1 Energy supply situation in China
1. 1 traditional energy
Judging from the present situation of the occurrence and utilization of energy resources in China, the main energy structures are coal and oil, accounting for about 90% of the total energy consumption. Hydropower, natural gas, coalbed methane, nuclear energy, solar energy and wind energy account for a small proportion. The traditional energy mentioned in this paper refers to the energy resources that have reached a certain scale after long-term development and utilization, including fossil energy, hydropower and nuclear energy.
1. 1. 1 coal
In 2000, coal production accounted for 66.6% of China's total energy output. It is estimated that the output in 2005 will be about 2 billion tons. According to the prediction of relevant departments, the total shallow resources of 1000m will be 2.86 trillion tons. By the end of 2003, the accumulated proven resources reserves will be106.6 billion tons. China is rich in coal reserves, which can be mined for hundreds of years according to the current mining scale. The data show that for every 1t coal mined in state-owned coal mines, 2.5t coal reserves are used on average, and 2.48t water resources are lost. Take Shanxi, a big coal province, as an example. Shanxi digs 500 million tons of coal every year, destroying 654.38+0.2 billion m3 of water resources, which is equivalent to the total water diversion of the Yellow River Diversion Project in Shanxi Province. The average area affected by soil erosion is about 245km2 for every/kloc-0.000000 tons of coal produced. Since 2002, the annual losses caused by coal mining in Shanxi Province, such as waste of resources, environmental pollution, ecological damage and ground subsidence, have reached more than 30 billion yuan, that is, the cost of producing 1t coal is more than 70 yuan. 1980 —— In 2004, coal mine safety accidents in Shanxi Province "swallowed up" 17286 people. In the past 20 years, 6.5438+0743 million tons of smoke and dust have been discharged, and the underground mined-out area has reached more than 20,000 km2, accounting for 654.38+0/7 of the area of Shanxi Province, and the land area where geological disasters occurred has reached 6000km2. If the environmental pollution caused by coal combustion is added, the utilization cost of coal is higher. This situation itself has done great harm to the sustained and healthy development of China's economy. The environment is also a scarce resource, which is irreversible in a certain sense and difficult to recover after being destroyed.
Therefore, in the future, China should limit the over-exploitation of coal, realize the gradual and steady growth of coal output, reduce the proportion of coal in the energy consumption structure, actively promote clean coal technology, and reduce the pollution and damage of coal to the environment.
1. 1.2 Oil
In 2000, the oil output was 265,438+0.8% of the national energy output (converted into standard coal). According to the assessment of relevant departments, the total recoverable oil resources in China are about 20 billion tons, and China accounts for 2. 1% of the remaining recoverable oil reserves in the world. From 65438 to 0993, China began to become a net importer of oil, and its oil imports increased year by year. In 2005, China imported more than 6,543.8 billion tons of crude oil. The main problems faced by China in oil development and utilization are as follows: First, the proven degree is low, only 33%; Second, the pressure of increasing and stabilizing production in a considerable number of large oil fields has increased. In 2005, China's crude oil output increased by 2.9% year-on-year, while its consumption increased by 16.8% year-on-year. The output growth lagged far behind the consumption growth. Third, the dependence on foreign countries is increasing year by year, and imports are mainly goods trade, which is greatly influenced by fluctuations in the international crude oil market and the international political situation.
In the first four years of the Tenth Five-Year Plan, China stepped up its oil and gas exploration, with a total investment of 654.38 billion yuan, 8 oil fields with proven geological reserves of more than 654.38 billion t and 3 gas fields with geological reserves of more than 654.38 billion m3. Academicians and experts predict that with the progress of exploration technology and the breakthrough of oil generation theory, China will usher in a "second venture" in oil exploration with bright prospects.
Therefore, increasing exploration and production capacity should be the first choice for China petroleum industry.
1. 1.3 natural gas
According to the new round of national oil and gas resources evaluation results (excluding the southern South China Sea), the recoverable natural gas resources in China are 22 trillion cubic meters. The accumulated proven geological reserves of natural gas are 4.4 trillion m3, and the geological resources to be proved are 30.6 trillion m3, with the proven degree of 12.5%. In recent years, the recoverable reserves of natural gas in China have increased by 10% annually. According to the prediction of relevant experts, in the next 20 years, the proven natural gas reserves in China will exceed 500 billion cubic meters.
