The external dimension is 20 feet *8 feet *8 feet 6 inches, which is called a 20-foot container;
The external dimension is 40 feet *8 feet *8 feet 6 inches, which is called a 40-foot container;
The external dimension is 40 feet *8 feet *9 feet 6 inches, which is called a 40-foot-high cabinet.
20-foot container: the internal volume is 5.69m * 2.13m * 2.18m, the gross weight of delivery is 17.5t, and the volume is 24-26m3.
40-foot cabinet: the internal volume is11.8m * 2.13m * 2.18m, and the gross delivery weight is generally 22 tons, with a volume of 54 cubic meters.
40-foot-high cabinet: the internal volume is11.8m * 2.13m * 2.72m, the gross weight of distribution is generally 22 tons, and the volume is 68 cubic meters.
45-foot-high cabinet: the internal volume is13.58m * 2.34m * 2.71m, the gross weight of distribution is generally 29 tons, and the volume is 86 cubic meters.
20-foot open-top cabinet: the internal volume is 5.89M*2.32M*2.3 1M, the gross delivery weight is generally 20 tons, and the volume is 3 1.5 cubic meters.
40-foot open-top cabinet: the internal volume is12.01m * 2.33m * 2.15m, and the gross delivery weight is generally 30.4 tons, with a volume of 65 cubic meters.
20-foot flat-bottomed container: the internal volume is 5.85M*2.23M*2. 15M, the gross delivery weight is generally 23 tons, and the volume is 28 cubic meters.
40-foot flat-bottomed container: the internal volume is12.05m * 2.12m *1.96m, and the gross weight of distribution is generally 36 tons, with a volume of 50 cubic meters.
Panamax bulk carrier: As the name implies, this type of ship refers to the largest bulk carrier that can pass through the Panama Canal under full load, that is, it mainly meets the relevant regulations on canal navigation, with a total length of no more than 274.32 meters and a width of no more than 32.30 meters. According to the needs, adjust the scale, type and structure of the ship and change the load capacity. The carrying capacity of this ship is generally between 60,000 and 75,000 tons.
Cape bulk carrier: refers to a bulk carrier with a deadweight of about 6.5438+0.5 million tons, mainly transporting iron ore. Due to the limited area, it is impossible to pass through Panama Canal and Suez Canal, and it is necessary to bypass Cape of Good Hope and Cape of Horn, which is called "Cape" in Taiwan Province Province. In recent years, the Suez Canal authorities have relaxed the draft restrictions for ships passing through the canal, so most of these ships can pass through the canal with full loads.
Handy bulk carrier: refers to a bulk carrier with a deadweight of about 20,000-50,000 tons, among which ships exceeding 40,000 tons are also called handy bulk carriers. As we all know, dry bulk cargo is a bulk cargo by sea. These ships with relatively small tonnage have strong adaptability to waterways, canals and ports, moderate tonnage and convenient and flexible operation, so they are called "portable".
Lake bulk carrier: refers to a bulk carrier sailing in the Great Lakes region at the junction of the United States and Canada via the St. Lawrence waterway, mainly carrying coal, iron ore and grain. This type of ship should meet the navigation requirements of saint lawrence seaway in terms of scale. The total length of the ship shall not exceed 222.50 meters, the width of the ship shall not exceed 23. 16 meters, any part of the bridge building shall not extend out of the ship, and the draft shall not exceed the maximum allowable draft of the main waters. The height of the top of the mast from the water surface shall not exceed 35.66 meters. This kind of ship is generally about 30,000 tons, and most of them are equipped with loading and unloading equipment.
I. Ship structure
A ship is a means of transportation by sea. Although the ships are different in size, the main parts of their structures are similar. The ship is mainly composed of the following parts:
(1) Hull (shell)
The hull is composed of several steel plates by rivets or welding, including keel wing, arc outer plate and upper outer plate.
(2) Ship frame
Ship frame refers to all kinds of materials used to support the hull, which are divided into longitudinal and transverse parts. Longitudinal materials include keel, bottom bone and lateral bone; Cross beams include ribs, ship beams and bulkheads.
(3) Deck
Deck is a steel plate laid on the ship beam, which divides the hull into three layers: upper, middle and lower. The number of decks of large ships can be as many as six or seven floors, which are used to strengthen the hull structure and facilitate layered loading and loading.
(4) Cargo holds and tanks
Cabin is a space for various purposes under the nail plate, including bow cabin, stern cabin, cargo cabin, machine cabin and boiler cabin.
(5) Superstructure of the ship.
The ship deck building refers to the building above the main deck for the crew to work, live and store their ships, including the forecastle, forecastle and bridge.
Second, the type of ship.
There are many kinds of ships that transport goods by sea. According to different purposes, cargo carriers can be divided into dry cargo ships and oil tankers.
