Three years after the implementation of the new mechanism for geological prospecting, significant achievements have been made, and it is necessary to seriously summarize the experience and study in depth some of the problems raised in practice. Through theoretical enhancement, transformed into policies and measures, and then improve the new mechanism of geological prospecting and related systems.
One, on the sound and perfect the new mechanism of geological prospecting recommendations
Sound and perfect the new mechanism of geological prospecting core issue is to deal with the relationship between the government and the market, the establishment of the market in the allocation of mineral resources play a decisive role in the "market allocation, the main body of the enterprise, the government regulates and controls" the new mechanism.
1.clear "mining" industry positioning, the implementation of the unified management of exploration and development
One is to clarify the positioning of the mining industry. China's planned economic system under the formation of the exploration and mining system, from the mineral resources exploration is classified as a three industry, the mineral resources extraction is classified as a two industry, which does not conform to the laws of the market, and China's market economy does not fit. In the market economic system, the exploration and mining as a whole (mechanism) is inseparable, the exploration and mining together categorized as "mining", positioned as the primary industry, there is a theoretical basis, in line with world practice.
The second is to deepen the reform of the economic system, the implementation of the "organic unity of functions of the large sectoral system, improve inter-departmental coordination and cooperation mechanism", the establishment of a new type of mining management system, the implementation of the mining industry, "horizontal centralization and unification of vertical hierarchical classification management" of the system. The system should be "horizontally centralized and unified, vertically graded and classified". Solve the current exploration and mining separation, the management of horizontal government, vertical competition for power and profit, solve the problem of overlapping institutions, cross-duty problems.
2. Give full play to the indirect management of laws and regulations and the regulatory role of policies
It is recommended that the Mineral Resources Law be amended. Mineral resources related to national security, sustainable economic and social development, benefit people's livelihoods, intergenerational compensation to make legal provisions; clear ecological civilization to coordinate the exploration and development of mineral resources and environmental protection, the basic national policy of saving and intensive use of resources; to make the Property Law and the right to use the right of property related to the right of mining law, the formation of the protection of mineral resources under the new circumstances and the development of the mining industry of the legal safeguards.
It is recommended that the current method of collecting resource taxes and fees be adjusted. China's current mineral resources tax and fee system, has not adapted to the new situation of mineral resources exploration and development, is not conducive to the conservation and intensive utilization of resources, resulting in unreasonable prices of mineral products, unfair distribution of mining revenues, and is not conducive to the transformation of the mode of development of the mining industry. The main problem is as a monetary asset depletion of resource assets compensation for resource compensation fee rate is low (1.18% on average), inadequate compensation; mineral resources as resource capital in the production and operation activities to generate a cascade of income regulation of resource tax is only part of the current levy, from the amount of levy, should expand the scope of the levy, from the price of the levy.
It is suggested to solve the problem of alienation of the "price" system of mineral rights. At present, the mineral rights "price" is not in accordance with the State Council documents levy, "alienation". The "price" scope of expansion, some places all prospecting rights, mining rights regardless of the main body of the investment, regardless of whether the formation of mineral production, are collected "price"; "price" amount is beyond the ground exploration The amount of the "price" has exceeded the cost of land exploration and investment; in some places, the full amount of the expected revenue from mining is collected in advance, and the amount is getting bigger and bigger, far exceeding the resource compensation fee and resource tax, which is actually speculating on the sale of resources. The alienation of the "price" system and the confusion of the concepts of "national ownership" and "exploration and investment" have disrupted the mining market and resulted in the unfair distribution of mineral resource revenues. It is necessary to accurately delineate between state ownership and exploration and investment rights and interests, establish a mechanism for the separate operation of state ownership and exploration and investment rights and interests in mineral resources, and adjust the way of disposal of the two. Revise and improve the appraisal theory and methodology and the related standard system. Under the conditions of market economy, the "value of mineral rights" (investor's rights and interests) should be determined by the market, and the owners of mineral rights of different ownership should trade on an equal footing in the market.
