The United Socialist Party of Germany manages and controls all aspects of the country's economy and society, and has the highest leadership position. After adopting the report of the General Secretary and formulating the first five-year plan (draft) for the future, the German United Socialist Party began to formally exercise its leading role in the Congress.
East Germany also has a very small private sector, but it is not meaningless. From 65438 to 0985, about 2.8% of the gross national product came from private enterprises. The private sector includes private farmers and gardeners, independent craftsmen, wholesalers and vendors. Individual economy is managed by "freelancers" (such as artists and writers). Although he is a self-employed, he is strictly supervised by the government. 1985 in the private economy, the proportion of individual economy increased slightly for the first time. According to the statistics of the former East Germany, the number of private entrepreneurs increased from about 500 in 1984 to about 176800. The operation of some private sectors has a very important influence on the German United Socialist Party and even the whole social system. For example, encouraging the private economy and improving its initiative has become the direction for the state to strive to improve people's living standards and promote economic development.
The famous export products of East Germany include kappa license cameras, cars, shotguns, sextants and watches produced by Trabert, Fort Voorburg and IFA factories.
Until the 1960s, East Germany was still plagued by the shortage of basic foods such as sugar and coffee. Some East Germans who have relatives or friends in the west and have foreign exchange accounts in the national bank can buy western and export-grade East German goods in the foreign exchange shop (English: shop). East Germany has developed industries and occupies a dominant position in the national economy. In the net output value of national production from 65438 to 0983, industry accounted for 70.2%, and the industrial employed population accounted for 37.8% of the total employed population. For a long time, industry has been regarded as the focus of the whole national economic development, and industrial investment accounts for more than half of the total national economic investment. Industrial production developed rapidly, increasing by 1949 ~ 1983 times. 198 1 ~ 1984 The average annual growth rate of industrial production is 5.3%.
Industrial technology and equipment are relatively advanced, centralized planned economy is implemented, and industrial production is constantly concentrated. Large-scale joint ventures have developed extensively, forming a 133 large-scale joint venture, with employees accounting for about 70% of industrial employment and output value accounting for 74% of total industrial output value. In the industrial structure, the production of means of production accounts for about 2/3 of the total industrial output value, which greatly exceeds the production of consumer goods.
Machinery manufacturing is the core sector of industry, with output value accounting for 29.5% of the total industrial output value, and employees accounting for more than 2/5 of the total industrial employees. The export value of products in 1982 accounts for 48.5% of the total national export value. Motor, electronics and instrument manufacturing industry is a particularly rapid and leading sector in the machinery industry, and its output value accounts for 30% of the output value of the machinery industry.
The electronics industry is a new sector after the war, and the microelectronics industry is developing very rapidly. Microelectronic components began to be produced in the second half of 1970s. In 1984, the output value of microelectronics industry reached 2.5 billion marks, with erfurt as the production center. The instrument manufacturing industry is famous for producing precision machinery, measuring instruments and optical instruments, centering on Jena and Dresden. The former is a world-renowned "carl zeiss" optical joint venture, producing a full range of instruments; The latter has a "Pentakon" joint venture, which is famous for producing cameras and movie projectors.
The automobile manufacturing centers are mainly Zwickau, Eisenacher and Ludwig feld. The shipbuilding industry is mainly distributed along the Baltic Sea, and the largest center is Werner Minde, accounting for more than 30% of the shipbuilding industry's output value, producing cargo ships, container ships and icebreakers; Then Rostock and Wisma.