(1) dry cargo ship
According to the difference of cargo, ship structure and equipment, it can be divided into:
1. Ordinary freighter
General cargo ship refers to a ship that sails on a busy freight route in a specific period, mainly carrying sporadic groceries. This kind of ship sails fast and is equipped with enough lifting equipment. In the ship structure, there are multiple decks to divide the cabin into multiple containers to meet the needs of loading different goods.
2. Bulk carriers
Dry bulk carrier is a kind of ship used to transport unpackaged bulk goods. According to the different types of goods, it can be divided into grain ships.
Ship), coal ship (coal carrier) and ore ship (ore ship
Most of these ships are single deck, and there are no columns in the cabin, but there are partitions to prevent the goods in the cabin from being misplaced when running in the wind and waves.
3. Refrigerated ship
Refrigeration ship is a ship specially used for loading frozen perishable goods. The ship is equipped with a refrigeration system, which can adjust various temperatures to meet the needs of different temperatures of goods in each cabin.
4. Wooden boat
A timber ship is a ship specially used for loading timber or logs. This kind of cabin has a large mouth, and there are no equipment such as beams and columns that hinder loading and unloading. Cabin and deck can be loaded with wood. In order to prevent the timber on the deck from being washed overboard by waves, bulwarks of not less than one meter are generally set on both sides of the ship's side.
5. Container ships
Container ships can be divided into three types: partial container ships, full container ships and convertible container ships.
(1) Some containers
Only the middle part of the ship is used as the special space for containers, and other spaces are still full of ordinary groceries.
(2) Full Container.
Ship) refers to a ship specially used for transporting bagged containers. It is different from ordinary cargo ships. Its cargo hold is equipped with a grid frame and a vertical guide rail, which is convenient for the container to be put down along the guide rail, and the four corners are limited by grids to prevent dumping. Container ships can stack three to nine containers in the cabin and three to four on the deck.
(3) Convertible containers
The structure of the cargo hold loading container is detachable. Therefore, it can ship containers and general groceries when necessary.
The speed of container ships is very high, and most of them have no lifting equipment, so they need to rely on the lifting equipment on the dock for loading and unloading. This kind of container ship is also called unloading ship.
6. Ro/Ro/Ro.
Ro-ro ships are mainly used to transport cars and containers. The ship itself does not need loading and unloading equipment. Generally, there are slopes on the ship's side or at the bow and stern to connect the docks. When loading and unloading goods, both cars and containers (mounted on trailers) go in and out of the engine room directly. The advantage of this kind of ship is that it does not depend on the loading and unloading equipment on the dock, and the loading and unloading speed is fast, which can accelerate the ship turnover.
7. barge carrier
Also known as the mothership. Refers to a ship carrying a barge and loading goods on the barge. The main advantage of barge carrier is that it is not limited by the depth of the port and does not need to occupy the berth of the dock. Loading and unloading of goods are carried out at anchorage, with high loading and unloading efficiency. At present, the commonly used barge carriers mainly include barges.
On board, abbreviated as LASH) and Seabee.
(2) Oil tankers
Oil tanker is a kind of ship mainly used to transport liquid goods. Oil tankers can be divided into oil tankers and liquefied natural gas carriers according to the different types of goods loaded.
1. tanker
Tankers mainly transport liquid petroleum cargo. Characterized in that the engine room is located at the stern, the hull is divided into a plurality of oil storage tanks, and oil pipes penetrate between the oil storage tanks. Most oil tanks are longitudinal structures without longitudinal bulkheads, which can maintain the stability of the ship when it is not fully loaded with goods. In order to obtain greater economic benefits, the deadweight tonnage of oil tankers has been increasing since World War II. At present, the deadweight tonnage of the largest oil tanker in the world has reached more than 600,000 tons.
2. LNG carrier.
LNG carrier is specially used for transporting LNG.
Three. Ship tonnage
Ship tonnage is a unit of measurement for the size of a ship, which is divided into weight tonnage and volume tonnage.
(1) Weight and tonnage of the ship.
The tonnage of a ship is the unit of measurement to express the weight of the ship, with 1000 kg as metric tons, 2,240 lbs as long tons and 2,000 lbs as short tons. At present, the metric system is widely used in the world. The weight tonnage of a ship can be divided into displacement tonnage and deadweight tonnage.
(2) Displacement
The tonnage of displacement is the tonnage of boiling water discharged by the ship in the water, and it is also the tonnage of the ship's own weight. The tonnage of displacement is divided into three types: light displacement, heavy displacement and actual displacement.
(1) light displacement (light
Displacement), also known as empty ship displacement, is the sum of the weight of the ship itself plus the crew and necessary materials, and is the minimum weight of the ship.
