Verb (abbreviation of verb) human production activities and geographical environment
1: agriculture
① Characteristics of agricultural production: regionality, seasonality and periodicity. The production objects of agriculture are animals and plants.
② Agricultural investment: natural conditions; Socio-economic conditions: labor, means of production, science and technology.
③ Agricultural classification: classified by production objects: planting and animal husbandry; Classification by input: extensive agriculture and intensive agriculture; According to product use: subsistence agriculture and commodity agriculture.
The investment proportion of agricultural means of production has gradually increased; Increasing investment in science and technology is an important means to increase agricultural output.
Location: 1, the location of this thing; 2. The spatial relationship between this thing and other things;
④ Relationship between agricultural development and location: P6 ~ 9
The influence of location factors on agricultural location
Climate heat, light and precipitation have great influence on agricultural location. Photothermal conditions are most closely related to crop distribution, multiple cropping system and yield.
In arid areas where the annual precipitation of water source is less than 250 mm, irrigation water source is the decisive factor.
Different terrain areas (slopes and heights) are suitable for developing different types of agriculture. Plain areas are suitable for the development of planting, while mountainous areas are suitable for the development of animal husbandry and planting.
Different types of soil are suitable for growing different crops. For example, acidic soil widely distributed in hilly areas of southeast China is suitable for planting tea trees.
Market demand Market demand ultimately determines the type and scale of agricultural production.
Traffic mainly affects the location of commodity agriculture, and horticulture and dairy industry need convenient and fast traffic conditions.
Agriculture in all countries of the world is influenced by national policies and government intervention. For example, the commodity grain base established in China in 1980s.
Science and technology is an important factor affecting agricultural location, which affects agricultural location by influencing other factors.
⑤ The influence of socio-economic factors on agricultural location.
Influence of socio-economic factors and their changes on agricultural location
With the emergence of new industrial and mining areas where the market is located and the development of the city, vegetables, meat, eggs and milk will be mainly produced in urban areas and around industrial and mining areas, and gardening will be developed.
Stimulate production when market demand exceeds demand, and compress production when supply exceeds demand, such as apple planting in China in the early 1990s.
The improvement of traffic conditions and preservation and refrigeration technology and the development of preservation and refrigeration technology of agricultural products have greatly expanded the influence of the market on the agricultural location in this area; Example: The southeastern part of the United States takes advantage of light to develop vegetables and flowers for the northeast. In winter in northern China, a large number of vegetables are transported from Guangdong, Sichuan and other provinces in the south; It is possible to carry out specialized production in agricultural areas. For example, the United States, Canada, Australia and France have become the world's major commodity grain production bases, the Netherlands, Denmark and New Zealand are the world's major dairy suppliers, and Latin America, Africa, Southeast Asia and South Asia have become the world's tropical cash crop production bases.
P7 understands that natural factors in agricultural location factors have been rationally transformed by human beings.
⑥ Characteristics of main agricultural regional types: P 10 ~ 17.
Typical cases of distribution areas of other agricultural geographical types
Rice cultivation is concentrated in monsoon regions of East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia, and the location conditions of tropical rain forest regions of Southeast Asia;
(1) High temperature and rainy climate.
② Flat terrain
③ Labor-intensive
④ It has a long history, and rice is traditionally managed by small farmers; High yield per unit area, but low commodity rate; Low level of mechanization; Large water conservancy projects; Low level of science and technology.
Pasture grazing is mainly cattle from America, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa, America and Argentina. Australia, New Zealand and South Africa mainly focus on herding sheep. Pampas grassland location conditions: ① excellent natural grassland; The land is vast and sparsely populated, and the land rent is low; (3) The grassland animal husbandry near pampas grassland in the seaport is the representative of grassland animal husbandry management in the world.
Commodity grain agriculture
(Market-oriented) The basic characteristics of the United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine and other places: large-scale production and high degree of mechanization.
