1. Bank loan.
Banks are the main financing channel for most people. According to the nature of funds, it is divided into three categories: working capital loans, fixed assets loans and special loans. According to the purpose of the loan, it can be divided into commercial loans, personal consumption loans, personal housing loans and project loans.
2. Small loan company loans.
A company is a limited liability company or a joint stock limited company invested and established by natural persons, enterprise legal persons and other social organizations, which does not absorb public deposits and operate businesses. Compared with banks, the company is more convenient and quick, suitable for the capital needs of small and medium-sized enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households; Compared with private lending, it is more standardized and the loan interest can be negotiated by both parties.
3. Pawnshop.
Pawn financing refers to a quick and convenient financing method for small and medium-sized enterprises to obtain funds from pawn shops through pledge or mortgage in the short-term capital demand.
4.P2P financial management.
Peer-to-peer financing refers to a financial model that provides small loans to other individuals through a third-party platform and charges a certain fee. There are mainly two customers: one is the customer who lends money and the other is the customer who needs a loan.
5. Financial leasing.
Financial leasing, also known as equipment leasing or modern leasing, refers to leasing that essentially transfers all or most of the risks and rewards related to asset ownership. The ownership of assets may or may not be transferred eventually.
6. Stock financing.
Stock financing means that funds flow directly from the surplus department to the department without financial intermediary, and the fund supplier, as the owner (shareholder), enjoys the control right of the enterprise. Its purpose is to meet the needs of investors to increase financing channels.
7. Bond financing.
Corporate bonds, also known as corporate bonds, are securities issued by enterprises in accordance with legal procedures and agreed to repay the principal and interest within a certain period of time, indicating that there is a creditor-debtor relationship between the issuing enterprises and investors. Bondholders do not participate in the operation and management of the enterprise, but have the right to recover the agreed principal and interest on schedule.
8. Credit guarantee financing.
Credit guarantee financing is a financing behavior with the help of a third-party guarantee company. The guarantee company will investigate the applicant enterprises, and for the enterprises that have passed the application, the guarantee company will provide guarantees to the banks, and the banks will issue loans.
9. Equity financing.
Equity financing means that the shareholders of an enterprise are willing to give up part of the ownership of the enterprise and introduce new shareholders through capital increase, and the total share capital increases at the same time.
10, increase capital and share.
Capital increase and share expansion means that an enterprise raises shares from the society, issues shares, and new shareholders invest in shares or original shareholders increase capital and share expansion, thus increasing enterprise capital.
Two, commercial banks in the case of sufficient funds, why do you want to increase capital and expand shares?
There is no repayment period for the funds raised by the bank's listing and issuance of shares, and the interest cost of convertible bonds is low.
Three, why in the case of insufficient loan demand and relatively sufficient deposits, the way for banks to increase capital should mainly be to increase secondary capital?
Regarding the risk assessment report No.5 16-5 of COFCO Finance Co., Ltd. on June 30, 2009, we accepted the entrustment to review the financial statements of COFCO Finance Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "the company"), including the profit statement and cash flow statement from June 2009 to June 2009. The responsibility of the management of your company is to establish, improve and reasonably design risk management and maintain its effectiveness, as well as the authenticity and integrity of risk management policies and procedures. Our responsibility is to express our opinions on the implementation of risk management related to accounting statements of COFCO Finance Company. During the audit, we implemented the rationality of risk management design and other procedures, including understanding, testing and evaluation table preparation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for expressing opinions. According to the understanding and evaluation of risk management, we didn't find the inherent limitation of risk management in the preparation of accounting statements of COFCO Finance Company as of June 30, 2009. Misreporting and undiscovered changes due to errors or fraud may lead to improper risk management or reduce the degree of compliance with control and risk management policies and procedures. According to the results of risk assessment, there are certain risks. This report is only for the use of COFCO Real Estate (Group) Co., Ltd. when reporting to Shenzhen Securities Regulatory Bureau for review according to the Notice on Relevant Matters Concerning Listed Companies Deposited in Financial Institutions Affiliated to Major Shareholders in Shenzhen (No.6026). It shall not be used for any other purpose without written permission. Attachment: Risk Assessment Statement of COFCO Finance Co., Ltd. China Certified Public Accountant: China, Wang Qingfeng, Beijing 