in our country in the 1960s. The employment demand is seriously insufficient. To solve these problems, we can only formulate policies and measures that are in line with China's national conditions based on the current reality. Reality is the repetition and continuation of history. Stones from other mountains can be used to attack jade. Although more than half a century has passed since the "New Deal" measures implemented by U.S. President Roosevelt in the 1930s, and the national conditions of the United States and the situation our country is currently facing are also very different, they have played an important role in solving some practical problems in our country's current economic and social development. , especially the launch of the market and the implementation of the "re-employment" project, there are still many lessons to be learned.
1. Strengthen financial supervision, implement correct monetary policies, and prevent financial risks.
Modern financial policies have a great regulatory effect on the national economy, and modern economic crises are mostly caused by chaos in the financial sector. Since last year, the financial crisis in Southeast Asia has affected many countries. Due to its good economic development, my country has maintained stable financial markets and the exchange rate of the RMB. However, we must learn lessons from it, take positive measures, and strive to prevent and resolve possible negative impacts. In fact, the impact of this financial crisis on my country's labor-intensive enterprises, which export a large number of products to Southeast Asian countries, is also obvious. It will make the operating situation of some enterprises more severe, leading to an increasing number of laid-off and unemployed employees. . This also warns us that we must always pay attention to the negative effects of the rapid expansion of virtual capital, prevent the emergence of a "bubble economy", maintain appropriate foreign exchange reserves, strengthen financial supervision, promptly discover and evacuate financial risks, and must open up foreign investment and financial markets. Proceed with caution. At the same time, we must work hard to optimize the industrial and product structure, realize the adjustment of the economic structure and the transformation of the economic growth model as soon as possible, and strive to eliminate factors such as investment expansion, overheating of real estate and stock markets, low-level duplication of construction, and the sharp increase in non-performing assets of financial institutions. Hidden dangers caused to economic development, we must be prepared in many aspects to resist the financial crisis and prevent undue losses to the national economy and the lives of the people due to mistakes in financial policies.
2. Work-for-relief and launch the market.
The government's increase in investment in infrastructure can usually bring about total social demand and national income several times the amount of investment, creating what is known in economics as a "multiplier effect." In this regard, the New Deal's approach of promoting economic recovery and helping the unemployed through the establishment of infrastructure and public welfare projects is exemplary and has been witnessed by the world. At present, the lag in infrastructure construction is still the "bottleneck" restricting my country's economic development. The impact of the Asian financial crisis has also made it more urgent and necessary to ensure sustained growth of the national economy by increasing domestic investment and domestic demand.
We have many favorable conditions to implement this strategic measure: the savings balance of urban and rural residents is nearly 5 trillion yuan, the savings rate is much higher than that of other countries, there are more than 180 billion yuan in foreign exchange reserves and foreign currency deposits, and there are still trillions of yuan in hand in society. Cash and working capital; there are nearly 10 million yuan in various inventories and backlogs of materials, and abundant grain reserves; state-owned collective enterprises that have been converted across the country have factories, equipment, and sites with assets of trillions of yuan, and there are blind constructions formed under the segmented system. , repeated investment projects and half-finished projects, etc. At the same time, my country’s abundant labor resources are in urgent need of displaying their talents in these fields and opening up new employment opportunities. In response to the needs of economic growth and structural adjustment, the central government has taken some necessary measures to expand domestic demand and increase investment, and has proposed a three-year plan to increase government investment by US$750 billion. What is important now is to strengthen the start-up of investment, pool all available funds to issue construction bonds to the society, build farmland water conservancy, railways, highways, cultural and sports facilities and other public projects in batches in a planned manner across the country, and develop a batch of public projects. Labor-intensive industries with small investment and quick results can increase jobs, improve the income level of all citizens, effectively stimulate reasonable consumption, promote production, and form a virtuous cycle chain of "economic growth, increased wealth, increased income, and expanded demand" as soon as possible .