Crops: wheat, corn
The United States is the largest producer of commodity grain. The location advantages of commercial agriculture in the central plains of the United States: superior natural conditions, convenient transportation, vast land and sparsely populated,
Highly developed industry
P 14 figure 5. 15
Mixed agriculture Europe, North America, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and other countries mainly raise livestock and produce food.
Pond production in Pearl River Delta
P 17 Figure 5. 19 Advantages of Murray-Darling Basin: Farms become benign ecosystems; Farmers can effectively use their time to arrange agricultural activities; Agricultural production has great flexibility and adaptability to the market.
2. Industrial P 18 ~ 19
Input factors: natural conditions (land, water, energy, raw materials, etc. ) and socio-economic conditions (labor, capital, equipment, science and technology, etc. )
Output factors: industrial products and industrial "three wastes"
The distribution of world industry is mainly concentrated in Europe and North America. A few countries, such as Japan, are mainly distributed in a few regions and a few cities.
With the development of science and technology, there are more and more types and ranges of industrial raw materials and more and more industrial departments. As a result, the industry's investment in the quantity and physical strength of the labor force is getting less and less, and the investment in labor knowledge and technology is gradually increasing;
The development of new science and technology and market demand make industrial production change from large-scale and standardization to small and medium-sized batch customization.
① Classification by industrial input factors, P2 1 ~ 23
Example of industrial type distribution area
Resource-intensive industries, mining and sugar industry are restricted by the distribution of natural resources.
Labor-intensive industries, textile industry and garment industry are distributed in labor-rich areas.
Capital-intensive industries such as steel and chemical industry need a lot of capital investment, and their dependence on raw materials is still relatively large.
Technology-intensive industrial electronics industry, aerospace industry, nuclear industry and laser industry are distributed in developed areas of science and technology and higher education.
② Industrial location factors: raw materials, power (fuel), labor, market, transportation, land, water and government.
③ The relationship between industrial development and location:
Basic principles of site selection for industrial sector's generic names.
Raw material-oriented industrial transportation costs a lot (the weight of raw materials to products is greatly reduced). Raw materials are not convenient for long-distance transportation (perishable, etc.) ) and processed fruits and aquatic products, such as sugar beet and sugarcane.
The cost of transporting raw materials in market-oriented industries is high (the weight and volume decrease little or increase), which is not convenient for long-distance transportation (perishable, broken, etc.). ) furniture, printing and beer.
Power-oriented industries are aluminum smelters, metallurgy, chemical industry and other heavy industries that consume a lot of electricity.
Low-cost labor-oriented needs to invest a lot of labor, and should be close to the fields with many low-cost labor, such as ordinary clothing, electronic assembly, belt winding, shoemaking and so on.
Technology-based industries have high technical requirements and should be close to integrated circuits, satellites, airplanes and precision instruments. In areas with advanced education and technology.
④ Characteristics of different types of industrial zones: P28 ~ 33
Development conditions and characteristics of famous industrial zones
Ruhr traditional industrial zone, Germany
Abundant coal, close to iron ore areas, abundant water resources, convenient land and water transportation, and broad market decline: due to the decline of coal energy status, the worldwide steel surplus, and the influence of new technological revolution, the production structure is single. Coal industry and steel industry are the basis of the whole regional economy (the most obvious decline) P29 Figure 5.34
Emerging industrial zone (1950s) The unique development mode of Italian emerging industrial zone P3 1 Figure 5.38 is an industrial zone where small and medium-sized enterprises gather, mainly small and medium-sized enterprises; Mainly light industry; Decentralized production process; Low capital concentration; Most of them are scattered in small towns or rural areas.
American "Silicon Valley"
(High-tech industry) P33 Figure 5.4, Silicon Valley is dominated by microelectronics industry, which is the center of electronic industry in the United States and even the world. It is a pioneer and model of the development of high-tech industry, and it is the fastest-growing and richest region in the United States. High proportion of scientific and technological talents; Fast growth, short product update cycle; R&D expenses account for a high proportion; Products are oriented to the world market.
⑤ The influence of three technological revolutions on industry in history.
The era of technological revolution mainly marks the emergence of new industrial sectors.
