Rural economic management 1
I. Explanation of Nouns
Production time and labor time: production time refers to the time required from the input of labor and means of production into agricultural production to the harvest of agricultural products. It is determined by the natural growth time of agricultural organisms. Labor time refers to the time when workers use labor materials to act on labor objects.
Decision-making: decision-making is to choose the best among the best, that is, to make a decision and act according to the predetermined goal. Decision-making is a process, that is, decision-making has gone through a series of activities, such as asking questions, collecting information, setting goals, making plans, analyzing and evaluating, finally choosing plans, and tracking and checking the implementation of decision-making plans.
Land system: also known as land ownership, is the general name of the land ownership relationship when human society develops to a certain stage. It is an important part of the ownership of the means of production.
Household contract responsibility system: The household contract responsibility system is a form of responsibility system within rural community cooperative organizations in China. In agricultural production, farmers, as relatively independent economic entities, contract collective land and other large-scale means of production and operate independently according to the contract. Except for a small part of their operating income that is paid to the collective and state taxes according to the contract, all their operating income belongs to the farmers. As the contracting party, the collective only provides production services for farmers, except for the necessary coordinated management and operation of some agricultural and sideline products.
Joint-stock cooperative system refers to a new type of economic organization with specific objectives and functions, which organically combines the advantages of cooperative members in labor, distribution according to work and extraction of public accumulation with the advantages of joint-stock system in financing, distribution according to shares and management.
Second, fill in the blanks
1, product contribution, factor contribution, market contribution, foreign exchange contribution
2, phased, structural and regional
3. States, collectives and individuals
4. The influence of national conditions, social and political system, history and culture.
5. Ownership, management right, mode of labor and mode of distribution
6. Organizational function, intermediary function, carrier function and service function
Third, question and answer.
1. Briefly describe the characteristics of agriculture.
(1) The interweaving of natural reproduction and economic production is the basic feature of agriculture.
(2) Agricultural production must follow biological laws; (3) Land is the most basic means of production in agricultural production.
(4) Agricultural production is dispersed in space. (5) Agricultural production is greatly influenced by natural environmental conditions.
(6) Agricultural production time and labor production time are inconsistent; (7) Agricultural production is seasonal in time.
(8) comprehensiveness of agricultural production (9) Agricultural products are people's basic means of subsistence.
2. When the developed countries started their economies, most of them chose the development path of priority industries. Why?
In the early stage of social and economic development, agriculture is the most important production sector in the national economy. Its output value and labor force account for a large proportion in the national economy, and the original accumulated materials needed for national industrialization mainly come from the transfer of farmers' surplus. The sacrifice of agriculture to national industrialization conforms to the needs of social and economic development and the maximization of the whole social welfare.
Requirements.
3. Why is social psychology a supplement to rural economic management methods?
Social psychology method is based on the characteristics of social psychology, and the effect of each specific social psychology method is relatively limited, so its role cannot be exaggerated too much. Social psychology method has the following limitations:
The direct object of (1) is human consciousness, not human economic behavior, nor human economic interests. Because it does not replace administrative means to directly control and interfere with people's work, ensure that economic activities are directly regulated according to certain requirements and affect people's economic activities.
(2) It deals with the social and psychological aspects of people's consciousness, and cannot replace the ideological and political education method to ensure the socialist direction of economic activities. Relying solely on this method will easily lead to overemphasis on temporary and local needs, making it impossible to implement some necessary directions and principles.
What measures should be taken to improve household contract management?
(1) According to the operating conditions of each farmer and the strength of the cooperative collective economy, provide different services and help for different farmers to overcome the difficulties of family production.
(2) Improve the contract. In order to standardize the contract, the ownership and management right of the land should be clarified in the contract, and the respective rights and obligations of the employer and the contractor should be clarified.
(3) Stabilize land use rights. After the land is contracted, it is necessary to stabilize the land use right and not to change it easily, so as to facilitate farmers' long-term investment in the land.