The level of natural gas development and utilization in China is low. According to statistics, in 2000, natural gas accounted for 3.7% of the total output of coal, oil and natural gas, while the world average was that the three were basically equally divided, with natural gas accounting for 28%. However, China's natural gas production increased rapidly, reaching 40.8 billion cubic meters in 2004, up 65,438+06.4% year-on-year.
Natural gas replaces coal, which also has a great environmental protection effect. According to the West-to-East Gas Transmission Project, 654.38+0.2 billion m3 of natural gas every year means that 9 million tons of standard coal can be replaced, and dust emission can be reduced by 270,000 tons.
Therefore, in the next five years, China should improve the level of development and utilization of natural gas and increase the proportion of natural gas in energy consumption.
1. 1.4 coalbed methane
Coalbed methane is a gas with methane as the main component, also known as gas. Because coal mine gas is the main factor causing safety accidents, people have a deep understanding of its harmfulness, but they have not paid enough attention to its development and utilization. In fact, gas is a kind of clean energy, and its combustion value is equivalent to that of natural gas. The effective use of coal mine gas can not only alleviate the energy shortage, but also help to protect the environment and reduce coal mine safety accidents. According to the forecast of relevant departments, the total geological resources of coalbed methane at the depth of 2000 meters in China is 34 trillion cubic meters, which is equivalent to the natural gas resources and ranks third in the world. Among them, the recoverable resources are about 14 trillion ~ 18 trillion m3. In 2004, the total annual gas drainage (converted into pure methane) in China's coal mines reached 654.38+0.26 billion m3, but the utilization rate was less than 30%.
China's coalbed methane is mainly distributed in Northeast China, Shanxi, Chongqing and Guizhou. On June 1 65438+1October1day, 2005, Panhe Phase I Project implemented by Zhonglian CBM Company in Qinnan, Shanxi Province was completed and put into commercial operation. It is planned to complete 100 wells in 2005, of which 15 wells have produced gas, with an average daily gas production of 1500m3. Based on the proven reserves of 75.4 billion cubic meters, the project arranges 909 wells and builds a large-scale coalbed methane field base in three phases. During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, the coalbed methane production capacity in Shanxi Province alone will reach 5 billion m3, of which the production capacity of Zhonglian CBM Company is expected to be nearly 2 billion m3.
The utilization of coalbed methane is a weak link in China's energy consumption structure, and the state should introduce preferential policies to encourage the popularization and application of coalbed methane.
1. 1.5 hydropower
Since the reform and opening up, China's hydropower generation has made brilliant achievements, from 1978 to 3. 1% of the national total energy production to 8.7% in 2006, and the annual power generation has increased by more than four times. However, compared with the total amount of water energy in China, this ratio is still very low. The results of the four-year evaluation by the Office of the National Water Conservancy Evaluation Leading Group show that the economically exploitable installed capacity of water resources in China is 4010.80 billion kilowatts, and the annual power generation is/kloc-0 1.7534 billion kilowatts, which is equivalent to the power generation of 265,438.0+0.2 billion tons of standard coal. By the end of 2004, the installed capacity was about1/kloc-0.08 billion kW, accounting for 25% of the economically exploitable installed capacity; The annual power generation is 33 1 100 million kW, accounting for 19% of the economically exploitable annual power generation.
In terms of water energy utilization, China is in the forefront of the world in terms of technology and scale, and there is still great potential. According to the medium and long-term development plan of renewable energy, by 2020, the total installed capacity of hydropower will reach 290 million kilowatts, and the degree of development will reach about 70%.
1. 1.6 nuclear power
With the relaxation of the world situation and the improvement of science and technology, nuclear energy has become an efficient, safe and clean energy source, and all countries in the world are developing vigorously. China has built 1 1 nuclear power units with a total installed capacity of100000 kilowatts, accounting for 2% of the total installed capacity, while the international average is 16%. In 2004, France's nuclear power accounted for 78% of its total domestic power generation, and Japan's installed capacity was 45.74 million kilowatts, accounting for 30% of its total domestic power generation.
