Fidel Castro1August, 1926 13 was born in a wealthy manor family in Maiari, Balian to, Cuba. Father Angel Castro is a Spanish soldier. After he settled in Cuba, he started by planting sugar cane and became a famous local planter. My mother worked in my father's manor when she was a child, and later became my father's second wife. Fidel has four brothers and sisters, and Raul, who is five years younger than him, is his revolutionary comrade-in-arms for decades. Castro was ambitious and unruly since he was a child, and he had deep sympathy for hardworking farmers when he was a teenager. The first object of Castro's revolution was his own family. He objected to his father's mistreatment of farm workers, so he quarreled with his father many times. /kloc-When he was 0/3 years old, he organized sugar workers to go on strike against his father. When Castro was a teenager, he read many biographies and works of heroes. Jose Marti, the pioneer of Cuba's national independence, and Bolí var and San Martin, the liberators of Latin America, are his most admired heroes and set an example for him.
1945, Castro 19 was admitted to the Law Department of Havana University. He chose the law department largely because he likes to argue with others. At that time, Latin American countries were surging, and he actively participated in the patriotic student movement against pro-American dictatorship and became the man of the hour in Harbin University. As a college student, Castro not only actively participated in the progressive movement against Cuban dictatorship, but also extended his revolutionary actions abroad. From 65438 to 0947, he joined the Cuban People's Party and signed up for a military expedition to Dominica aimed at overthrowing dictator trujillo. After the expedition was blocked by the Cuban navy, Castro jumped into the sea, swam through shark-infested waters and returned to Cuba.
1948, Colombian leftist leader Gates was killed, which triggered an armed uprising. Castro attended the anti-imperialist and anti-colonial student conference held in Bogota, Colombia, and participated in the riot of Bogota University against oligarchs. After the failure of this operation, he fled back to Cuba and continued his education in a transport vehicle carrying bullfighting.
1950 obtained the doctor of law degree. After becoming a lawyer, Castro acted as a defender for the poor. At the same time, he devoted more energy to political activities.
1952 Batista launched a military coup, which intensified dictatorship and blocked the road to democracy. 1On July 26th, 953, 26-year-old Castro led 134 patriotic youths to attack the Moncada Barracks in Santiago, aiming at seizing weapons and launching an armed struggle against Batista's dictatorship nationwide, which started the armed struggle in Cuba. Because of the disparity in strength between the two sides, the uprising failed and most of the young insurgents were killed. The Castro brothers and others survived and were arrested and imprisoned. In court, he made a generous speech and published the famous self-defense speech "La Historia me prolimit rá". 1955 In May, Batista won the hearts of the people because of the "presidential election" and granted amnesty to political prisoners. Castro and his comrades were released unexpectedly. Immediately after he was released from prison, he set out to organize the "July 26th Movement" revolutionary organization and went to Mexico to organize secret armed forces.
1956165438+1On the night of October 24th, a yacht named Granma slipped out of the port of Tuspan, Mexico. The young Castro and his 8 1 comrades boarded the yacht, which was heading for their goal: Cuba, the motherland. Castro recalled: "In the face of huge waves in the Caribbean, in order to avoid aerial and maritime reconnaissance, we had to sail far away from Cuba and drew an arc ..."12 was immediately attacked by government forces when it landed in Orientale Province in the early morning. Most expeditionary soldiers were killed or injured. Castro and other 12 survivors entered the mountainous area to carry out guerrilla warfare, and he himself served as the commander of the rebel army. Castro and his comrades entered the Maestra mountain area and were immediately welcomed by the local poor. Because of the combination of armed struggle and peasants' struggle for land, the ranks of insurgents grew rapidly, constantly attacking government forces to launch guerrilla warfare, repeatedly defeating the encirclement and suppression of tens of thousands of government forces, and at the same time setting off a wave of anti-Batista dictatorship across the country. Under the powerful offensive of the rebels, it only took more than two years to overthrow the seemingly invincible Batista dictatorship. Batista's dictatorship soon fell apart. 1959 on new year's day, Batista fled abroad, and the rebels entered the capital Havana with the cheers of all the people. The citizens of the whole city took to the streets to see the young hero who liberated the motherland. Castro became Prime Minister of the Provisional Revolutionary Government (later renamed Chairman of the Council of Ministers) and Commander-in-Chief of the Revolutionary Armed Forces.