3. Pay attention to the protection and development of national industries.
Since the reform and opening up, our country has gradually formed a situation in which multiple economic components coexist. Due to the country's adoption of a series of preferential policies, "foreign capital" has shown a sharp rise in recent years, which is very important for enhancing my country's overall economic strength. , which plays an important role in promoting scientific and technological progress and product updates of enterprises, but at the same time it also squeezes the development of national industry. There is no doubt that we should continue to implement policies to attract foreign investment, but formulating policies to maintain national industry is our country's long-term development plan. Collective enterprises, township enterprises and individual private enterprises are all important components of the socialist economy. A more relaxed environment should be created for them and preferential policies, especially credit policies, should be provided to promote faster and better development. Only by creating a more suitable policy and social environment for national industries, reducing the tax burden on national industries, and attaching importance to technological transformation and scientific management can we gradually enhance their self-accumulation, self-development, self-transformation capabilities and market competitiveness, and attract more Only when capital and resources flow to industry can more employment opportunities be created and rural surplus labor be absorbed. Accelerate the process of industrialization and modernization.
4. Pay attention to agriculture and strengthen the foundation.
Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy. Without the modernization of agriculture, there will be no modernization of the country. Without the well-off farmers, there will be no well-off society for the people of the whole country. Roosevelt's "New Deal" considered urban prosperity and rural revitalization together, emphasizing that "if the rural population does not have enough purchasing power to buy shoes, clothes, and cars, then the industrial centers will also suffer." In terms of policies, emphasis is placed on agricultural relief, afforestation, and the development of power resources by the government, etc. The vast majority of our country's population lives in rural areas. In recent years, the basic position of agriculture has actually been weakened to a certain extent amidst the calls for "strengthening", and the rural market is far from being developed. The responsibility system based on household contracting has brought benefits to the majority of farmers, but untimely and indisciplined interference in agriculture, difficulties in selling agricultural and sideline products and the increasing burden on farmers have offset this from time to time. Affordable. There is a large amount of surplus labor in the countryside, but there are also a large number of pastures, deserts, barren mountains, tidal flats and other resources that cannot be developed. The slow growth of farmers' income and the shrinking rural market are important factors that lead to insufficient effective demand in the entire society and the layoffs of state-owned enterprise employees. Whether from the perspective of social stability, coordinated development of urban and rural areas, or from the perspective of improving the quality and civilization level of the Chinese nation, we must pay attention to and strengthen the research on agricultural and rural issues, formulate practical rural economic development plans from a macro perspective, and implement policies in Provide further support, guidance and assistance to agriculture, rural areas, and farmers to achieve rural development, increase agricultural production, and increase farmers' income. At present, there is great potential in launching rural markets, secondary entrepreneurship of township and village enterprises, developing rural individual and private economy, adjusting rural economic structure, developing and utilizing idle rural resources, etc. In addition to policies, science and technology, and investment, active guidance and It is a right choice to encourage rural surplus labor and people laid off from state-owned enterprises and government agencies to join these fields and give full play to their talents.
5. Make full use of human resources and vigorously promote re-employment projects.
The reforms we are currently undertaking are actually the second productivity liberation movement since the rural reforms in the 1980s. Labor force is always the most active and creative factor in productivity. Abundant and cheap labor resources are a unique and huge input factor for developing countries. If the only purpose of a poor genius in life is to think about how to stop starving, then even if he is a hero, he will have little use. Among the large number of downsized cadres and laid-off workers in our country's government agencies and state-owned enterprises, the vast majority are outstanding talents from all walks of life, or at least skilled laborers with certain cultural qualities. Under the original system, these huge resources were not allocated rationally. Some were idle for a long time, and some were even moving in the opposite direction, producing negative economic benefits. This was the biggest waste.