Suggested to solve the problem of misplaced "fund" in some places. Geological exploration fund is in China's geological exploration risk of the basic market has not yet been established in the case of the establishment, should be to reduce the risk of exploration, guide the social capital, commercial mineral exploration, indirectly play a role in financing commercial geological exploration. And now some local governments equate the use of geological exploration fund with government investment in mineral exploration, and market competition for power, and enterprises compete for profit, squeeze out social funds.
3. Deepen the reform of the administrative system, deal with the relationship between the government and the market
One is to change the functions of the government, and do a good job of public **** service. Deepen the reform of the administrative system, promote the separation of government and enterprises, the separation of government and capital, the separation of government and society, deepen the reform of the administrative examination and approval system, continue to simplify and decentralize the government, and promote the government's functions to the search for breakthroughs in the creation of a good environment for the development of the quality of the public **** service, and to maintain the social fairness and justice change. To solve the current problem of some local governments in the exploration and development of mineral resources there is still too much administrative management, there is still a government enterprise is not divided, the government capital is not divided, the government is not divided and the government and society is not divided, there is also the government control of the mining rights, the set of managers owners operators in one of the problems.
The second is to standardize the government input, deal with the relationship between government input and social input. Department of the implementation of the "public welfare first, commercial follow-up, fund articulation, the whole exploration, rapid advancement" geological prospecting new mechanism, the core content is the investment mode of the different investment bodies and their economic relations. In order to improve the new mechanism for geological prospecting, it is necessary to standardize inputs, especially government inputs. At present, the funds for geological prospecting in most provinces (autonomous regions) mainly come from "resource compensation fee" and "price", and are mostly invested in the form of "provincial finance" and "provincial fund". Most of them are invested in the form of "provincial finance" and "provincial fund", and the government holds the mining rights. To standardize the "provincial financial" "provincial fund" into the operation of geological prospecting, to correct the government and capital are not separate, the government and enterprises are not separate, the government control or even monopoly of mining rights, play the role of market allocation of resources, and promote the healthy development of the strategic action of the search for breakthroughs in the development of minerals.
4. Respect the law of the market, improve and perfect the mining rights market
To give full play to the fundamental role of the market in the allocation of resources, first of all, we must establish and improve the national unity, competition, open and orderly mining rights market and mining factors market. To establish and improve the operation rules of the mining rights market, standardize the operation of the mining rights market. The current implementation of the mining rights transfer is the government to use the market approach to the regulatory means, not the market allocation of resources, and the transfer market is the real market configuration. To strengthen the transfer of mineral rights market construction, and actively play a fundamental role in the market allocation of resources.
To establish and improve the market system with the mining market. Strict access system, standardize market behavior; build a financing platform for mineral exploration, establish a reasonable investment structure for mineral exploration and risk incentive mechanism, standardize the mining capital market.
To regulate intermediary organizations, better play the role of industry associations. The existing intermediary organizations to rectify, standardize qualifications, strict control, strengthen self-discipline, improve the level.
5. Stimulate the development of various types of mining market players new vitality
Deepen the reform, stimulate the development of various types of mining market players vitality. First, deepen the reform of state-owned mining enterprises, restructuring into a joint-stock company system, like Gansu Baiyin Nonferrous Group Co., Ltd., Hainan Shilu Iron Ore Co., Ltd., from the separation of exploration and mining under the planned economic system into a market economy under the conditions of exploration and mining (on the mechanism of the) as a whole, the establishment of a scientific legal person governance structure to achieve the separation of ownership and management, state-owned holdings and participation in the system to solve the problem of separating the government from the enterprises. Property rights system reform to enhance the power, stimulate vitality, and actively play the role of the main body of the market.
The second is to guide and support the development of non-public mining enterprises. Non-public mining enterprises with the deepening of China's economic system reform and the development of the mining industry, has become an important mining market players. To conscientiously implement the eighteen report put forward by the two unwavering (unwavering consolidation and development of the state-owned economy, unwavering encouragement, support, guide the development of non-public economic development), to break the "national" shackles, non-public economy on an equal footing, equal treatment, equal use of factors of production, and equal protection of the law, support non-public mining enterprises, and support the development of non-public mining enterprises. Support the development of non-public mining enterprises, and contribute to the search for breakthroughs.