After the victory of the Cuban revolution, the government led by Castro suppressed the domestic counter-revolutionaries. Major measures such as land reform, confiscation of foreign capital and large enterprises; Holding high the banner of opposing foreign interference and safeguarding national sovereignty has met with hostility and opposition from the United States. The United States carried out political subversion, economic blockade, diplomatic isolation and even organized mercenary invasion against Cuba in an attempt to stifle the nascent revolutionary regime. Castro led the Cuban people in a tit-for-tat struggle. 1961April, Castro announced to the world that "Cuba has implemented a socialist revolution." Since then, the July 26th Movement he led has merged with the People's Socialist Party and the March 13 Revolutionary Committee to form the Cuban Producers' Party. He was elected as the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.
Castro served as the first secretary of the Cuban Socialist Revolutionary Unity Party in 1962. After the party was renamed Cuban Producers' Party in 1965, Castro became the first secretary of the Central Committee. 1976 chairman of the state Council and the Council of ministers and commander-in-chief of the revolutionary armed forces. He won in the elections of 198 1, 1986, 1993, 1998 and in March 2003, and was re-elected as the chairman of the State Council.
Castro respects the pioneers of Latin American and Cuban liberation, such as Bolí var, San Martin and Marty. In the half century of leading Cuba, Castro has always followed the example of these Latin American heroes and firmly safeguarded Cuba's national interests.
Castro underwent surgery for gastrointestinal bleeding in July 2006. In the same month, he announced that he would temporarily transfer the highest state power to Raul Castro, the first vice president of the Cuban State Council, for health reasons.
On February 19, 2008, Cuban official media said that Cuban leader Fidel Castro resigned as Chairman of the State Council and Commander-in-Chief of the Revolutionary Armed Forces on the same day.
Castro once said humorously: "I think we can show off this kind of unattractive' record': no politician in any era or country has been the target of assassination plans many times like me." It is estimated that Castro was assassinated more than 600 times, and the key "killer" was the United States (1975). American senators carefully investigated the intelligence that the CIA assassinated foreign leaders in the 1960s, and published a report on this basis. There is ample evidence that during the period from 1960 to 1965, that is, in the early years after the victory of the Cuban revolution, the CIA participated in at least eight assassinations against Castro.
2. The Bay of Pigs incident
In the spring of 40 years ago, under the direct planning and command of the CIA, 1400 Cuban exiles landed in the Bay of Pigs and raided Cuba in order to overthrow the Castro government. However, this invasion ended with 100 people killed and 1000 people captured. This is the Bay of Pigs incident that shocked the world.
Many historical facts about this incident have not been fully disclosed by the United States and Cuba, which makes the Bay of Pigs incident even more mysterious. Today, 40 years later, the opponents who once confronted each other directly actually sat together and exchanged relevant files about the Bay of Pigs incident. Cuba even decrypted all these documents for the first time. The truth of the Bay of Pigs incident finally came out.
I feel a lot about revisiting my old place.
Cuba agreed to hold this meeting because it wanted to take this opportunity to let the world really know the historical truth. People say that history is written by winners, but the Bay of Pigs incident is not the case. Although the Cuban government crushed the invasion, the United States would rather believe that the failure was due to poor planning than the leadership of the Cuban government and the courage and combat effectiveness of the Cuban army.
Fernandez, a 77-year-old man with white hair, participated in commanding the Cuban army to fight back against the invaders. He said that some people in the United States blamed the failure of the Bay of Pigs incident on poor planning. In fact, they underestimated the courage and firepower of the Cuban army. He denied that the former Soviet Union had disclosed information about the invasion to Cuba, and reiterated that Cuban agents had not infiltrated the exile training camp at that time. However, he admitted that the Cuban government did detain many opponents a few hours before the exiles landed in the Bay of Pigs.