18, cotton textile, steel invented the steam engine for the first time in the 1960s.
19 the second electrification of electricity, chemistry, petroleum, automobiles and airplanes in 1970s.
In the third 1950s, information technology, bioengineering, new energy, new materials and microelectronics, microelectronics, nuclear industry, aerospace and laser.
⑥P23 Industrial Pollution Distribution Figure 5.27
Location selection of pollution types in industrial sectors
Cement plant and brewery air pollution plant are located in the upwind direction of the minimum wind frequency in residential areas or the downwind direction of the perennial prevailing wind, and the monsoon area is vertical to the suburbs.
Sewage outfalls, a printing and dyeing factory, a paper mill, an electroplating factory and a leather factory, should be far away from water sources and the upper reaches of rivers.
Chemical plants and oil refineries pollute air and water sources, combining the above two.
Power plants and steel mills pollute the air, and solid waste pollutes the air more comprehensively. Solid waste pollution should be far away from residential areas and farmland.
⑦ The influence of raw materials on factory location is gradually weakened, while the influence of market on factory location is gradually strengthened. Ports, railway hubs and areas along expressways along the Yangtze River are very attractive to industry. The influence of labor quality on industrial location is gradually increasing.
(8) The ways of industrial linkage: process linkage, spatial linkage and information linkage.
The performance of industrial agglomeration: the production agglomeration of traditional large-scale standardized products and the production agglomeration of new small-scale customized products. Since 1990s, the economies of developed countries and regions in the world have mainly concentrated in technology-intensive specialized industrial clusters. Multinational enterprises look for the best place in the world, either close to the market, or close to raw materials, or close to labor-rich areas.
There are two types of industrial zones: spontaneous industrial zones and planned industrial zones.
According to the nature and characteristics of industrial zones, industrial zones are divided into highly developed industrial zones and underdeveloped industrial zones.
The intransitive verb Habitat P4 1
1, the formation of settlements: ① rural areas are mainly agricultural activities and agricultural population, with a small scale; Cities are large-scale settlements of non-agricultural population. Decentralized rural settlements were formed in the first social division of labor in human society. P4 1 Figure 6.2 ~ 6.3 ② The earliest cities in the world: most of them were born on alluvial plains in the middle and lower reaches of rivers, such as Mesopotamia Plain, Nile Valley, Indus Valley and the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River.
2. The location of the city P43 ~ 49
① Influence of natural, economic and social factors on urban location: (mainly representing cities)
The result of natural factors affects the cause.
Topographic plain
P43 Figure 6.6 Most cities are located in plain areas, with flat terrain, fertile soil, convenient farming, convenient transportation and saving construction investment. The Boston-new york-Washington urban belt is distributed in the Atlantic coastal plain; San Francisco-San Diego urban belt is distributed in the western coastal plain; Chicago-Pittsburgh urban belt is distributed in the central plain; Three major urban areas in the world: Europe south of 60 N; Japan, the Korean Peninsula in East Asia and the eastern coastal and plain areas of China; The northeast of the United States.
Most cities in tropical plateau are located in tropical plateau, where the lowlands are sultry and the living conditions are unfavorable. On the plateau, the climate is cooler. For example, most cities in Brazil are located in the Brazilian Plateau.
Mountain cities are mostly distributed in river valleys and open spaces along rivers. For example, Xi in China is in the Weihe Plain and Taiyuan is in the Fenhe River Basin.
Provinces with the largest number of megacities in China: Liaoning and Jiangsu.
Climate World cities are mainly distributed in coastal areas with mild climate in the middle and low latitudes. The megacities in China are located in the humid and semi-humid areas in the east where the annual precipitation exceeds 400 mm.
river
Goods from the starting point of the most intensive river transport in the lower reaches of the river are transshipped here, such as Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China.
At the intersection of rivers, a large number of people and logistics are transported here, such as Yibin (Minjiang River, Yangtze River) in China; Chongqing (Jialing River, Yangtze River); Wuhan (Hanshui River and Yangtze River)
At the intersection of estuaries, rivers and seas, people and logistics are transported and transited here, such as Shanghai and Guangzhou in China.