China is rich in uranium resources. Today, when the international situation continues to ease and human reason has been tempered by two world wars, China can fully develop nuclear power.
1.2 renewable energy
Renewable energy is the hope of human energy. Renewable energy refers to non-fossil energy such as wind energy, solar energy, hydropower, biomass energy, geothermal energy and ocean energy. This kind of energy is renewable, inexhaustible and has great potential, which is beneficial to environmental protection. Based on these characteristics, the governments of major energy consuming countries put the development and utilization of this kind of energy in an increasingly important position, and invested heavily in research and development, and achieved remarkable results. With the technological progress and scale expansion, the cost of developing and utilizing renewable energy will be gradually reduced, and the substitution of traditional energy sources such as coal and oil will be greater and greater. In June 2004, the International Renewable Energy Conference formulated an international action plan, including 65,438+097 specific action plans. If the plan can be implemented concretely, by 20 15 years, the global population using renewable energy will reach 1 100 million. Take two countries as examples to illustrate.
Japan: Japan is a country with very poor mineral resources, and its domestic coal and oil reserves are very small. Its energy consumption ranks fourth in the world, accounting for 5.2% of the world's total consumption, oil imports account for 1 1.6% and natural gas accounts for 12.7%, ranking third in the world [1]. However, Japan insists on energy diversification and energy conservation, and vigorously implements the oil substitution strategy. Its dependence on foreign oil dropped from 77% in 1970s to 48% in 2006. 1975 56% of Japan's electricity comes from oil, and in 2002 it was 19%. The future goal is to reduce it to 16% in 20 12 years. According to the statistics of 200 1, the total installed capacity of solar power generation in Japan has reached 450,000 kilowatts, rising to 887,000 kilowatts in 2003. In the past 10 years, the unit cost of solar power generation has decreased by 90%. New energy is regarded as "domestic energy" by Japan, mainly including: nuclear energy, solar energy, hydropower, garbage power generation, marine thermal energy, bio-power, green energy vehicles, fuel cells and so on. 1980, Japan promulgated the Oil Alternative Energy Law, established the New Energy Comprehensive Development Agency (NEDO), and began to promote the comprehensive technology development of oil alternative energy on a large scale. Japan's white paper on energy in 2005 shows that in 2004, Japan invested 654.38+0.7 billion yen for the development and research of solar power generation, 654.38+0.34 million yen for the development and research of wind power generation, and 765.438+0.9 million yen for the research of bioenergy. The goal set by the Japanese government is that by 2065,438+00, the supply of renewable energy and the energy saving of conventional energy should account for 65,438+00% of the total energy supply, and reach 34% respectively in 2030. At present, Japan ranks third in the world in wind power generation, and will reach 2 million kilowatts by 20 10. The new basic energy policy promulgated in June 2004 emphasizes that in order to ensure the safety of energy supply to a greater extent, we will further seek energy diversification. The core is to rely on nuclear power, encourage the use of natural gas and reduce the proportion of oil. By 20 10, the proportion of oil consumption will be reduced to 46%, and natural gas will be increased to 15%. In Japan, new energy has gradually entered people's lives. New street lamps with power generation devices are gradually popularized, which absorb solar energy during the day and automatically illuminate at night. The Japanese government also subsidizes 50% of the installation fee for families who buy solar power generation devices. If the electricity generated by household solar energy is not used during the day, it can also be sold to power companies or the government [1-2].