(4) Encourage the transfer of land use rights. On the one hand, land is the means of production for agricultural production, on the other hand, it is also the dependence and source for farmers to obtain the means of production, which plays the role of insurance and welfare, so farmers are reluctant to give up their land use rights. In order to improve the utilization rate of land, farmers who are not engaged in agricultural production but are engaged in other industries and can obtain stable income should be encouraged to give up their land use rights and transfer their land to family businesses engaged in agricultural production, so as to expand farmers' land management area and improve scale benefits. In order to promote its transfer, some incentive measures can be formulated.
(5) encourage and help contracted farmers to develop family economy, such as developing cottage industry, commerce and transportation, and using families to develop fruit trees, vegetables, livestock and poultry and various forest products. The development of family economy will in turn support the operation of contracted parts.
(6) To confirm and protect the independent production status and legal person status of family enterprises and protect the contracting rights of members by formulating laws and policies.
5. Characteristics of rural community cooperative economic organizations in China.
Rural community cooperative economy refers to a cooperative economic organization based on rural and collectively owned land. It is not the direct organizer of production, but more responsible for handling related economic and administrative affairs and providing services.
(1) The relationship of peasants' collective possession of land is the basis for the establishment of community cooperative economic organizations;
(2) As users of land, farmers become the main body of agricultural production and management;
(3) It is difficult to separate the functions and personnel of village committees, party branches and community cooperative organizations;
(4) Community cooperative economic organizations are very different under this unified name. Some have considerable economic strength and need corresponding carriers for production and trading activities; However, a considerable number of associations are only nominal and have no economic strength to carry out activities.
Rural economic management homework II
First, the name explanation
Labor productivity: it is an index that indicates the production effect and ability of workers, and indicates the relationship between labor force and productivity. It is usually calculated by the number of products produced by workers per unit time or the amount of labor consumed per unit product.
Land property right: refers to the sum of all powers defined by the land system, including land ownership, possession, use right and disposal right.
Contract: it is an equal and major natural person and legal person. Agreements between other organizations on the establishment, alteration and termination of civil rights and obligations.
Law of diminishing marginal income: When a variable factor of production is put into other constant factors of production under the condition of constant technical level, with the increase of this variable factor of production, the marginal product of the product first increases and then decreases.
Second, fill in the blanks
1, 16~60, 16~55 2, quantity and quality 3, legality, authenticity and feasibility
4. Agriculture, rural areas and farmers
Third, question and answer.
1. What are the main factors that restrict the transfer of rural surplus labor in China?
At present, the main factors restricting the transfer of rural labor force in China are: 1, the cultural quality of rural labor force can not meet the needs of transfer; 2. Obstacles to the dual socio-economic structure of urban-rural division; 3. The ability of township enterprises to absorb rural surplus labor force is declining; 4. The lack of rural social security system has become the biggest obstacle to the transfer of rural surplus labor; 5. The lag of urbanization hinders the transfer of rural surplus labor. 6. The blocking effect of population is obvious.
2. Briefly describe the basic policies to improve the land contract in China.
1. After the first round of land contracting expires, the contracted operation period of family land will be extended for another 30 years. It is a long-term and unchangeable policy to implement household contract management of rural collective land. 2. It is advocated to implement "increasing people without increasing land, reducing people without reducing land" during the contract period. 3. Conditional places can develop moderate scale operation on the basis of farmers' complete voluntary. 4, can't break the boundaries of the original production team land ownership. 5. Under the premise of insisting on the collective ownership of land and not changing the land use, the contracted land is allowed to be transferred voluntarily and paid. 6. Clean up and rectify the "two-field system". 7. Handle the relationship in the mobile field. 8. The contract fees for household contracted land should be strictly managed in accordance with the relevant policies of the central government and the provisions on reducing the burden on farmers.
3. What are the rights and obligations of both parties to an agricultural contract?
1, rights of employers
The rights of the employer are protected by law, and it is also the obligation of the contractor, which is bound by law. Including: (1) ownership of the subject matter; (2) collect the contract money according to the contract; (three) the right to supervise and manage the contracted assets, etc.