Chemical industry is one of the most developed industrial sectors, with output value accounting for 1 1% of the total industrial output value, employees accounting for 10.6% of the total industrial employees, and chemical products exports accounting for 198 1 2.8% of the total national export value. With the rapid development after the war, the output of chemical industry increased by more than 1949 ~ 1983 times. Production is distributed in the following areas: Harley-Leipzig area, based on the exploitation of local lignite, developing lignite chemical industry; In the eastern region, imported petroleum is processed, and the petrochemical industry is developed, producing chemical fiber, synthetic resin and nitrogen fertilizer, with Berlin, Cottbus and Frankfurt as production centers; Dresden District imports raw materials and fuels to produce chemical fiber, medicine, photographic paper and rubber products by virtue of its good economic and geographical location. In front of Harz Mountain, potash fertilizer, sulfuric acid, baking soda, etc. It is produced by using chemical raw materials and waste materials from non-ferrous metallurgical industry in nearby mountainous areas; Rostock is a new center, and semi-finished ammonia is imported from Wentzpiers in the Soviet Union to produce nitrogen fertilizer.
Electric power industry is an important department developed on the basis of coal mine industry. 198 1 annual power generation broke through for the first time 1000 billion kwh, 1983 reached 1049 billion kwh. The per capita power generation is about 6000 kWh, ranking first in the world. Thermal power plants account for 86% (lignite power generation accounts for more than 90%), and nuclear power plants account for 12%. Thermal power plants are mainly distributed in lignite belt, accounting for 4/5 of the country's electricity output, of which Cottbus District is the first, followed by Harley District and Leipzig District.
Iron and steel industry is a newly-built heavy industry department after the war. China has less iron ore mining, insufficient raw materials, lack of production equipment, limited imports of iron ore, coke or coking coal, and weak foundation. The iron and steel industry is mainly concentrated in Potsdam and Frankfurt around Berlin, producing 3/4 pig iron, 3/5 steel and more than half of the country's steel. There are large-scale iron and steel conglomerates, such as Brandenburg, Hennigs Dove and Eisenhutenstadt. Steel enterprises in Dresden, such as Risako Mamiya and Gladys, produce 1/4 steel and 4/5 steel pipes nationwide. The steel produced by Max Shute joint venture in Gera area accounts for 1 1% of the whole country.
Textile industry is the largest light industry sector, mainly cotton and wool textiles. All the raw materials needed for cotton and most of the wool are imported. Karl Marx City is the largest textile industry center in China. Agricultural production in East Germany developed steadily, from 1950 to 1984, with an average annual growth rate of 2.7%. 1982, agriculture and forestry accounted for 7.8% of the national net output value, and the number of employed people accounted for 10% of the total number of employed people in the country. They are still an important sector of the national economy. Agricultural production has been mechanized, electrified and chemical, and the level of production technology and intensification is very high. Agricultural land is highly utilized, with 1983 * * 92 13000 hectares, accounting for 85% of the country's land area (cultivated land accounts for 43.7%, woodland and woodland account for 27.3%, grassland accounts for 1 1.5%), and unused land.
In the agricultural structure, animal husbandry is dominant, accounting for 62.5% of the total agricultural output value, and planting accounts for 37.5%. The development of animal husbandry is faster than that of planting, with an average annual growth rate of 3.7% in 1950 ~ 1984, while the average annual growth rate of planting is only 1.7%. The output per unit area of crops has increased rapidly. 1960 ~ 1983, the grain yield per hectare increased from 2750kg to 3970kg, and the wheat yield per hectare increased from 3480kg to 47 10kg. The commercialization of agricultural products is relatively high, such as 33% for cereals, 54% for potatoes and 90% for sugar beets. Meat, milk, butter, eggs and potatoes are more than self-sufficient, and the self-sufficiency rates of cereals, fresh vegetables and fruits are 75%, 80% and 50% respectively.