Germany: Germany is a country with relatively scarce energy, with energy consumption accounting for 3.2% of the world, ranking sixth, oil imports accounting for 5.5% of the world's imports, and natural gas accounting for 13.0%, ranking second in the world. But since 10, the average growth rate of energy consumption is almost zero [2]. In August 2004, the new Renewable Energy Law came into effect, which guaranteed the partial compensation of renewable energy power within 20 years. It is clearly stated that renewable energy will account for 20% of the total power generation by 2020, and the long-term energy goal is to supply at least 50% of the total primary energy consumption by 2050. Germany introduced preferential loans and subsidies to help renewable energy enter the market, and made future investment plans to promote the development of renewable energy. The government invests more than 60 million euros every year to develop renewable energy. In 2004, the power generation of renewable energy exceeded 10% of the national power supply, the annual sales reached10 billion euros, and the annual carbon dioxide emission was reduced by about 60 million tons. In 2004, solar installations increased by 50% to 300 MW. Wind power generation in Germany accounts for 54% of renewable energy generation, which meets 4% of the country's electricity demand and is 1/3 of the world's wind power generation. Germany is also planning to increase the development of offshore wind power generation, reaching 3000MW by 20 10.
It is also known that by 20 10, the proportion of renewable energy power generation in the EU will reach 22%; Nordic countries propose to use renewable energy to generate electricity and gradually replace nuclear power. France will reach 22% by 20 10; Britain will reach 10% by 20 10 and 20% by 2020; At present, the proportion of wind power generation in Denmark has reached 18% and is still developing. By 20 10, the proportion of renewable energy generation in Australia will reach12.5%; Wind power generation in the United States will increase from the current 1% to 5% in 2020.
Judging from the technical level and economic benefits of enterprises at present, the situation in China shows that the utilization of renewable energy has a large initial investment and high cost. However, from a national perspective, considering environmental factors, the utilization cost of mineral energy such as coal should at least double. From the historical development, renewable energy will eventually replace mineral energy and become the main force of energy utilization. Therefore, the government of China must attach great importance to the research and application of renewable energy, and strive to keep pace with developed countries in this field.
China is rich in renewable energy resources. It is estimated that in the next 20-30 years, renewable energy with development and utilization conditions is expected to reach 800 million tons of standard coal per year. With regard to wind power, the reliable data provided by the National Meteorological Administration is that the wind energy resources available at a height of 10m in China are 253 million kW. The available wind resources at a height of 50 meters on land exceed 500 million kilowatts. At present, the height of large-scale wind turbines can reach 100m, and the available wind energy at this height is greater. The world-recognized offshore wind resources are 3-5 times that of land, and even if calculated by 1 times, China's offshore wind resources are above 500 million kilowatts. Therefore, China's wind resources far exceed the available hydropower resources. Research shows that the geothermal energy of the earth is equivalent to 65.438+0.7 billion times that of coal, which can be consumed by human beings for tens of billions of years. China is rich in geothermal resources. More than 3,200 geothermal outcrops have been discovered, and the annual natural heat release resources are equivalent to 3.56 billion tons of standard coal. In addition, China is rich in biomass energy (ethanol, biogas) and ocean energy.
Despite years of development and utilization, China's utilization level of renewable energy is still very low, and its development speed and level are far lower than that of most developed countries, and it also lags behind developing countries such as India and Brazil. Comrade Hu Jintao vividly expounded at the international renewable energy conference that renewable energy "has so many skills, why not use it?" The reasons are as follows: First, "people know only a limited amount, but they don't know the golden jade. If they ignore it, it will certainly not contribute. " The second is "people's stubbornness, knowing that they can use it but not using it, even others are not allowed to use it." For example, Baoding Tianwei Yingli New Energy Co., Ltd. was originally a solar energy industrialization demonstration project of the former State Planning Commission, and was put into operation on 1999. It was originally planned to produce 6MW a year, but the supply was in short supply. In 2005, it used foreign capital to invest 400 million yuan in compensation trade, expanding to an annual output of 70MW. The total scale has ranked third in the world, and it is still in short supply. However, more than 90% of the products are exported to Europe and the United States. This is not to say that China doesn't need solar energy, but that.
The Renewable Energy Law, which will be officially implemented in China on June 5438+1 October12006, clarifies the responsibilities and obligations of the government, enterprises and users in the development and utilization of renewable energy, and puts forward a series of policies and measures, including the total target system, the grid-connected power generation system, the price management system, the cost sharing system, the special fund system and the tax preferential system. I believe that in the next few years, the utilization of renewable energy in China will achieve rapid development.