Looking back at the process of rural reform, one of the keys to success is that the responsibility system based on household contracting has mobilized the enthusiasm of farmers and provided a broad stage for their talents to be fully utilized. Generally speaking, the labor force currently being laid off has greater advantages than the rural labor force in terms of knowledge structure, technical level, management capabilities, internal and external interactions, etc., and is a valuable asset. Once these labor resources are reasonably allocated and optimized, they will be a huge force in promoting my country's economic construction. Governments at all levels have a duty to make good use of these human resources. Various government departments should take this as a goal and formulate practical work plans based on their respective responsibilities, gradually establish and improve a systematic re-employment mechanism, do a good job in employment services, speed up the construction of the labor market, establish and improve the labor supply and demand information network, and provide laid-off workers with a better service. Employees provide job search and recruitment information, strengthen employment guidance and training, guide laid-off workers to choose their own jobs, start their own businesses, and rely on the market to find jobs, improve the re-employment capabilities of laid-off workers in many aspects, create a good social atmosphere for the implementation of re-employment projects, and strive to So that "everyone has food to eat and everyone has work to do" for the vast majority of workers across the country.
6. Establish a basic living security system for laid-off workers.
Among the laid-off people in our country, state-owned enterprise employees account for the vast majority. Over the past decades, they have made indelible contributions to the country’s economic construction, reform and opening up, and the development and growth of enterprises. There are many factors that have caused many state-owned enterprises to be in trouble and have too many surplus personnel. For a long period of time, in terms of employment model and employment system, we have implemented a method of contracting out the labor force from the state, mainly from state-owned enterprises. Blind construction and repeated construction have resulted in no market for products and unsustainable business operations; Due to improper employment and poor management of enterprises, enterprises have suspended production and operations, and employees have to be laid off; some state-owned enterprises have slow transformation of operating mechanisms and cannot adapt to the requirements of market economy development; some have caused employee adjustments and adjustments due to adjustments to enterprise products, technology, and economic structures. Shifting jobs, etc. Most of the existing government agencies are products of the planned economy period. Several reforms have failed to break out of the vicious circle of "expansion-reduction-re-expansion-reduction", resulting in more and more personnel without major changes in functions. Some even played some negative roles under the conditions of developing socialist market economy. These surplus personnel in enterprises and government agencies will inevitably bear the brunt of the reform process and be the first to join the ranks of laid-off workers. This is the general trend. But these people are by no means a burden to society. They have used their practical actions of being laid off to create a good environment for the country's reforms and contributed to society in special ways. The government and the whole society must do their best to solve their difficulties. The first measure of Roosevelt's "New Deal" was the establishment of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, which allocated special funds from the government to provide jobs for the unemployed. If they could not find a job for a while, they would be used as necessary food, clothing, and housing expenses. We are pleased to see that the Party Central Committee, the State Council and local party committees and governments at all levels have a clear understanding of this and are taking various practical actions. The recently held national conference on basic living security and re-employment for laid-off workers in state-owned enterprises has made corresponding arrangements and clarified the respective responsibilities of the government, enterprises and society. In our country, because the phenomenon of laid-off and unemployment occurs only for a short period of time, and the government's re-employment mechanisms and measures are not perfect and unmatched, it is most critical to ensure the basic living expenses of laid-off and unemployed workers before they find new jobs. One link is particularly important. It is related to the vital interests of the workers and workers, to the party's policy of wholeheartedly relying on the working class, and to the overall situation of economic development, social stability and the long-term peace and order of the country. It must be paid high attention to and done well.
7. Improve laws and regulations to ensure the smooth progress of various reforms.
The market economy is a legal economy. The development of modern economy is inseparable from the gradual improvement and improvement of laws. One of the successful experiences of Roosevelt's New Deal was the promulgation and implementation of a set of laws and regulations during the implementation process, which defined the New Deal measures in the form of legislation. For example, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the National Industrial Recovery Act, the Social Security Act, the Wage and Working Hours Act, etc. were promulgated successively. In the process of transforming into a market economic system, my country's employment policy has changed from "all-in-one employment" to guided employment, and from government placement to market regulation. With the deepening of the reform of state-owned enterprises, laid-off, unemployment and re-employment have increasingly become new economic phenomena. It is urgent for government departments to establish comprehensive social security and provide unemployment, work-related injury insurance, maternity insurance, medical insurance, etc. for laid-off and unemployed employees. In particular, it is necessary to provide legal To promote the establishment of a social security system through various means, this will help the majority of workers not to rely too much on relief after being laid off, but can also maintain basic purchasing power and alleviate the impact of economic difficulties on them. Efforts should be made to maintain the seriousness of various policies and regulations, to ensure that laws must be followed and enforcement must be strict. At the same time, we must maintain the continuity of policies and avoid inconsistent implementation and collisions. For example, since we encourage laid-off and unemployed workers to actively engage in the individual and private economy, we must also ensure that they are blocked from arbitrary apportionments, arbitrary fund-raising, and arbitrary fines, so that their legitimate rights and interests are truly protected by law.