20. Engineer: William Wang 2 Risk Assessment Statement 1. Basic information of the company: COFCO Finance Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as COFCO Finance Co., Ltd.) was approved by the People's Bank of China Yin Fu [20065438+0] No.206 and obtained the Business License of Enterprise as a Legal Person (registration number:). Approved by China Banking Regulatory Commission on June 5th, 2007+10/October 2nd. In March 2006, with the approval of China Banking Regulatory Commission (J.Y.J.F. No.200686), the registered capital increased from RMB 465.2 million to RMB 654.38+0 million. After the capital increase, the shareholder composition and contribution ratio are as follows: COFCO contributed RMB 629.672 million and USD 20 million, accounting for 79.48% of the registered capital; COFCO Cereals and Oils Co., Ltd. (formerly COFCO Cereals and Oils Import and Export Corporation) contributed RMB 6,543.8+0.3 billion, accounting for 65,438+0.3% of the registered capital; COFCO Futures Brokerage Co., Ltd. contributed RMB 32.564 million, accounting for 3.26% of the registered capital; Mingcheng Investment Consulting Co., Ltd. contributed 32.564 million yuan, accounting for 3.26% of the registered capital; COFCO (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. contributed RMB 65,438+0,000,000, accounting for 65,438+0% of the registered capital; Legal Representative: Wu Xiaohui. Business scope of the company: handling financial and financing consulting, credit verification and related consulting and agency business for member units; Assist member companies to realize the receipt and payment of transaction funds; Provide guarantee for member units; Handling entrusted loans and entrusted investments between member units; Handle bill acceptance and discount for member companies; Handle internal transfer settlement between member companies and corresponding settlement and liquidation plan design; Absorb deposits from member units; Handling loans and financial leasing for member units; Engage in interbank lending; Issuing financial company bonds upon approval; Underwriting corporate bonds of member units; Equity investment in financial institutions; Securities investment; Other businesses approved by China Banking Regulatory Commission. Second, the basic situation of the company's internal control: (I) Controlling the environment The company implements the general manager responsibility system under the leadership of the board of directors. In accordance with the Articles of Association of COFCO Finance Co., Ltd., the company established the shareholders' meeting, the board of directors and the board of supervisors, the board of supervisors and supervisors, and the managers and senior management personnel, and defined the corporate governance structure in which the shareholders' meeting, the board of directors, the board of supervisors and the manager are responsible for each other, standardized in operation and balanced with each other. The organizational structure of the company is as follows: 3. The company will give priority to strengthening the construction of internal control mechanism, standardizing operation, and preventing and resolving financial risks. On the basis of cultivating employees' good professional ethics and quality and raising awareness of risk prevention, the company will comprehensively improve the internal control system by strengthening or perfecting various systems such as internal audit, education, assessment and incentive mechanism. (II) Identification and Assessment of Risks The company has compiled an internal risk control system, implemented an internal audit supervision system, set up an internal audit department responsible to the board of directors, formulated internal audit management measures and operating procedures, and conducted internal audit and supervision on the economic activities of the company and its subordinate units. All departments and institutions should establish a risk assessment system and a project responsibility management system within the scope of their duties, formulate their own different risk control systems, standardized operating procedures, operating standards and risk prevention measures according to the different characteristics of various businesses, and divide the responsibilities of all departments, supervise each other, and predict, evaluate and control all kinds of risks in self-operated businesses. (iii) Control activities 1. According to the rules and regulations stipulated by the relevant state departments and the People's Bank of China, fund management companies have formulated business management measures and operating procedures such as Interim Measures for Fund Management, Deposit Management System and Inter-bank Lending Management Measures, which effectively control business risks (1). In terms of fund plan management, the company's business operation strictly follows the asset-liability management of the Measures for the Administration of Finance Companies of Enterprise Groups, and ensures the safety, effectiveness and liquidity of the company's funds through the formulation and implementation of fund plan management, investment decision-making and risk control management, and interbank fund lending management. (2) With regard to the deposit business of member units, the Company strictly abides by the principles of equality, voluntariness, fairness, honesty and credibility, ensures the safety of funds of member units and safeguards the legitimate rights and interests of all parties. (3) In terms of centralized fund management and internal transfer settlement business, member companies open settlement accounts in their own companies