2. The rights of the contractor are protected by law, but they are also the obligations of the employer and are bound by law. (1) Management autonomy; (2) the right to income (3) the right to dispose of products; (4) Subcontracting and transfer rights stipulated in the contract or laws; (5) Priority in contracting; (6) the right of inheritance; (7) the right to accept the services of the employer.
4. How to define an invalid contract? How to deal with invalid contracts?
In any of the following circumstances, it shall be deemed as an invalid contract: (1) It violates the national laws, regulations and policies; (two) damage to the interests of the state and the collective and the legitimate rights and interests of others; (3) The Employer has no right to contract out; (four) abuse of power or by fraud, coercion and other improper means. An invalid contract is not legally binding from the time it is concluded. When dealing with invalid contracts, we should grasp the following aspects: (1) If the contract has not been fulfilled after being confirmed as invalid, it shall not be fulfilled. (2) After the contract is confirmed to be invalid, if it is being performed, the time to stop performance shall be determined by the invalid contract confirmation organ in accordance with the principle of facilitating production and reducing losses. (3) If the part of the contract is confirmed to be invalid, the remaining part is still valid without affecting the validity of the remaining part. (4) The economic losses caused by the invalid contract to the other party shall be compensated by the party at fault; If both parties are at fault, they shall bear corresponding responsibilities.
5. What kind of contract can be terminated?
During the performance of the contract, if the situation of one party or both parties changes and meets one of the following conditions, the contract may be modified or dissolved, but it shall be handled according to law. (1) Both parties reached an agreement through consultation that the interests of the state and the collective and the legitimate rights and interests of others will not be harmed; (2) The national laws, regulations and policies on which this contract was concluded have changed greatly, which makes this contract impossible to perform; (3) The contracted land is requisitioned and occupied according to law; (4) Part or all of the contract cannot be performed due to force majeure such as natural disasters; (5) One party's serious breach of contract makes it impossible to perform part or all of the contract; (6) The contractor loses the ability to work or operate and cannot perform the obligations stipulated in the contract.
6. The causes of the income gap between urban and rural areas in China.
(1) Because of agriculture itself, the gap is widening. 1, the agricultural structure is unreasonable and it is difficult for farmers to increase their income; 2. Non-agricultural industries in rural areas are underdeveloped, and farmers' income growth is slow; 3. The emergence of rural surplus labor force leads to low income and slow growth of farmers; 4. The burden on farmers is heavy; .
(2) The deep-seated reasons for the income gap between urban and rural areas, 1, national policies and institutional factors; 2. Backward dual structure; 3. Limited investment in agricultural finance and defects in rural financial system arrangement: 4. The income of township enterprises and non-agricultural industries has become an important source of increasing farmers' income; 5. The tertiary industry is underdeveloped and farmers' own quality is limited; 6. Low level of urbanization; 7. The burden on farmers is heavy; 8. Impact of China's accession to the WTO.
Rural economic management homework 3
First, multiple choice questions
1、B 2、C 3、A 4、B 5、A 6、A
Second, questions and answers
1. Briefly describe the influencing factors of agricultural product prices.
1, the relationship between supply and demand determines the commodity price; 2. Demand elasticity affects commodity prices; 3. Psychological factors affect the price of agricultural products; 4. Competition affects commodity prices; 5. Government intervention in agricultural product prices.
2. How to choose the promotion strategy of agricultural products?
1, use price strategy, choose the right price, and participate in market competition; 2. Choose appropriate marketing skills to expand the sales level of agricultural products; 3. To cater to consumers' purchasing psychology and choose different marketing strategies; 4. Analyze consumers' shopping habits and adopt appropriate marketing strategies; 5. Do a good job in after-sales service and expand the influence of operators; 6, do a good job in advertising, expand product awareness.