Mirto Colazzo, a veteran of the 2506th Brigade, said in Miami that the lack of ammunition was also a reason for the failure. Although he opposes Castro, he appreciates Fernandez's tactics. He said: "Fernandez is the best gunman in Cuba. From a military point of view, I respect him very much. ?
On March 24, participants came to the invasion site of that year and recalled the scene of that year. It has been covered with dense redwood trees, and the scenery is beautiful, which is more like a holiday resort. The tourists slowly sipped Tekeli wine on the beach, but they didn't see the shadow of the battlefield in the past.
Make excuses for interfering in Cuban affairs
The documents declassified by the United States also contain surprising contents. One of the documents shows that the CIA consciously promoted Cuba's alliance with the former Soviet Union in order to create an excuse for interfering with Castro's government. Cuban documents also show that the CIA did not want to land in the Bay of Pigs from the beginning, but failed, so the CIA had reason to urge President Kennedy to send troops.
A newly discovered British government document also proves that the British ambassador to the United States met with allen dulles, then director of the CIA, from 65438 to 0959. During the dinner, Dulles asked Britain not to sell fighter planes to Cuba, so that Cuba could only move closer to the former Soviet Union. The British ambassador wrote: "The former Soviet Union sent weapons to Guatemala, which gave the CIA an excuse to overthrow the Guatemalan government. If Britain does not provide weapons to Castro according to the requirements of the CIA, it will directly lead to the former Soviet Union providing weapons to Cuba. Next, the CIA has something to do. ?
The CIA documents declassified by the United States 1998 show that the CIA made a wrong estimate of the invasion of Cuba at that time, thinking that if the exiles were sent to land, it would trigger an uprising in Cuba. Other countries' documents also contain surprising contents. A report of the Czech Political Bureau dated1September 28, 959 shows that the Castro government, which has just been established for nine months, has reached an agreement with the Czech Republic to purchase advanced weapons. The Czech Republic sent 50,000 9mm machine guns and millions of bullets to Cuba through a Swiss middleman. According to the middleman, the cost of buying these weapons will be provided by the American religious organization CARE, which is the main buyer of Cuban sugar. Prior to this, CARE gave the impression that it was an organization that had never participated in the arms trade.
Old Enemies Face to Face At 9: 00 am local time on March 22nd, the "mount" of Cuban President Feider Castro stopped at the gate of a five-star hotel in Havana. Castro's every move has attracted the attention of the world media. Still wearing the familiar green military uniform, he strode into the hotel and went straight to the conference room. He bypassed the big round table and sat down as the host. Opposite him are enemies who have plotted to kill him many times in the past.
This scene is too much like the plot in a Hollywood thriller, but it is true. After the establishment of the new Cuban government led by Castro, the US government worried that Cuba, which is only 100 km away from the US coast, would become a beachhead for the former Soviet Union to threaten the US. So the CIA has been secretly training Cuban exiles to land in Cuba and overthrow Castro. 196 1 07 At dawn on April 7, with the support of the Kennedy administration, the CIA implemented a plan to overthrow Castro, code-named "Operation Mongoose". 1400 Cuban exiles basically started from the CIA's secret training in Miami, USA, and crossed the ocean to the swamp at the southern tip of Cuba, where they landed and tried to create civil strife and overthrow it.
However, this incident ended in the fiasco of the exiles. The landing craft capsized because of frequent rocks, and the air support promised by the Americans disappeared; On the contrary, the air force of the Cuban government forces sank or drove away the supply ship of the exiles. It only took 72 hours, and the exiles ran out of ammunition and had to surrender. In this incident, 1 14 exiles were killed by the Cuban army, and 1 189 people were captured. These people lived in Cuban prisons for 18 months, and then the United States agreed to exchange them for food and medicine worth $5.3 million.
The protagonist of this matter probably didn't expect that they would have a chance to sit together after 40 years. A three-day conference organized by American historians and scholars to discuss the Bay of Pigs incident was attended by four exiles involved in the invasion of the Bay of Pigs-veterans of the "2506 Brigade" and two former CIA officials (including Sam Halbin? Operation mongoose? President Kennedy's most trusted aides, Arthur Shulesinger and Richard Goodwin. This is also the first time that anti-Castro exiles involved in the Bay of Pigs have returned to Cuba to meet the man they want to kill day and night-Castro. This is also the first time that such a meeting has been held in Cuba since 196 1.
