Ginseng not only has special medicinal efficacy, but also has high economic value. The finished ginseng after processing is even more expensive than the same weight of gold. Although it is not "priceless" as the ancients said, it is also priceless in today's world. Artificial cultivated ginseng (garden ginseng) is not as expensive as mountain ginseng, but it is also quite noble. Exporting 1 ton of finished ginseng can earn hundreds of thousands of dollars. If farmers plant 1 mu ginseng, the annual income can reach several thousand yuan, which is several times to ten times the income from grain growing.
Chemical composition:
Ginseng roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits are rich in various ginsenoside. In addition, ginseng root contains 0. 12%, stem and leaf contains 0. 13%, and flower contains 0.29%. The nonpolar part of ginseng root contains panaxynol, α-ginsenoside, β-ginsenoside and sterols. Ginseng also contains amino acids such as lysine, histidine and arginine, vitamins, various organic acids, flavonoids and sugars.
Ginseng plants are all used as medicine. According to the external morphology and saponin composition of underground parts, ginseng plants can be divided into two categories. One group of plants has erect rhizomes and well-developed fleshy roots, mainly containing dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins, while the other group has well-developed rhizomes with bamboo whips or rosary-shaped fleshy roots, mainly containing oleanolic acid-type pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins.
Pharmacological action:
Ginseng has the effects of invigorating primordial qi, restoring pulse and resolving hard mass, invigorating spleen and lung, promoting fluid production and calming the nerves.
1, the influence on the central nervous system. Ginseng has both excitatory and inhibitory effects on the nervous system, especially the excitatory effect. Ginsenoside Rg has an exciting effect, while Rb has an inhibitory effect. Ginseng can improve intelligence, Rg 1 is related to learning process, and Rb 1 is related to memory and stability. Ginsenoside can obviously reduce the convulsion rate caused by pentylenetetrazol and the mortality rate caused by strychnine in mice.
2, the role of the immune system. Ginseng can comprehensively enhance the immune function of the body, and its active components are mainly saponins and polysaccharides.
3. The role of cardiovascular system.
(1), cardiotonic effect. Therapeutic dose of ginseng can strengthen the contractility of many animals' hearts and slow down the heart rate, especially when the heart function is insufficient.
(2) Anti-myocardial ischemia. Oral ginsenoside can obviously improve the electrocardiogram and serum enzymology of isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemia in rats, and its effect is similar to propranolol.
(3) Effects on blood vessels and blood pressure Ginseng can dilate the coronary artery, cerebrovascular artery, vertebral artery and pulmonary artery of the whole animal and improve the blood circulation of these organs.
4. Influence on blood and hematopoietic system. Ginsenoside can prevent blood coagulation and promote fibrinolysis; Reduce erythrocyte aggregation, increase blood fluidity and improve tissue perfusion. Ginseng extract can promote the hematopoietic function of bone marrow, significantly increase the number of WBC, RBC, Hb in blood and nucleated cells in bone marrow.
5, the role of internal subsystems.
(1), the effect on the axis of drooping brain-pituitary-adrenal cortex. Proper amount of ginseng can excite the drooping brain-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and enhance its function.
(2) The role of drooping brain-pituitary-gonad axis. Ginsenosides Rg 1 and Rb 1 can increase the release of gonadotropins in the anterior pituitary gland. In addition, ginseng can also increase the thyroid function of rabbits.
6. Effect on substance metabolism.
(1), and its effect on glucose metabolism. Ginseng has hypoglycemic effect on hyperglycemia caused by injection of adrenaline and hypertonic glucose. In addition, ginseng can also increase the blood sugar decreased by insulin injection, indicating that it has a two-way regulation effect on glucose metabolism.
(2) Effects on protein and nucleic acid metabolism. Protein synthesis promoter and total saponins in ginseng can promote the biosynthesis of protein, DNA and RNA, and increase the activity of RNA polymerase and the contents of albumin and γ-globulin.
(3) Effect on lipid metabolism. Ginseng can improve the increase of serum LDL-C and fatty liver in rats fed with high cholesterol diet and patients with hyperlipidemia, promote cholesterol excretion and prevent the formation of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.
7, enhance the body's ability to withstand stress. Ginseng can enhance the body's adaptability, enhance the body's nonspecific resistance to physical, chemical, biological and other harmful stimuli and injuries, and restore the disordered function to normal, that is, it has the function of "adapting to the original".
8. Anti-shock effect. Ginsenoside can obviously prolong the survival time of animals with anaphylactic shock and scald shock. The frequency of cardiac contraction in animals with hemorrhagic acute circulatory failure increased significantly.
9, anti-aging effect. Ginsenoside can obviously prolong animal life and cell life; Inhibit the activity of MAO-B in the brain stem of old animals, and make the level of NA in the cerebral cortex close to that of young animals; Eliminate free radicals that lead to aging in the body and protect biofilm.
10, anti-tumor effect. Ginseng extract, ginsenoside and ginseng polysaccharide all have anti-experimental tumor effects.
1 1, other functions. Enhance the detoxification function of liver, and inhibit the increase of ALT and the decrease of P-450, RNA and sugar content in liver of mice poisoned by carbon tetrachloride and thioacetamide. Anti-gastric ulcer.
Logo:
[Character recognition]
The sun-dried ginseng taproot is cylindrical or spindle-shaped, with a length of 3- 15cm and a diameter of 1-2cm. The surface is grayish yellow, with shallow and intermittent thick horizontal stripes and obvious longitudinal wrinkles on the upper part or all, 2-3 branched roots on the lower part, many slender fibrous roots (all of which are sun-dried ginseng), and occasional inconspicuous small wartlike protrusions on the fibrous roots. The apical rhizome (commonly known as reed head) is 1-4cm long and 0.3- 1.5cm in diameter, with many contractures and bends, adventitious roots (commonly known as Polygonum hydropiper) and sparse pit-like stem marks (commonly known as Luwan). Hard, yellow-white in cross section, powdery, with brown and yellowish-brown dotted resin channels, and radial cracks on the epidermis. The gas is slightly fragrant and specific, and the taste is slightly bitter and sweet.
Total length of red ginseng is 6- 17cm. The length of taproot is 3-10 cm; ; The surface is reddish brown and translucent, with occasional opaque dark brown patches, longitudinal grooves, wrinkles and fine root marks, ring marks on the upper part and 2-3 branches on the lower part. There are stem marks on the rhizome. Hard and brittle, flat and horny.