The river curve is protected by natural rivers, such as Bern, Switzerland (on the Aale River).
The central island is defended by natural rivers, such as Paris (on the Seine) in France.
The natural resources developed on the basis of coal are: Birmingham and Manchester in Britain, Pittsburgh in the United States, Datong, Hegang, Fushun and Kailuan in China; Developed on the basis of petroleum: Aberdeen in Britain is related to Beihai Oilfield, Daqing, Yumen and Karamay in China; Johannesburg in South Africa is related to gold mines; Anshan, Baotou and Panzhihua in China are all developed in iron ore producing areas.
Most southern cities are at the intersection of rivers (cities along rivers), and most northern cities are at the intersection of avenues; The trend of urban distribution is to concentrate in places with convenient transportation. The city axis can be formed along the coast, along the river, along the railway trunk line and along the expressway. Such as Shijiazhuang and Zhengzhou on the Beijing-Guangzhou line. P48 Figure 6. 14 (Understanding)
politics
military affairs
Religious ancient capitals, modern political centers and provincial administrative centers, such as Hefei in China, are developed as provincial administrative centers, and some countries have specially built new cities as capitals, such as Brasilia in Brazil, Washington, DC in the United States, Islamabad in Pakistan and other cities established by religious factors: Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia, Lhasa and Vatican in China.
Other factors: Tsukuba, Japan, which rose due to science and technology, Zhangjiajie and Huangshan, which rose due to tourism.
(2) The influence of military and religion on urban site selection has always been weak, while the influence of traffic and natural resources has always been great.
3. Urbanization P5 1
Meaning: the process of population gathering in cities and rural to urban transformation.
① Signs of urbanization: the increase of urban population, the increase of the proportion of urban population to the total population and the expansion of land use scale. Among them, the percentage of urban population to the total population is the most important indicator.
/kloc-urbanization accelerated after the industrial revolution in the middle of 0/8th century. P 5 1 Figure 6. 17
Britain is the first country in the world to start the industrial revolution and develop urbanization.
P 5 1 Figure 6. 17 At present, 60% of the global urban population is distributed in developing countries.
② Different countries have different urbanization processes:
developed countries
Features start early; High level of urbanization (70% in the late 1970s); The phenomenon of anti-urbanization appears (reason: in the late 1970s, due to the improvement of people's requirements for environmental quality, the infrastructure in rural areas and small towns was gradually improved; Performance: urban population returns to rural settlements and small towns, the central area of big cities shrinks, small and medium-sized towns develop rapidly, and the rural population increases)
Developing countries are characterized by a late start and rapid development; Low level of urbanization (44% in 2000); Unreasonable urban development (mainly the abnormal development of urban economy, excessive population growth, surplus rural labor force, and the incompatibility between urbanization and economic development level; Performance: A few big cities are developing rapidly, small and medium-sized cities are developing slowly, and the population is concentrated in a few big cities) China 39. 10%.
③ Problems in the process of urbanization: P54
The deterioration of environmental quality, air pollution, smoke from burning of urban residents, smoke from industrial and mining enterprises and tail gas from various vehicles are harmful to people's health.
The water pollution of urban industrial wastewater and domestic sewage is harmful to human health.
Noise pollution hinders people's rest, work, study and conversation, and even harms human health.
Solid waste is harmful to human health and the environment.
Traffic congestion, poor living conditions and traffic jams lead to a waste of time and energy; Housing is characterized by lack of housing and poor quality.
Increasing the difficulty of employment and increasing the number of unemployed people will affect social order, and will also bring poverty, inner city decline and other problems.
Cities are the areas where human beings have the deepest and most concentrated effects on the environment, and they are also the most polluted areas.