Second, on the standardization of the whole package of exploration proposals
The whole package of exploration is the implementation of geological prospecting since the implementation of the new mechanism for the implementation of a new mode of prospecting, the implementation of a few years, the results are remarkable. The whole package survey in the national comprehensive promotion, the provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in the understanding, there are great differences in the actual operation. Some of the entire exploration area from the regional geological survey to exploration are included, public welfare, commercial geological work co-existing, utility fees, funds, commercial capital mixed, mining rights set up diversified, diversified investment system, diversified exploration subject, etc., need to make a definition of the whole survey connotation and the corresponding development of technical standards and exploration regulations.
1.the connotation of the whole package exploration
In accordance with the law of the search for mineral ladder type order of progression, the whole package exploration is in the public welfare mineral geological survey and mineral resources potential evaluation based on the selection of a certain size of the mineral area (object) unified deployment, the overall exploration (the main body). This is to respect the laws of nature and the laws of geological work made by the choice, is a certain scale of mineral geology texture of the overall exploration.
Specify the connotation of the whole survey, to choose the whole survey area, the whole survey work procedures, stages of work, technical standards and survey procedures, quality of work and development of articulation, exploration and development of the distribution of benefits, etc., from the level of geotechnical regulations and economic relations to be defined.
2. Management of the whole survey
For the whole survey, the government mining management is mainly to formulate the whole survey planning, the establishment of the survey area, mining rights set up, the formulation of technical standards for exploration and operation of supervision and management, to create a favorable policy environment and social environment. The government can not control the mining rights, not both as a referee, but also as a player, which is contrary to the market-oriented allocation of mineral resources exploration and development.
The whole exploration market main body to strengthen internal management, relying on scientific and technological progress, improve the efficiency of the search for minerals, shorten the exploration cycle, rapid realization of the target task of the search for minerals, in the economic and social development of the country to make resources to ensure that at the same time, to obtain their own development of the economic benefits.
3. The whole survey of the interests of the parties configuration and coordination
The whole survey involves the main body of investment, the main body of the survey, the local government and the whole survey area of the interests of the people and other aspects. The whole exploration area of the coordination of the interests of all parties directly related to the success of the whole exploration. The government and the mineral resources department in charge of the whole exploration in the mining right configuration as the core, clear the rights and interests of the main body, coordination and reasonable distribution of interests, for the mobilization of the main body of the exploration to find the enthusiasm, for the advancement of the operation of the new mechanism and to achieve a major breakthrough in the search for minerals is crucial.
Three, on strengthening basic geological work, relying on scientific and technological progress to promote breakthroughs in the search for minerals
With the increase in investment in geological prospecting and geological prospecting system and mechanism of sound and perfect, the main contradiction that affects the geological prospecting will be changed to scientific and technological problems. At present, there are already problems such as the lack of funds, low-level duplication of projects, low efficiency in searching for minerals, and low quality of work. Strengthen management, relying on scientific and technological progress, to achieve breakthroughs in mineral exploration and development of mineral resources is the real meaning of the development mode change.
1. Strengthen learning, promote geological prospecting thinking innovation
Thinking innovation is to realize the potential for breakthroughs in mineral exploration. At present, China's rapid breakthrough action to find minerals, the majority of geological staff thinking is not prepared, knowledge is not enough to prepare for the lack of innovation in thinking, to arrange different forms of learning, training, communication, improve the ability to think innovatively, tap the potential for breakthroughs in the search for minerals. Such as China's metallogenic background of re-knowledge, re-knowledge of marine resources, re-knowledge of the characteristics of China's mineral resources, the understanding of new mineral species, the new development and utilization of knowledge and so on. Recognition from the free kingdom to the inevitable kingdom of change is to achieve a breakthrough in the search for minerals is a powerful driving force.
2. Improve the deployment quality of geological prospecting
The deployment quality is the first quality. At present, the search for breakthroughs in the deployment of 78 whole exploration area, need to be optimized in practice.