3. Briefly describe the development process of fishing moratorium system in summer in China.
Fishing moratorium in summer is an effective measure to protect fishery resources suitable for China's national conditions at this stage. The summer fishing moratorium began in the late 1970s. Since the 1970s, the traditional economic fish resources have obviously deteriorated due to the blind addition of boats and nets and the indiscriminate fishing. 1979, Zhejiang Fisheries Bureau took the lead in proposing that fishing should be closed in summer, and trawling should be implemented for three months from August to June. 1980, the state stipulated that the East China Sea would be closed for fishing in full from July to 10, and the state-owned fishing boats would not stop, so as to check the proportion of juvenile fish. Subsequently, the Ministry of Agriculture made several revisions to the summer fishing moratorium system in 1987, 1992, 1995, 1998 and 1999 respectively.
4. Which animals and animal products are prohibited by the state?
First, the blockade of epidemic areas is related to the occurrence of animal diseases; Second, it is susceptible to infection in epidemic areas; Third, it should be quarantined according to law, but it has not been quarantined or the quarantine is unqualified; Fourth, be infected; Fifth, the death or cause of death is unknown; Sixth, others do not meet the relevant national regulations on animal epidemic prevention.
5. Try to describe the principles and contents of rural collective economic audit.
Rural collective economic audit is an independent economic supervision activity. The specific content is: 1, legitimacy, reliability and effectiveness of accounting work; 2, verify the use and management of property and collective funds; 3, financial revenue and expenditure and related economic activities and their economic benefits; 4, the formulation and implementation of financial management system; 5. Signing and performance of the contract; 6. Income (profit) distribution; 7, village, township planning fees and other collective funds budget, extraction and use; 8, the use of compulsory labor, labor accumulation; 9, the person in charge of the term goal and outgoing economic responsibility; 10, the use of collective funds is managed by the relevant departments; 1 1, revenue and expenditure, distribution and economic benefits of collective financing organizations within rural collective economic organizations; 12, other audit matters entrusted by the government at the same level, the competent department at a higher level and relevant departments.
6. What are the conditions for township enterprises?
1. From the perspective of investors, township enterprises must focus on rural collective economic organizations or farmers' investment; 2. From the perspective of the establishment area, township enterprises set up areas for enterprises in townships (including villages under their jurisdiction); 3. From the perspective of service agriculture construction, township enterprises must undertake the obligation of supporting agriculture.
7. How to evaluate joint stock limited companies and limited liability companies?
(1) Limited by Share Ltd: Advantages: 1, the most convenient way to gather capital quickly; 2. It is conducive to dispersing the investment risks of shareholders; 3. Conducive to social supervision. Disadvantages: 1, not easy to set; 2. It is easy to expose your own business secrets; 3. The interests of minority shareholders are not easily protected; 4. Most shareholders lack a sense of responsibility. (2) Limited liability company: Advantages: 1, easy to set up; 2. It is convenient for shareholders to control. Disadvantages: 1, it is not convenient to raise a lot of funds; 2. Shareholders' transfer of shares is restricted and it is not easy to avoid risks.
8. What conditions should a leading enterprise have?
1, whether the production, processing and sales links are organically combined into an integrated operation with stable economic relations; 2. Whether the production, processing and sales links really form an internal interest mechanism that promotes each other in the integrated operation; 3. Have farmers benefited from the agricultural industry?
9. What are the forms and characteristics of agricultural industrialization in China?
The main forms of agricultural industrialization management are: leading enterprises, markets, cooperative economic organizations and intermediary organizations. (1) Features of "leading enterprises": "leading enterprises" form a close integrated production system of trade, industry and agriculture with agricultural product bases and farmers, and the most important and common connection method is contract. (2) Market-driven: communicate directly with production bases or farmers through specialized markets, and bring farmers into the market system in the form of contracts or consortia. (3) Driven by cooperative economic organizations: In the form of shares, enterprises and farmers in agricultural industrialization organizations can turn two independent stakeholders into one, emphasizing economic benefits externally, returning surplus internally for non-profit purposes, and developing diversified services. (4) Intermediary organization drive: it is an agricultural industrialization operation based on intermediary organizations, and currently it is mainly a trade association.