and realize fund settlement through Internet transmission paths, which strictly ensures the security and rapidity of settlement and high data security. Its internal network is as follows: General Manager's General Office, Audit Department, Credit Department, Investment Department, Accounting and Settlement Department, Assistant Deputy General Manager of Fund Department, and Fund Department adjust the account balance and pay it to Accounting Department. The accounting department keeps accounts in a timely manner, rechecks them one by one, ensures the timely and accurate account records, gives timely feedback when problems are found, and incorporates capital accounting into the overall financial accounting of the company. In order to reduce the risk, the company will hand over the cheque, reserved bank financial seal and reserved bank name seal to different personnel, and it is forbidden to take the financial seal out of the unit for use. (4) In terms of foreign exchange deposit management, the settlement department conducts professional management. By formulating a series of rules and regulations, it ensures that the company's foreign exchange business conforms to the relevant national foreign exchange management system, effectively avoiding the exchange rate risk and payment risk of the company's foreign exchange funds. (5) In terms of external financing, the company's "interbank lending" business is limited to borrowing funds from the national interbank lending market, and there is no risk of capital security, and the actual operation procedures are good. 2. The loan object of the credit business control company is limited to the member units of COFCO. The Company has formulated the Management Measures for Credit Business and the Credit Business Manual, and formulated the management measures for specific loan business such as RMB working capital loan, mortgage loan, entrusted loan and discount according to the different characteristics of various loans. Established a complete credit management system before, during and after the loan: (1) established a loan management mode of loan review separation and grading approval. The loan investigation and evaluation personnel are responsible for the loan investigation and evaluation, and bear the responsibility of investigation errors and inaccurate evaluation; The loan examiner is responsible for the review of the loan risk, and bears the responsibility for the review error; Lenders are responsible for the inspection and collection of loans, and bear the responsibility for inspection errors and poor collection. The company determines the examination and approval authority according to the loan business volume, management level and loan risk, and the loan review committee, general manager and approver authorized by the board of directors shall examine and approve the loan within their respective authorized loan varieties and maximum loan limits. In order to improve the separation system of loan review and clarify the division of responsibilities, with the approval of the board of directors, a loan review committee was established and its working methods were formulated, on the basis of which the issuance of credit assets was deliberated and voted. The loan application approved by the credit department shall be submitted to the general manager and executive director for approval after being approved by the loan review committee; Loan applications rejected twice by the loan review committee shall not be submitted to the loan review committee for deliberation within six months. (2) Post-loan management The Credit Department is responsible for monitoring and managing the use, interest collection, overdue and extended loans of loans, and conducting post-loan inspection on the security and recoverability of loans. According to documents Jin Cai [2005] No.49 and No.50 and the Company's Management Measures for Bad Debt Accrual and Write-off, the Company regularly classifies loan assets and makes provision for loan losses according to the degree of loan losses. 3. Control of investment business In order to improve the efficiency of the use of funds, the company makes the investment funds held abroad exceed the reasonable scale. In order to ensure the standardized implementation of securities investment business, the company has formulated the Securities Investment Management System, which provides institutional guarantee for ensuring the scientific, efficient, orderly and safe operation of securities investment and preventing securities investment risks. External Server Group Company Firewall Database Server Intranet Firewall Finance Company Intranet 5( 1) At present, the company's investment projects are limited to: primary market stock investment, fund investment and bank entrusted financial management. (2) A comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the investment in advance and a step-by-step examination and approval system effectively reduce the investment risk and avoid ultra vires investment.
Four, why the bank loan demand is insufficient, the deposit supply is relatively sufficient, and it is necessary to increase the bank's capital increase.
Issuing stocks is the most basic form for joint-stock commercial banks to raise capital. 2. Issuing new shares is also an important way for joint-stock banks to raise capital according to their business needs, which can timely supplement the demand for capital for business development. However, the state will inject capital. 3. Introduce strategic investors and attract foreign capital and private capital. 4. Issue convertible bonds. 5. Issue subordinated bonds. 6. The state will inject capital. 7. Internal accumulation.