8. Effectively transform government functions.
It is the government’s duty to ensure the normal operation of the national economy and full employment of citizens. The development of modern social economy is increasingly inseparable from the government's normal intervention and macro-control.
Looking back at the history of human development, people will find that the superstructure must adapt to the economic base, otherwise it will become a shackles that restrict the development of productive forces. Whenever the development of productive forces reaches a critical turning point, the government system will inevitably undergo corresponding changes. The basic framework of my country's current government institutions was gradually formed under the original planned economy conditions. Although many adjustments and reforms have been carried out in the past, due to historical conditions and macro-environmental constraints, many problems have not been fundamentally resolved. The contradiction with the development of the socialist market economy has become increasingly prominent, and has reached the point where reform is indispensable. The First Session of the Ninth National People's Congress has clarified the basic ideas for the reform of government institutions, and its own reform has gradually been included in the agenda of governments at all levels. The significance of institutional reform is not just to abolish institutions and reduce redundant personnel, but to completely transform the traditional way of governing the country, adopt advanced scientific methods, and quickly adapt to the requirements of the wave of economic globalization. According to this requirement, in line with the principles of streamlining, unification, and efficiency, we will focus on transforming government functions, realizing the separation of government and enterprises, and establishing a scientific and standardized operating mechanism. We will strengthen government departments that should be strengthened, merge those that should be merged, and cancel those that should be merged. and in accordance with the requirements of consistent powers and responsibilities, rationally adjust the responsibilities and authorities of departments, strengthen macro-control and law enforcement supervision departments, clearly divide the division of responsibilities between departments, improve the administrative operation mechanism, and never allow several departments to do the same thing phenomenon continues to exist, creating a good environment for reform, development and stability.
It is the government’s duty to ensure the normal operation of the national economy and full employment of citizens. The development of modern social economy is increasingly inseparable from the government's normal intervention and macro-control. Looking back at the history of human development, people will find that the superstructure must adapt to the economic base, otherwise it will become a shackles that restrict the development of productive forces. Whenever the development of productive forces reaches a critical turning point, the government system will inevitably undergo corresponding changes. The basic framework of my country's current government institutions was gradually formed under the original planned economy conditions. Although many adjustments and reforms have been carried out in the past, due to historical conditions and macro-environmental constraints, many problems have not been fundamentally resolved. The contradiction with the development of the socialist market economy has become increasingly prominent, and has reached the point where reform is indispensable. The First Session of the Ninth National People's Congress has clarified the basic ideas for the reform of government institutions, and its own reform has gradually been included in the agenda of governments at all levels. The significance of institutional reform is not just to abolish institutions and reduce redundant personnel, but to completely transform the traditional way of governing the country, adopt advanced scientific methods, and quickly adapt to the requirements of the wave of economic globalization. According to this requirement, in line with the principles of streamlining, unification, and efficiency, we will focus on transforming government functions, realizing the separation of government and enterprises, and establishing a scientific and standardized operating mechanism. We will strengthen government departments that should be strengthened, merge those that should be merged, and cancel those that should be merged. and in accordance with the requirements of consistent powers and responsibilities, rationally adjust the responsibilities and authorities of departments, strengthen macro-control and law enforcement supervision departments, clearly divide the division of responsibilities between departments, improve the administrative operation mechanism, and never allow several departments to do the same thing phenomenon continues to exist, creating a good environment for reform, development and stability.