Deployment should be built on the basis of demand-driven, from the problem, cross, integration, big information, big data. Geological work from a single service to economic development has been expanded to serve the economy, society, ecology, people's livelihood in all aspects, geological prospecting field has been expanded from the traditional basement rock to take into account the surface layer of the earth and the deep crust, the new minerals, the new development and utilization of the way all provide the basis for scientific deployment.
3. Strengthening basic geological survey
The important progress made in recent years in the search for minerals is based on the accumulation of geological work over the years, especially the basic geological survey and evaluation of resource potentials for the whole exploration of the selection of the area provides an important basis. From the survey provinces (regions), some provinces (regions) new whole exploration reserve base is obviously insufficient. 14 years of geological survey basic geological survey input is low (about 30%), the local basic geological survey input is even lower.
We should raise the awareness of the importance of basic geological survey work for improving the level of earth science and promoting geological prospecting, correctly deal with the relationship between basic geological survey and the current breakthroughs in mineral prospecting, integrate the current and long-term, and effectively strengthen the basic geological survey, increase the proportion of investment in basic geological survey in the central public welfare geologic work, and increase the investment in the local basic geological survey, adopting new technology and new methods, and Strengthen management, improve the level of basic geological work, and guarantee the sustainable development of the whole survey.
4. Relying on scientific and technological progress, realizing breakthroughs in geological prospecting
With the expansion of the service field of geological survey work and the increase in the difficulty of prospecting, some of the traditional theories are no longer able to guide geological prospecting, and some of the techniques and methods are difficult to adapt to the new demands of geological prospecting, so that it is necessary to have new theories of prospecting and the support of new prospecting techniques and methods, in order to enhance the ability of geological prospecting.
To formulate policies and measures to promote geological prospecting by relying on scientific and technological progress, to encourage and stimulate production units, scientific research units, scientific researchers, and front-line workers in geological prospecting to carry out theoretical research on geological prospecting and exploration, and to form the prospecting technology and new methods of comprehensive analysis, comprehensive exploration and comprehensive evaluation, so as to solve the current problems of the ineffectiveness of some traditional geological theories in guiding geological prospecting and the overall inefficiency of some traditional and outdated technical methods. The overall efficiency of some traditional and outdated technical methods is low, so as to improve the level of geological prospecting.
Fourth, on the overall coordination of mineral resources exploration and development and ecological construction and environmental protection recommendations
Geological prospecting to solve one of the outstanding problems is the development of resources and environmental protection contradictions. How to coordinate the exploration and development of mineral resources and ecological construction and environmental protection, according to the economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction, ecological civilization construction "five in one" of the overall pattern of the socialist cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the construction of ecological civilization should be carried out in the context of respect for nature, adapt to nature, the protection of nature, economic and social requirements of the construction of ecological civilization, with the construction of ecological civilization, the construction of the social and economic environment. The requirements of the construction of ecological civilization, ecological civilization construction leading environmental protection and resource development, priority protection of the ecological environment, rational deployment of mineral resources exploration and development, and achieve coordinated development of ecological environmental protection and mineral resources development.
1. Leading environmental protection and resource development with the construction of ecological civilization
The deployment of geological prospecting should be subordinate to and serve the overall layout of the construction of ecological civilization. The theory of the value of resources and the environment should be used to guide environmental protection and resource development. The ecological value of resources and environment and productivity value of opposites and unity in the resource environment. Human beings have to survive in the process of realizing ecological value, but also to seek development in the process of realizing productivity value, and the balance between ecological value and productivity value is the fundamental guarantee for sustainable development. It is necessary to improve national land planning and optimize the spatial development pattern of the national territory. Based on the evaluation of the carrying capacity of resources and environment, and in accordance with the principle of balancing population, resources and environment, and unifying economic, social and ecological benefits, different areas mainly for ecological protection, resource development and urban and rural livability will be delineated, with clear functional positioning and national land planning. Following the principles of land planning and spatial scope, mineral resources exploration and development planning is made accordingly and put into practice. Control the development intensity, adjust the spatial structure, and promote the production space intensive and efficient.