1.3 natural gas hydrate
Natural gas hydrate, also known as methane hydrate and combustible ice, is a new clean energy found on the seabed and permafrost in recent 20 years. It is an icy combustible solid formed by the interaction of methane molecules and water molecules under certain temperature and pressure conditions. It is estimated that the total amount of organic carbon contained in natural gas hydrate in the world is equivalent to twice that of coal, oil and natural gas known in the world. 1995-2000, Japan conducted basic research on methane hydrate resources. According to the results of ultrasonic exploration, it is estimated that there are about 7 trillion cubic meters of methane hydrate buried in the seabed around it, which is equivalent to the natural gas consumption of Japan 100. The Japanese government formulated the "methane hydrate development plan" from 200 1 to 20 16, and began experimental exploitation in the offshore of Japan in 2004.
The problems faced by methane mining are: first, the benefit problem and the economic value of mining; Second, it is a technical problem. Methane is also a substance that causes global warming. If it diffuses in the air, it will cause serious environmental pollution.
Jin Qinghuan, one of the founders of marine geophysical exploration in China and an academician of China Academy of Engineering, said: "Natural gas hydrate is one of the most ideal alternative energy sources for human beings in the future, and it will change the geopolitics of the world". From 65438 to 0999, China began to conduct substantial investigation and research on natural gas hydrate. In the past five years, evidence of its existence has been found in the northern slope of the South China Sea, the Nansha Trough and the East China Sea slope. It is predicted that the prospect is very broad.
2 The basic situation of China
In reality, there are some problems in the development and utilization of energy in China, but these problems are developing, and the problems also mean potential, which means that we still have a lot of room. The domestic foothold is mainly based on the following factors.
2. 1 China has great energy potential.
According to the statistics of relevant state departments, the proven degree of important energy minerals in China is relatively low, with oil 33%, coal 37%( 1000m shallow), natural gas 12.5%, and oil shale and oil sands only 6%. The potential of energy resources in China is still great, and the contradiction between the further economic development and energy supply in China can be alleviated for a long time by increasing exploration efforts.
2.2 China has great potential in improving energy efficiency.
In 2000, China's energy consumption per 10,000 yuan GDP was 1.45t standard coal, which was 3 ~1times that of developed countries.
First, from the perspective of economic structure, the proportion of energy-intensive industries in China's economic structure is too large. For example, electricity, steel, building materials, chemicals and other industries consume about 80% of the total coal consumption every year. In energy-consuming industries such as steel and electrolytic aluminum, China's output ranks among the top in the world. The energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP decreased from 4.28 tons of standard coal in 1980 to 1.45 tons of standard coal in 2000, a decrease of 64%. According to estimates, more than 70% of the energy saved or used less every year comes from the energy-saving effect brought by the adjustment of industrial structure and product structure, and further economic restructuring will inevitably lead to the reduction of energy consumption per unit GDP.
Second, it is a serious waste. According to statistics, the average energy consumption per unit product of China's eight high-energy industries is 47% higher than the world advanced level, and the energy consumption of these industries accounts for 73% of the total industrial energy consumption. According to this calculation, compared with the international advanced level, China's industry uses about 230 million tons of standard coal every year. For another example, China's energy consumption per unit area of housing is twice as high as that of countries with the same latitude, and the average fuel consumption per 100 kilometers of various vehicles is more than 20% higher than that of developed countries.
2.3 From the international economic and political point of view, China must maintain a low dependence on the international energy market.
As a country with the largest population and rapid economic development in the world, the growth of per capita energy consumption 1% means a huge absolute quantity. As a resource-consuming country, every big move of China in the international market will attract great attention from all countries, which will have a great impact on the international market price. Due to the electrolytic aluminum project of China Dashang, the price of alumina port has increased from 1.800 yuan /t in 2002 to 5,800 yuan /t at present, which has more than tripled. In the same period, the investment in steel projects in China grew too fast, and the international iron ore price soared. After careful analysis, the sharp fluctuation of international resource prices is largely due to international capital speculation and international politics, in addition to the actual changes in the relationship between supply and demand mentioned above.