(2) Heavy displacement (full load
Displacement), also known as full-load displacement, is the weight of the ship when the draft reaches the maximum load line after carrying passengers and cargo, that is, the maximum weight of the ship.
(3) The actual displacement refers to the actual displacement of the ship after each voyage.
The calculation formula of displacement is as follows:
Displacement (long ton) = length * width * draft * modulus (cubic feet) /35 (seawater) or 36 (fresh water) (cubic feet)
Displacement (metric tons) = length * width * draft * modulus (cubic meter) /0.9756 (seawater) or 1 (fresh water) (cubic meter)
Displacement tonnage can be used to calculate the deadweight tonnage of a ship; When building a ship, the weight of the ship can be known according to the tonnage of the displacement; When counting the size and fleet of warships, light displacement is generally used as the standard; The warships passing through the Panama Canal are taxed according to the actual displacement.
2. deadweight tonnage (abbreviated as D.W.T)
Indicates the load capacity that the ship can use in operation. The deadweight tonnage can be divided into gross deadweight tonnage and net deadweight tonnage.
(1) Total dead weight
Tonnage). It refers to the maximum weight that a ship can bear according to the load line mark, including the sum of the weight of goods carried by the ship, the fuel needed on board, fresh water and other reserve materials.
Total deadweight ton = full load displacement-empty ship displacement
(2) deadweight goods
Tonnage, abbreviated as D.W.C.T). It refers to the maximum weight of goods that a ship can carry, also known as loading tonnage, that is, the difference between the total load of a ship and the weight of fuel, fresh water and other reserve items that need to be stored during the navigation of the ship.
Ship deadweight tonnage can be used for cargo statistics; As the basis for calculating the monthly rent of time charter; Indicates the carrying capacity of the ship; It can also be used as a unit for calculating the cost of new ships and the price of old ships.
(2) The registered tonnage of the ship.
Volumetric tonnage is a unit to express the volume of a ship, also known as registered tonnage. It is a unit of measurement in tons stipulated by various shipping countries for ship registration, with 100 cubic feet or 2.83 cubic meters as registered tonnage. Volumetric tons can be divided into gross tons and net tons.
1. Gross registered tonnage.
Also known as registered gross tonnage, it refers to the sum of the internal space (or volume) of all closed places on the cabin and deck, which is the quotient obtained by converting 100 cubic feet or 2.83 cubic meters into one ton.
The gross tonnage is widely used and can be used for national statistics of merchant fleet; Indicate the size of the ship; Used for ship registration; Used by the government to determine the subsidy or shipbuilding allowance for the shipping industry: used to calculate insurance costs, shipbuilding costs and ship compensation.
2. Net registered tonnage (NRT for short).
Also known as registered net tonnage, it refers to the tonnage remaining after deducting the space that is not used for business from the total tonnage, that is, the tonnage converted from the capacity that the ship can use to load goods.
The net tonnage is mainly used for customs declaration and clearance of ships; As the basis for ships to pay various taxes and fees to the port; As the basis for paying the canal fee when the ship passes through the canal.
Four, the ship load line (Ship|s load line)
The ship load line refers to the maximum waterline when the ship is fully loaded. It is a sign drawn in the center of the ship on the left and right sides of the ship's rail, indicating the boundary of the ship entering the water. Classification societies or ship inspection bureaus shall make load line marks according to the material structure, ship type, seaworthiness, anti-sinking and other factors of the ship, as well as the regional and seasonal changes of the ship's navigation. This move is to ensure the safety of sailing ships, property carried on board and people. It has been recognized by governments all over the world, and violators will be punished by law.
Load line marks include: deck line, load line disk surface and various load lines related to the disk surface. The meaning of each load line in the figure is as follows:
1, TF (tropical fresh water load
Line) refers to the tropical fresh water load line, that is, the total load of ships sailing in tropical fresh water shall not exceed this line.
2.f (fresh water load line) refers to the fresh water load line, that is, when the ship is sailing in fresh water, the total load shall not exceed this line.
3.t (tropical load line) refers to the tropical seawater load line, that is, when a ship sails in the tropical area, the total load shall not exceed this line.
4.s (summer load line) means the sea water load line in summer, that is, the total load of the ship shall not exceed this line when sailing in summer.
5.w (winter load line) means the winter seawater load line, that is, the total load of the ship shall not exceed this line when sailing in winter.
6. WNA (North Atlantic load in winter
Line) stands for the North Atlantic winter load line, which means that when a ship with a captain less than 100.5 meters sails through the North Atlantic (north of 36 degrees north latitude) in winter months, its total load shall not exceed this line.
Marked with l is the wood load line.