④ Solutions to urbanization problems (measures to protect and improve the urban environment) A. Establish satellite cities and develop new areas; B. improving urban traffic and living conditions; C. protecting and managing the urban environment;
VII. Geographical connection of human activities P63
1, the main ways and functions of regional contact of human activities
① The main ways of regional contact of human activities (transportation, communication, commerce, service industry, etc.). )
Main mode function
The main means to realize the replacement of people and things in transportation industry. Eurasian Continental Bridge (P64 Figure 7.2); The world's major air routes and major seaports (Figure 7.3)
Posts and telecommunications include postal communications and telecommunications communications. Postal communication is the use of means of transport to deliver letters and parcels. It has the characteristics of many points, long lines and wide areas; Postal network is a mail delivery system composed of post offices and postal routes. The concept of telecommunications.
business
P66 Figure 7.7
2. Transport and communications
① Main modes of transportation and their characteristics:
Advantages and disadvantages of transportation mode
Railway transportation is one of the most important modes of transportation in modern times. Large volume, high speed, low freight rate, little influence by natural factors, good continuity, high construction cost, large consumption of metal materials, wide geographical area and high short-distance transportation cost.
Highway transportation is the fastest developing, most widely used and increasingly important mode of transportation. Flexible, quick turnover, convenient loading and unloading, strong ability to adapt to various natural conditions, small transportation volume, high energy consumption, high cost and expensive freight.
Waterway transportation is the oldest mode of transportation, which has the advantages of large capacity, low investment, low cost, slow speed, poor flexibility and continuity, and is greatly influenced by natural conditions such as waterway hydrology and meteorology.
Air transportation is the fastest modern mode of transportation because of its high speed and high efficiency.
Small transportation volume, high energy consumption, high freight, large equipment investment and strict technical requirements.
A new mode of transportation in which pipeline transportation tools and lines are integrated. The goods are mainly crude oil, refined oil, natural gas, coal slurry and other ore pulp. The gas does not volatilize, the liquid does not flow out, the loss is small, the continuity is strong, it is stable and safe, the management is convenient, it can be all-weather, and the traffic flow is large. Pipeline transportation needs to lay special pipelines, which has large equipment investment and poor flexibility.
② Location factors of traffic lines and stations: P67 ~ 73.
A. Location factors affecting railway construction: Due to the development of science and technology, economic and social factors have surpassed natural factors to become decisive factors. P67 Figure 7.8 Take the Beijing-Kowloon Railway as an example (the reasonable layout of the transportation network can promote the economic development along the route and maintain the long-term stability and prosperity of Hong Kong, with advanced science and technology as the guarantee). The greatest significance of building the Beijing-Kowloon Railway is to activate the national railway network and promote economic development along the line.
B. Location factors affecting highway construction: In highway construction, we should make full use of favorable natural conditions and avoid those sections with complex terrain, geology and hydrological conditions. Take up as little farmland as possible, and handle the relationship between farmland water conservancy facilities and urban development. P69 Figure 7. 1 1
C. bus stop: the traffic point where people travel and contact most is the bus stop. P73 Figure 7. 15 should have convenient and direct contact with the inside and outside of the city to maximize the convenience of customers.
D airport: it covers a wide area and should be flat and open, which is conducive to runway construction and has clearance guarantee for aircraft taking off; The terrain slope is appropriate to facilitate drainage; Good geological conditions to ensure the stability of the foundation; The runway is built in the direction of prevailing wind, which is conducive to the take-off and landing of aircraft against the wind; The airport is noisy, it should have a certain distance from the urban area, and there is a highway connection. The distance from the city depends on urban land use, transportation links, environment and so on.
E. Conditions for port construction: The port location is not only affected by water conditions (such as navigation conditions and berthing conditions), but also by land conditions (such as port construction conditions and hinterland conditions). Therefore, when building a port, we should not only consider its natural conditions such as navigation, berthing and port construction, but also consider its hinterland (that is, the service area of the port), cities and other social and economic conditions. P72 Figure 7. 14 The main location factors of Shanghai Port are as follows: First, Shanghai Port is the estuary port and seaport of the Yangtze River Delta. The main port areas are distributed along the Huangpu River, and the delta is flat and open, which provides conditions for Shanghai's port equipment, architecture and reasonable plane layout. On the one hand, the Yangtze River provides fresh water for the port, on the other hand, it ensures the proper width and required space of the ship's approach channel. However, the delta slope is small and the water flow is bifurcated. The economic hinterland of Shanghai Port is the most developed area in China, including Sichuan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shanghai. Economic hinterland is an important foundation for the rise and fall of ports. Third, Shanghai Port is based in Shanghai.