First, take alumina as an example. More than 70% of the world's alumina is controlled by seven Alcoa companies, and the price of alumina is actually monopolized. China is the world's largest producer of electrolytic aluminum and consumer of alumina. According to figures released by Chinalco, from June 5438 to September 2005, the global alumina output was 45.26 million tons, and the demand was 4610.6 million tons, with a gap of only 900,000 tons, accounting for less than 2% of the demand. It is not difficult to see that this is to seek high profits with a small gap.
Oil. At this time, the international crude oil futures price is soaring. Developing countries, such as China and India, whose oil consumption is growing rapidly and whose crude oil imports are mainly goods trade, suffer the most, while oil-producing countries and capital countries such as the United States benefit the most. From 1993 to 2003, the global primary energy consumption grew at an average annual rate of 1.73%, and the Asia-Pacific region grew at an average rate of 3.75%, among which China and India increased by 4.5%. In 2004, the Asia-Pacific region's one-time energy consumption surpassed that of Europe and America, and its dependence on foreign countries reached 67.9%. From a global perspective, there are two aspects in the international oil market: sufficient crude oil supply and high crude oil futures prices. In 2003, the world crude oil output was 3.697 billion tons, and the consumption was 3.637 billion tons. Production and marketing were basically balanced. There was no huge gap between production and marketing in 2004-2005, but the price fluctuated extremely sharply, which was mainly caused by non-supply and demand factors.
From the perspective of international politics, oil has always been an important diplomatic means. In recent years, after the rising oil price in the international market, the foreign exchange policy of oil-producing countries has gradually become tough. Since 1998, Iran's oil foreign exchange income has quadrupled every year. Relying on this advantage, Iran has become increasingly tough on the United States on the nuclear issue, and its negotiations with Europe have also reached a deadlock. The new president Ahmadinejad simply ignored the demands of the United States and Europe to abandon uranium enrichment. Instead, he wanted to retaliate against India, which followed the United States and Europe in the recent vote of the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency, and even threatened to "wipe Israel off the map of the world". In recent years, Russia's oil production has increased by double-digit percentage year after year, which has become the biggest beneficiary of soaring oil prices. It is ready to surpass Saudi Arabia and become the world's largest oil producer. Russia has been quite tough on the Iraq war, or demanding that the United States withdraw its troops from Central Asia, or rejecting the United States' demand to put pressure on Iran, or recently on the construction of the Siberian oil pipeline. Venezuela provides 6.5438+0.5 million barrels of crude oil to the United States every day, which is the second largest source of crude oil imports in the United States, greatly supports Chavez's tough foreign policy toward the United States, and is also the only country that opposes putting pressure on Iran in the vote of the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy Agency. For Cuba, 53,000 tons of crude oil are supplied at preferential prices every day; For Libya, the United States was warned that the blockade would be punished by cutting off oil supply [3].
Relying on its strong military strength and capital advantage, the United States, by launching wars, weapons and capital exports, on the one hand, pursued its global strategy and dominated the world trend, on the other hand, on the basis of ensuring the stable and low-cost supply of domestic gasoline, it made huge profits by using the international crude oil capital market.
China has become a net oil importer since 1993. Oil imports are increasing year by year, and the dependence on foreign countries is increasing year by year. More than 80% of imported crude oil must be transported through the Straits of Malacca. Recently, the United States has increased its military presence in Guam and conducted military cooperation with the Philippines and Indonesia. This trend is not good for China. Therefore, the primary consideration of China's energy policy is to maintain a low degree of dependence on foreign countries and diversify its import channels.
3 China energy supply and demand forecast
In 2004, the national energy consumption ratio per 10,000 yuan GDP 1.990 decreased by 45%, and 700 million tons of standard coal were saved and used less. According to the calculation that the gross domestic product in 20 10 will double that in 2000 and the energy consumption per unit GDP will be 20% lower than that in 2005, the energy consumption in China will reach 2.32 billion tons of standard coal in 20 10. Compared vertically, this goal can be achieved as long as the state takes effective measures.