The main crops are wheat, rye, barley, oats, potatoes and beets. 1983 The sown area of grain was 2.538 million hectares, and the total output was 10067 million tons. The wheat planting area is 754,000 hectares and the output is 3.55 million tons. It is mainly distributed in fertile areas in the south of the plain, with Leipzig, Harley, erfurt and other areas more concentrated. The sown area of rye is 710.3 million hectares, and the output is 2.092 million tons, which is distributed in the Central Plains. The sown areas of barley and oats are 889,000 hectares and 6,543,800+0,630 hectares respectively, and the corresponding yields are 3,882,000 tons and 498,000 tons respectively. The former is mainly distributed in the south and the latter is mainly distributed in the north. Potato is widely planted, and the sown area is reduced. In 1983, it was only 483,000 hectares, with a yield of 7.063 million tons. Potatoes are mainly used as feed and chemical raw materials besides food. The annual output of sugar beet fluctuates greatly, with 5.7 million tons in 1983, mainly distributed in Harley and magdeburg. The northern areas, including Rostock, Schwelien and New Brandenburg, are close to the sea, which is conducive to the development of trade through seaports. The region is short of energy and mineral resources, sparsely populated, with backward economic development and weak industrial base in history. Agricultural production occupies a prominent position, providing commercial meat and milk accounting for14 of the country. Using local agricultural products and fish for food processing, its output value accounts for 1/5 of the national food industry output value. The machinery manufacturing industry, which is dominated by shipbuilding and motors, occupies an important position. Nold Nuclear Power Station, located near Lubuming, provides most of the national nuclear power production. Using imported raw materials, the chemical industry based on nitrogen fertilizer was developed. Rostock is the largest seaport in China and the economic center of this region.
The west bank of the Oder River is located in the middle of the northern plain, including the capital Berlin and its surrounding Potsdam and Frankfurt areas. Located in the economic connection with East and West Europe, the transportation location is superior, and it is a constantly developing industrial base with developed industries such as steel, motor, electronics, instrument manufacturing and chemical industry, and its total output value accounts for more than half of the industrial output value in this region. The level of agricultural development exceeds that of the neighboring southeast region, and the scale of land use, the output of most crops and livestock products, and the level of mechanized equipment lag behind other regions. The degree of agricultural intensification in suburbs is high. In the highly urbanized areas of China, the urban population accounts for 84%. The capital Berlin is the economic center of the whole country and region, which is combined with the surrounding industrial towns to form the Berlin urban agglomeration area.
The central areas along the Elbe River include magdeburg, Harley and Leipzig. Rich in various minerals, fertile soil and dense population, it is a heavy industrial zone. The industrial output value accounts for13 of the whole country, and the leading departments are chemistry, fuel power, nonferrous metallurgy and machinery manufacturing. The food industry is developed. With Harley and Leipzig as the center, it forms the largest Harley-Leipzig urban agglomeration in China with the surrounding industrial towns. Elbe River is a highly mechanized and intensive agricultural base and a granary in China, and its grain output accounts for 1/3 of the whole country. Meat and milk animal husbandry are developed.
The southern region includes Karl Marx City, Guerra, Erfurt and Sur. It has always been a highly industrialized area, with the highest degree of industrialization and urbanization in China, with complete industrial departments and widely distributed factories and enterprises. Most of the raw materials, energy and fuel are exported to produce high-quality manufactured goods. In the textile industrial zone formed in history, the textile industry accounts for 70% of the country, and the motor, electronics and instrument manufacturing industry accounts for 40% of the country. Agriculture ranks third in all districts, and animal husbandry and dairy farming are developed. Karl Marx City-Zwickau Urban Agglomeration consists of Karl Marx City and Zwickau, including neighboring industrial towns.
The southeast region includes Dresden and Cottbus. Brown coal in natural resources is of great significance in Europe, and quartz sand, clay raw materials, various building materials, non-ferrous metals and wood are of great significance in the whole country. The level of industrial development ranks third in China, with heavy industry as the leading sector and the main energy base, and coal mining and power industry ranking first in China. The machinery industry, which focuses on motor, electronics and instrument manufacturing, has developed rapidly. The scale of agricultural production ranks the last in China, but the level of agricultural technology, tractor equipment and chemical fertilizer is relatively high. Rye and potato are the main crops. The proportion of pasture grass is high, and the dairy animal husbandry is developed. Dresden is the center and the nearby industrial towns form the Dresden urban agglomeration area.