On the first day of the meeting, Castro turned up a document 1959 decrypted by the US Secretary of State, which was an evaluation of 1959 Castro's trip to the United States. Castro smiled and read: "It would be a serious mistake to underestimate this man. Although his appearance looks naive and ignorant, he obviously has a strong will and is a naturally inspiring and confident leader. "
Return the true colors of history
Participants all hope to find the answer to the following question from the documents made public by both sides: Why did President Kennedy break his word and withdraw air support, thus leaving the invaders in a helpless position? Has he considered sending the Marine Corps to rescue the "2506 Brigade" which is still in a bloody battle with the Cuban government? Does the Cuban government know that the CIA plot to assassinate Castro is related to the Bay of Pigs incident? Did the former Soviet Union provide Cuba with relevant information?
Castro believes that the real purpose of the Bay of Pigs invasion is not to set off a wave against him in Cuba, but to pave the way for the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs. Some participants agreed with him. One of the documents shows that the day after the Bay of Pigs incident, former Soviet leader Khrushchev wrote to US President Kennedy, saying that this "small-scale war" in Cuba would trigger a chain reaction all over the world. He urgently called on Kennedy to stop his aggression against Cuba and claimed that the former Soviet Union was ready to provide Cuba with all the help it needed to counter its aggression.
A number of documents show that Castro, who is only 34 years old, can take charge of the temporary headquarters of a sugar factory near the Bay of Pigs. On the first morning, he asked on the phone, "How is everyone's morale? All right! Great! " Then he ordered: "Return to the Bay of Pigs immediately and sink all the ships!" "Give me a brave resistance, comrades! Very good! " He said to his close comrade-in-arms Che grava: "Now we are really fighting, and the victory belongs to us!" Five minutes later, he ordered another military leader: "You must sink all the ships and open fire on them! We will use mortars to make them disappear from the earth! " Soon, he spoke on the phone with his younger brother Raul Castro, who stuck to the east coast, and praised the Cuban fighter plane: "The plane is so beautiful, so wonderful! They are laying eggs! " It took Castro only 72 hours to end the battle: "Catch up, don't stop fighting!" "
At that time, the young and promising Castro almost directed the counterattack with laughter. He joked from time to time when he issued one order after another, and he was not nervous at all. One of the summary reports also showed that the then ground commander Jose Fernandez (now Cuba's vice president) admitted that he had made a mistake in the Bay of Pigs incident, and he actually thought that Cuban troops should retreat.
These thousands of pages of top secret files are all about Castro's speeches and telephone transcripts when he commanded Cuban troops to counterattack landing, but these files have been decrypted by Castro a few days ago.
3. Cuban Production Party
Communist party, Cuba is the ruling party in Cuba, and its ideology is Marxism–Leninism. According to the Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, the Cuban Production Party is the vanguard organization of Marty Thought and Marxism–Leninism, and the leading force of Cuban society and country. The Cuban Production Party is the only legitimate political party in Cuba.
Fidel Castro, the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Supreme Leader, is the former Chairman of the State Council and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
1902 shortly after Cuba's independence, some industrialists and anarchist groups gwwana emerged. Blastroca, Anibal Escalante, Fabio Grobart, Julio Antonio Mella and others founded the first international Cuban * * * production party in the 1920s. As a member of the Third International, the party accepted the leadership of Moscow, and later changed its name to "People's Socialist Party" because of the election. The People's Socialist Party was initially skeptical of Castro.