China Ship Inspection Bureau uses the first letter of Chinese Pinyin as the symbol of the above load line. Namely. QuotRQ, q, r, x, d and BDD replace TF, f, t, s, w and WNA.
In chartering business, the rent for time chartering is customarily calculated according to the load capacity of the ship in summer.
Ballet skirt
Verb (abbreviation for verb) nationality and flag of the ship
The nationality of the ship refers to the nationality of the ship. The owner of a merchant ship shall register the ownership with the relevant maritime administrative department at home or abroad, and obtain the nationality of the home country or the country of registration before obtaining the nationality of the ship.
Flag refers to the national flag of the country where merchant ships fly on the voyage. The flag is a symbol of the nationality of a ship. According to the provisions of international law, merchant ships are floating territories of flag States. Whether sailing on the high seas or in the waters of other countries, the flag of the flag country must be hoisted. Ships are obliged to abide by the laws of the country of registration and enjoy the protection of the laws of the country of registration.
flag of convenience
Convenience) refers to ships registered in foreign countries, flying foreign flags and operating in the international market. After the Second World War, the number of ships flying flags of convenience increased rapidly, and the ships flying flags of convenience mainly belonged to shipowners in some countries and regions with developed shipping, such as the United States, Greece, Japan, Hong Kong and South Korea. In order to avoid heavy taxes and military expropriation, they transfer their ships to foreign countries for registration, freely set freight rates without government control, freely handle ships and use foreign exchange, freely hire foreign crew to pay lower wages, lower ship standards to save repair costs and reduce operating costs to enhance competitiveness. And the so-called Open registration that openly allows foreign ships to register in their own countries.
Register) countries, mainly Liberia, Panama, Cyprus, Singapore, Panama and Bermuda. This kind of registration can increase foreign exchange income for the registered country.
Six, the ship category (ship |s classification)
Grade is an index indicating the technical state of a ship. In the international shipping industry, all marine ships with a registered gross tonnage of more than 65,438+000 tons must be supervised by classification societies or ship inspection agencies. Before the ship starts construction, the specifications of each part of the ship must be approved by the classification society or the ship inspection agency. After the construction of each ship is completed, the classification society or the ship inspection bureau will appraise the hull, machinery and equipment on board, draught marks and other items and performances, and issue a certificate of classification society. The validity period of the certificate is generally 4 years, and it needs to be re-evaluated after the expiration.
Ship classification can ensure the safety of navigation, help the state to carry out technical supervision on ships, facilitate charterers and shippers to choose suitable ships to meet the needs of import and export cargo transportation, and facilitate insurance companies to determine the insurance costs of ships and goods.
The more famous classification societies in the world are:
lloyd's register of shipping
Established in 1760, it is the oldest and largest classification society in the world. Classification societies are composed and managed by shipowners, marine insurers, shipbuilding, steel manufacturing and engine manufacturing, and their main responsibilities are to classify and classify merchant ships;
Lloyd's Register;
Norwegian Register of Shipping;
Bureau VERITAS); French;
Japan maritime association (nippon kaiji kyokai);
United States Bureau of Shipping.
China Classification Society is a ship inspection bureau under the Ministry of Communications of People's Republic of China (PRC). 1996 China Classification Society was elected as the chairman of the board of directors of the International Federation of Classification Societies for the first time, with a term of one year (1July 19961-1June 30, 1997), which indicated that the authority of ship inspection technology in China was internationally recognized.
The grade certificate not only records the main technical performance of the ship, but also draws the corresponding grade symbol. Classification societies in different countries have different regulations on class symbols.
The classification code of China Classification Society is * ZC.
The class symbol of Lloyd's Register of Shipping is LR, and the marks 100AI and 100A indicate that the ship's hull and machinery and equipment were built according to Lloyd's specifications and regulations. I means that the ship's equipment, such as anchors, chains and cables, are in good and effective condition.
Seven, speed (ship |s speed)
The speed is expressed in knots. The ship speed varies according to different ship types, among which the speed of dry bulk carriers and oil tankers is relatively slow, generally between 13 knots and 17 knots; Container ships are faster. At present, the fastest container ship can reach 24.5 knots. Passenger ships are also faster.
Eight, the main documents of the ship (ship |s file)
Ship documents are the general name of all kinds of documents that prove the ownership, performance, technical condition and necessary conditions for operation of a ship. Ships must pass legal registration and technical appraisal and obtain relevant official certificates before they can participate in the operation. Ship documents of ships sailing internationally mainly include:
(1) nationality certificate;
(2) Ownership certificate;
(three) the certificate of entry;
(4) Tonnage certificate;
(5) load line certificate;
(6) A list of crew members;
(7) log book.
In addition, there are engine logs, health diaries and radio logs.
According to the current regulations of our country, import and export ships must submit all the above documents to the port authority (port supervisor).