③ The formation and development trend of traffic network:
In a specific geographical area, according to the development of regional economy and the needs of people's activities, various modern transportation modes are combined, and various transportation lines (such as railways and routes) and points (stations and docks) are intertwined to form different forms and levels of transportation networks. A transportation network formed by one mode of transportation, a transportation network formed by more than two modes of transportation and a comprehensive transportation network in different regions.
Development trend: Transportation is not only increasingly networked and internationalized (the world's two major Eurasian continental bridges and four major routes), but also increasingly high-speed and specialized (container transportation saves packaging costs, facilitates the mechanization of loading and unloading operations, and ensures the safety of cargo transportation).
④ Urban road traffic network: P75
Features: comprehensiveness: traffic points, lines and areas are closely combined; Variability: the flow direction and quantity of pedestrians and vehicles often change, and the focus of traffic is passenger transport; Pedestrian-vehicle intersection is a typical mixed traffic, and traffic safety is particularly important. There are many road traffic facilities and management facilities, which are an organic part of the city.
Form: P76 Figure 7. 19 ~ 7.20 mainly includes circular radial road network and grid-circular-radial road network. Radiation is conducive to entering the urban area, and the loop line avoids introducing traffic and people into the city center, shortens the distance between the endpoints, is conducive to external contact, and also relieves the pressure of the city center and expands the traffic capacity of the city center.
Principle: meet people's travel needs, save land, make rational use of terrain and hydrological conditions and protect the environment.
Two main problems faced by urban traffic: 1 traffic line congestion; 2. Traffic pollution. The fundamental measure to solve this problem is to plan urban roads reasonably, and reasonable urban traffic roads come from reasonable urban master plan.
P77 Figure 7. 12 Understand the measures to solve traffic congestion.
⑤ Functions of modern communication means and communication networks: P79
The biggest feature of e-mail is a kind of communication between people. Electronic communication with computer application as its core is a pioneer in the field of telecommunications. Information superhighway: It is a fully socialized communication network that integrates the functions of telephone, television and computer, and can comprehensively transmit and process pictures, characters, sounds, images and other information. 1993, the United States first proposed the "national information infrastructure" construction plan (that is, information superhighway).
Internet: At present, the communication network with the fastest development, the biggest role, the widest influence and the highest public concern in the information field is the concrete embodiment of the information superhighway.
Function: develop e-commerce and promote economic development; Provide people with various services to facilitate their lives; Conducive to academic exchanges.
3, commercial trade P82
① Location factors of commercial center (organized as commercial street and commercial community): P83 Figure 7.27 ~ 28.
Market factors: The commercial center based on the principle of market optimization is built in the geometric center of the city, and the scope of commercial activities is very large.
Traffic factors: the commercial center based on the principle of optimal traffic is built on the edge of urban loop or along the expressway on the edge of urban area.
Commercial community: built in residential areas to provide consumers with daily necessities and labor services.
② Layout of commercial outlets: Natural, social and economic factors * * * influence and restrict the layout of commercial outlets.
A. Natural conditions are the necessary prerequisite for its formation and development. P84 Figures 7.29 ~ 7.30 show the layout of plains along highway lines and mountains along valleys.
B. The natural environment is relatively harsh, the traffic in sparsely populated areas is blocked, and it is difficult to establish and develop commercial centers. Mobile services are mostly used, and in densely populated areas with convenient transportation, commercial outlets, such as commercial streets or commercial communities, can be set up in corresponding fixed forms.
C. the benefits of organizing commodity circulation by commercial outlets are closely related to the distance of commodity production bases.