Later, while the cooperation between the Soviet Union and Cuba's * * * production party continued to grow, the domestic political status of Cuba's * * * production party also became increasingly stable. 196 1 In July, 2006, the "July 26th Movement" led by Castro, the People's Socialist Party and the "March of Revolution 13" were formally merged into the Cuban Integrated Revolutionary Organization (ORI). 1965101October 3rd, and finally changed its name to Cuban * * * production party. Cuban law does not explicitly prohibit other political parties, but the formation, political activities and elections of other political parties may actually be regarded as counter-revolutionary crimes. 0 1
In the past ten years, the scale was small and it was not active outside the political bureau. 1969, party member had only 55,000 people, accounting for 0.7% of the total population, and was the smallest ruling party in the world. Institutional expansion began in the 1970s. At the first party congress in 1975, there were 200,000 party member. 65438+430,000 in 0980 and 65438+520,000 in 0985.
In the 1960s and early 1970s, communist party of Cuba led the people in the struggle to defend national sovereignty and social and economic reform. The first national congress was held in February 1975. The Party's basic program and party constitution were adopted, new leading bodies were elected, the new party constitution draft and the first five-year plan (1976 ~ 1980) were put forward, and the economic planning management system was decided. Laotian
1February 1980, the second national congress was held to revise party constitution, formulate domestic and foreign policies, and adopt the second five-year plan (198 1 ~ 1985). 1986 held the third congress in February, and 19 held the third resumption meeting in February to formally adopt the party program. According to the party program, the party's strategic goal is to build * * * productism, and its theoretical basis is Marxism–Leninism. Cuba is now in the stage of socialist construction, with the goal of consolidating and expanding the socialist relations of production and making it the only one; Develop production to meet the people's growing material and spiritual needs; Improve the role of the Cuban Production Party as the supreme leader of the whole social life; Perfecting democratic organizations in socialist countries.
The Cuban Production Party believes that the bipolar world dominated by the United States and the Soviet Union has evolved into a unipolar world dominated by the United States, but the class struggle in the world has not disappeared; The main enemy of the people of all countries is American imperialism; Willing to develop relations with all countries in accordance with the Five Principles of Peace; Advocate relaxation, complete and complete disarmament and complete prohibition of nuclear weapons; Establish a new international economic order; Achieve economic and political integration in Latin America and the Caribbean. F. Castro and R. Castro have been the first secretary and the second secretary respectively since the beginning of 1975.
Due to the disintegration of the Soviet Union, in August 1990, the Cuban government announced that it had entered a "special stage in peacetime". 199 1 the fourth congress of the party decided to continue to adhere to the socialist road and produce the party's leadership and planned economy. But then economic changes began. 1997 the fifth congress decided to give priority to developing economic work on the basis of adhering to the one-party system, socialist public ownership and planned economy.
1975 held the first ppc party congress, and 1980, 1986, 199 1, 1997 held another one. 199 1 previously led by the political bureau and the secretary, 199 1 merged into the enlarged political bureau (more than 20 people). During the two sessions, the Central Committee presided over the affairs. The fourth congress decided to allow advanced revolutionaries who believe in religion to join the party. The Fifth Congress reduced the number of Central Committee members from 225 to 150. Castro has always been the general secretary, and his brother Raul Castro is the second secretary.
At the fifth party congress of 1997, there were more than 780,000 people in party member, including 32. 1% workers, 3.8% technical professionals, 8.2% teachers and 7.5% service personnel.
Subordinate party schools at all levels. In addition, there are the League of Young Communists and the League of Young Pioneers, which provide political education to young people and teenagers respectively.
The organ newspaper of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Cuba is Granma (daily); Party magazine Socialist Cuba.
Compared with other ruling parties, such as Viet Nam Productive Party and Lao People's Revolutionary Party, Cuba Productive Party adheres to Marxism-Leninism tradition and Soviet model, socialism and tries to avoid market economy reform. However, after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, some capitalist measures were taken under economic pressure.
In favor of the proletarian revolution in other countries. During the Cold War, Namibia joined forces with the Soviet Union to send troops to Angola to fight against the South African army, which eventually led to Namibia's independence from South Africa.
After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, due to the lack of foreign aid, Cuba reduced its participation in international affairs. But insisted on sending doctors and agricultural technicians abroad to support developing countries. Recently, I began to seek the support of pro-socialist leaders in Latin America, such as Lula da Silva of Brazil, Hugo Chá vez of Venezuela and Evo Morales of Bolivia.