Rural economic management homework 4
I. Explanation of Nouns
Buyer's market and seller's market: the buyer's market refers to the market that operates under the guidance of the buyer's power, and the buyer occupies a dominant position in the trading relationship. The seller's market refers to the market that operates under the guidance of the seller's power, and the seller occupies a dominant position in the transaction.
Economic benefit: refers to the comparison of effective results achieved in agricultural economic activities with labor occupation and labor consumption.
Cost: Labor occupation or consumption.
Modern agriculture: refers to the realization of comprehensive mechanization, the wide application of all kinds of modern science and technology in agriculture, the high degree of socialization, intensification, specialization and enterprise in production and operation, the fundamental changes in agricultural production and the great improvement in agricultural labor production. ]
A well-off society in an all-round way: 1, and the per capita disposable income of farmers is 6000 yuan; 2. The proportion of labor force in the primary industry is less than 35%; 3. The population proportion of rural small towns is 35%; 4, rural cooperative medical coverage rate reached 90%; 5, rural endowment insurance coverage rate reached 60%; 6, ten thousand agricultural science and technology in recognition of the number of 4 people; 7. The Gini coefficient of rural residents' income is 0.3 ~ 0.4; 8. The average length of education of rural population is 9 years; 9. The average life expectancy is 75 years; 10, Engel coefficient below 0.4; 1 1, and the quality of life index is 75%; 12, farmers' cultural and entertainment consumption expenditure accounts for 7%; 13, rural life informatization 60%; 14, farmers' satisfaction with the openness of village affairs is 85%; 15, farmers' social security satisfaction is 85%; 16, dynamic balance of common cultivated land area; 17, and the forest coverage rate is 23%; 18, water consumption per 10,000 yuan of agricultural GDP 1500 cubic meters.
Second, questions and answers
1. Basic methods of rural economic decision-making.
Deterministic decision, uncertain decision and risky decision.
2. Characteristics of the formation of agricultural economic benefits.
Due to the characteristics of agricultural production, it is determined that its benefit formation also has its own characteristics. 1, the formation of interests is affected by natural factors and is risky; 2. The benefit formation cycle is long and the product type is complex; 3. Agricultural production is slow to respond to the market and has poor adaptability; 4. The beneficiary projects are complex and scattered.
3. Try to describe the basic characteristics of modern agriculture.
(1) Modernization of production conditions; (2) scientific production technology; (3) Socialization of production organization; (4) Sustainable ecological environment.
5. The composition of the index system of the overall well-off society in rural areas and the specific objectives of the overall well-off society in rural areas.
The indicator system of a well-off society in rural areas consists of six aspects 18 evaluation indicators, including: economic development indicators, social development indicators, population quality indicators, social quality indicators, democratic legal indicators, sustainable development indicators, the specific goal of a well-off society in rural areas: 1, and the per capita disposable income of farmers is 60,000. 2. The proportion of labor force in the primary industry is less than 35%; 3. The population proportion of rural small towns is 35%; 4, rural cooperative medical coverage rate reached 90%; 5, rural endowment insurance coverage rate reached 60%; 6, ten thousand agricultural science and technology in recognition of the number of 4 people; 7. The Gini coefficient of rural residents' income is 0.3 ~ 0.4; 8. The average length of education of rural population is 9 years; 9. The average life expectancy is 75 years; 10, Engel coefficient below 0.4; 1 1, and the quality of life index is 75%; 12, farmers' cultural and entertainment consumption expenditure accounts for 7%; 13, rural life informatization 60%; 14, farmers' satisfaction with the openness of village affairs is 85%; 15, farmers' social security satisfaction is 85%; 16, dynamic balance of common cultivated land area; 17, and the forest coverage rate is 23%; 18, water consumption per 10,000 yuan of agricultural GDP 1500 cubic meters.
6.( 1) breakeven point output = 500,000/(25-15) = 50,000 pieces.
(2)1000000 = 25x-500000-15 product yield profit10000 yuan =150000/00 =150000 pieces.
(3) Operating safety rate = (actual production and sales-breakeven point output)/actual output * 100%.
=(65438+ million-50,000) /65438+ million =50%
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