By increasing investment in hydropower, nuclear power, natural gas, coalbed methane, geothermal energy, solar energy, wind energy and biomass energy, these types of energy can provide about 300 million tons of standard coal energy, and coal and oil provide about 2 billion tons of standard coal energy. Therefore, China's environmental pressure and oil import pressure will be greatly reduced, and the development and utilization of energy resources in China can be based on domestic conditions, maintain a low degree of external dependence, and then take its own development path.
4 Suggestions and conclusions
The key to achieve the above goals is to adjust the economic structure and improve energy efficiency, and reduce energy consumption per unit of GDP by 20%. Another meaning of economy is economy and efficiency. From the perspective of economic theory, under the condition of market economy, saving resources should be the conscious behavior of enterprises. The price mechanism can urge enterprises as rational economic men to save resources to the maximum extent, because saving resources itself is the basic way to reduce costs and improve profits. Therefore, the main reason for the extensive use of resources is the problem of system design. Such as technological transformation, when enterprises can't get technological transformation funds at a lower cost or the funds saved through technological transformation after a few years are not enough to make up for the investment in technological transformation, enterprises have no enthusiasm for saving. Therefore, the design of efficient utilization of resources should be based on increasing the cost of extensive resource utilization and improving the economic benefits of resource utilization.
At present, China's policy is to realize economic restructuring and save energy utilization, and the main means is to reconstruct the price formation mechanism of resource products, which will inevitably lead to the price increase of resource products. Some economists and sociologists worry that the rising prices of resource products will test the two social systems [4].
Because the increased cost of enterprises will eventually be passed on to consumers after the price increase, the essence of the problem is how to turn the public finance increased by price increase and tax increase into social security rebate for the people, otherwise it will easily lead to social unrest. The function of public finance is to make up for the shortage of market economy, and to make up for the shortage of market with the "visible hand" of the government. The first way to make up for it is to make up for the redistribution of social income in order to achieve social fairness and stability. The second is to support the development of new things in order to achieve social progress. However, China's public finance system has not been established for a long time, and there are still many defects that cannot fully meet the requirements of the market economy.
The essence of ownership is the right to control, use, develop and benefit derived from ownership. In the case of unclear property rights, price reform can easily become a tool for some power holders and interest groups to make profits. Looking back at the loss of state-owned assets in the reform of state-owned enterprises, we can see how dangerous it is to plunder by price reform. According to the Constitution of China, mineral resources (including coal, oil, natural gas, water and other energy resources) belong to the state. However, in the development and utilization of resources, there is a widespread phenomenon of who actually owns local ownership and enterprise ownership, which makes national ownership exist in name only. As the main body of ownership, the state has not got enough returns from the income of mineral resources development and utilization, and has failed to well curb the disorderly situation of mineral resources development and utilization, such as indiscriminate mining and excavation.
Today, after more than 20 years of reform and opening up, China's market economy system has been basically established. The government should retreat from the forefront of economic activities, downplay the pursuit of economic growth, improve and use public finance to achieve social fairness and stability, and let the fruits of reform benefit everyone, including every farmer; Improve and apply legal policies to solve the defects in the property rights system and trading system, prevent the assets of the whole people from flowing into the pockets of a few people due to system defects, reduce transaction costs, improve efficiency and reduce waste.
The utilization of resources by human beings is a history of constantly improving the utilization level and constantly replacing old and new resources. From stone tools to synthetic materials such as metals and plastics, from drilling wood for fire, to the exploitation of coal and oil, and then to the development and utilization of hydropower, nuclear energy and solar energy, the scope of resource utilization is getting wider and deeper. So there will be no absolute exhaustion of resources.
In the use of resources, contradictions are often not manifested in the relationship between man and nature, but more in the problems of human beings themselves, that is, economic problems and political problems. What China pursues is the rational development and utilization of resources in the process of resource utilization, so as to avoid resource problems from affecting the sustained and healthy economic and social development and people's well-being in China. At present, China's strategic choice in energy supply should be based on the domestic market, maintain a low degree of dependence on foreign countries, focus on improving energy utilization efficiency, and ensure the demand of traditional energy for economic and social development for as long as possible, so that China can have time to develop new energy sources and realize a smooth upgrade of energy utilization.