2. To "point development" to promote "surface protection"
In China, such as the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, the size of the Xing'anling Mountains, the Qinba area is both an important ecological function area in China, but also an important mining area on the belt, adhere to the priority of ecological environment, development in the protection, development in the development. In the protection of development, in the development of protection, to promote resource-saving and environmentally friendly society, to "point development" to promote "surface protection". According to the national and regional economic and social development requirements, based on the ecological and environmental carrying capacity and the size of the mine, and other factors, to integrate and balance the "point of development" and "surface protection".
"Point development" to the most stringent access threshold, the most advanced management concepts and management methods, the most advanced professional team and technical equipment for mineral resources exploration and development, strict protection of the ecological environment, relying on scientific and technological progress, the economical and intensive use of resources, and the location of the mineral people *** enjoy the benefits of the development, **** with the protection of the ecological environment.
Mineral resources "point on the development" in the economic construction of mineral resources at the same time also for the ecological environment protection provides the material basis and financial support, "point on the development" to promote "surface protection "to" point development "to promote" surface protection "and promote the coordinated development of mineral resources exploration and development and ecological environmental protection, to achieve a win-win situation.
3. Formulate and implement an ecological compensation system reflecting market supply and demand and ecological value, intergenerational compensation
Establish and implement an ecological compensation system for the purpose of protecting the ecological environment and promoting the harmonious development of mankind and nature, and regulate the relationship between ecological protection stakeholders based on the ecological value and the cost of ecological protection, with the basic principle of "whoever protects, whoever benefits". The basic principle is "who protects, who benefits" and "responsibility, rights and benefits are unified".
Implementation of the ecological compensation system to establish a government-led and market transactions combined with the ecological compensation platform, the different types of compensation, compensation for the main body of compensation, compensation for the content of compensation and compensation methods for consultation and dialogue, and organization and implementation.
The main body of compensation for ecological damage and pollution caused by basic geological work, mineral prospecting surveys and part of the census to form a strategic reserve base of mineral resources is the government; the main body of compensation for ecological damage and pollution caused by mining exploration is the enterprise. For the loss of ecological value of the work area or mining area, the cost of repairing the ecological environment to determine the compensation standard.
V. Suggestions on actively and steadily promoting the reform of state-owned geological exploration units
State-owned geological exploration units have made significant contributions to the development of China's geological cause, and are still playing a major role in the current strategic action of geological breakthroughs in the search for minerals.
The reform of state-owned geological exploration units has gone through a period of arduous exploration, with remarkable results and greater development, but there are many legacy issues, heavy social baggage, and has been around whether or not to corporatize, when corporatization debates, the goal is not clear, and the pace is not uniform. The central "on the classification of institutions to promote the reform of the guiding opinions" for the state-owned geological exploration unit reform provides a rare opportunity. The focus of this reform is to build a moderately prosperous society in all aspects of the historical period, the economy, society, ecology, people's livelihood on the demand for geological work to determine the size of the geological survey team engaged in public service work, the difficulty is to study and determine the size of the regional economy and the degree of marketization of the capacity and conditions for the transformation of the geological survey units into enterprises.
It is recommended that the competent authorities of the geological exploration industry seize this favorable opportunity to be guided by the spirit of the central document, from the characteristics of the geological exploration industry, summarize the lessons learned from the reform of the geological exploration units, put forward a clear direction of the reform, rationalize the management system, improve the policy environment, to solve the historical legacy of the problems of the state-owned geological exploration units engaged in the production of operational activities and engaged in the public welfare service activities of the geological exploration industry to separate operation. Implement the guiding opinions of the central government to classify and promote the spirit of reform of public institutions, and actively and steadily and orderly push forward the reform, in order to promote the development of geological undertakings, to promote the geological search for breakthroughs, and to improve the standard of living of geological employees.
(Originally published in the "Ministry of Land and Resources Consulting and Research Center Expert Advice" on March 19, 2013 by the author with Yu Yangli, Wang Xikai, Fan Xiaoying, Chen Yuanxu, Zhang Xing co-authored)