(3) International relations and characteristics of contemporary finance and trade:
Nowadays, the economic ties between countries and regions in the world are getting closer and closer. Outstanding performance is the international trade with the exchange of goods and services as the main content between countries (including the transaction of goods and commercial information); International finance (long-term and short-term capital lending, securities trading, gold and foreign exchange trading, etc.) with monetary capital turnover and movement as the main content. International trade and finance have become the basic forms of economic relations between modern countries.
Developed countries have a solid industrial base, mainly exporting manufactured goods, a few agricultural products such as wheat, corn and livestock products, as well as capital and technology; Import a lot of fuel and raw materials. Developing countries have a relatively weak industrial base, and mainly export primary products such as agricultural products, such as rubber, palm oil, coffee and other agricultural products, iron, copper, oil and bauxite. Developed countries buy agricultural products and minerals from developing countries at low prices, such as fuels and raw materials, and export finished products to developing countries. Developed countries occupy a dominant position in the world trade pattern.
The growth rate of import and export of high-tech products is higher than that of other manufactured products, which has become the main driving force to promote the development of world trade.
P34 Figure 7.34
Major financial centers in the world: new york, London and Zurich. In addition, Paris, Frankfurt, Tokyo and Hong Kong are also important international financial centers.
Eight, the environmental problems faced by mankind and sustainable development
1, environmental problems
① Environmental problems and their development: P94 Figure 8. 1 Understanding the relationship between human production, life and environment.
The environment has a certain ability to contain and remove human production and living excreta (environmental self-purification ability). When human beings demand resources from the environment faster than the regeneration speed of the resources themselves and their substitutes, or the amount of waste discharged into the environment exceeds the self-purification ability of the environment, environmental problems will occur. The environmental problems in today's world are mainly manifested in environmental pollution (including air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, solid waste pollution, marine pollution and radioactive pollution) and ecological destruction (including soil erosion, land desertification, soil salinization, increased carbon dioxide content and ozone destruction). Urban areas are mainly characterized by environmental pollution, while rural areas are mainly characterized by ecological destruction. The environmental problems in developing countries are more serious than those in developed regions (the reasons are: the environment is under the dual pressure of development and population; Backward economic and technical level; Industrial transfer with serious pollution in developed countries).
P96 Figure 8.4 Understanding the Project
(2) Prevention and control of environmental problems: from the main causes of environmental problems (population pressure, unreasonable use of resources, one-sided pursuit of economic growth); Environmental problems are accompanied by population problems, resource problems and development problems, which are interrelated and mutually restricted. Generally speaking, the essence of environmental problems is development, which is produced in the process of development and must be solved in the process of development. Understand the pressure of population growth on the environment.
P 100 figure 8.8
2. Sustainable development
(1) The historical development of the thought of man-land relationship;
The development of man-land relationship thought has gone through four stages: worshipping nature, transforming nature, conquering nature and seeking harmony between man and land.
(2) the concept and principle of sustainable development:
Sustainable development: it not only meets the needs of contemporary people, but also does not damage the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Its connotation is summarized as: sustainable development of ecology (foundation), sustainable development of economy (condition) and sustainable development of society (purpose).
To achieve sustainable development, we need to follow three basic principles: fairness, sustainability and * * * same sex. P 102
③ China's sustainable development road:
1In March, 1994, the State Council issued the China 2 1 Century Agenda-China 2 1 Century White Paper on Population, Environment and Development, and put forward the overall strategy, countermeasures and action plan for China to implement sustainable development. This is the world's first national agenda 2 1 century.
China's environmental problems: huge population pressure (China feeds 2 1% population with about 7% of the world's cultivated land and 3.4% of GDP); Shortage of resources (water shortage); Profound environmental crisis (urban-centered environmental pollution is still developing and spreading rapidly to rural areas; The scope of ecological damage, which is characterized by soil erosion, desertification, reduction of forest and grassland resources and biodiversity, is still expanding and intensifying. )
Eco-agriculture is a sustainable agricultural production mode in China, and its main measures include: adjusting industrial structure, comprehensive utilization, broadening resources and developing and utilizing new energy.
Liu Min village is "the first village of ecological agriculture in China".