Question 1: What does biology include? Your current state reminds me of my own experience back in the day.

I also fell in love with the subject of biology when I was in middle school.

I was born in Shanghai, and when I was in high school, the college entrance exam was divided into arts and sciences, and I chose biology without hesitation. There were more than 800 students in my class, but only 14 of them chose biology. The reason I'm telling you this is to say that although enameling in biology has become popular, it's still not accepted by most people, so if you really like this subject and find it fascinating, please be sure to stick to your own ideas, don't be afraid of outside pressure, and don't be blinded by some utilitarian things that lead to making the wrong choice.

During the time I studied biology in high school, I was initially exposed to some of the fur of biology, and it can be said that through the high school stage of learning, because of a better understanding of the subject, I became more and more fond of it. At the high school level, you may be exposed to biology in the following categories: cell biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, zoology, and botany. Of course your biology class won't specifically try to cover these in separate subjects, but the biology books will cover the most superficial and classical parts of the above subjects. Because of the limitations of textbook design, the biology you learn in high school will be characterized by breadth but not deep knowledge. This content is enough to spark a strong interest in all areas of biology.

In my senior year of high school I started to take some basic college biology textbooks for the content I was interested in, and the one I recommended was General Biology with a blue cover. That book can be said to be a popular biology textbook for college students not majoring in biology, easy to understand, but much more informative than high school textbooks. After reading this book, it is for some more interested in the textbook to read, I was reading microbiology, cytology.

In my senior year of high school I participated in the National Biology Competition and took first prize. This added 20 points to my high school score.

What I want to tell you through my study of biology in high school is that the way to get rid of the shortcomings of traditional Chinese education and make yourself stand out is to listen to your conscience and study. Although the current situation for us students of biology does not seem to be optimistic, the competition you face is definitely much less than that of your classmates studying physics and chemistry. Moreover, no matter who you are, as long as your interest in the subject serves as an inner driving force that keeps you exploring the mysteries of the subject, biology will never let you down, and at the same time, I guarantee that you can learn a lot of things that your teachers don't even know without even realizing it. When you look back then, you realize that you have truly stood at the gate of the biology discipline.

My major in college was biology, of course. It was in college that the subject of biology opened its doors to me. I systematically studied all aspects of biology in school: cell biology, cell engineering, immunology technology, molecular biology, genetic engineering principles and methods, microbiology, fermentation engineering, modern food engineering, biochemical technology, biochemistry, analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, genetics, zoology, developmental biology, neurobiology, general entomology, botany, ecology, Landscape Ecology, Plant Ecology, Behavioral Ecology, Biostatistics, and English for Biology.

The feeling I got from all these studies was that not only did I not become an expert, but I also realized that the more I studied, the less I understood. Through my undergraduate studies in biology, I think it is important to establish a holographic concept of biology, that is to say, when you come across a problem related to biology, you are conscious of which areas of knowledge you want to use to explain it. But as far as correctness and precision are concerned, undergraduate study is not enough to guarantee that.

I'm also at a rather critical time at the moment. I am applying to go to the US for graduate school in biopharmaceuticals. You may not have any idea about the direction of biopharmaceuticals. In fact, this is a relatively fine branch of biology, and is a very strong application of a professional, simply put, is the use of certain biotechnology to synthesize the characteristics of living matter with the therapeutic drugs, and the traditional chemical drugs compared to the side effects of small, highly targeted are its advantages.

If you intend to take the life ...... >>

Question 2: What does biological mean? Usually, you can distinguish what's biological and what's not without too much trouble, but when you're actually asked to put into words or phrases what is biological, things aren't so simple anymore. In fact, it's extremely difficult to give a scientific definition of a living thing, and humans have never been able to solve this problem before.

Some people think that a living thing is a living object. Indeed, all living things are alive, so, in turn, are not all living objects living things? The answer is no! Because not only living things have life, but also parts of living things can have life. For example, a green leaf, a heart to be transplanted, the red and white blood cells in fresh blood. However, these objects that have life, one would not consider them as belonging to living things. So it is not necessary that a living object is a living thing.

So, how should the concept of living things be defined? We find that animals are made up of every specific human being, pig, tiger, sparrow and mosquito, etc., and therefore, an animal itself is an object *** . Similarly, plants, microorganisms and organisms are all objects *** . Thus, we can define organisms by the concept of ***.

An organism is an object's ***, whose elements include a living object with the ability to survive and reproduce, produced by chemical reactions under natural conditions, and the living offspring produced by it (or them) through reproduction.

The definition would neither exclude animals such as worker bees, Pian and mules, which are not capable of reproduction, from the category of living things, nor would it include objects such as a green leaf, a heart to be transplanted, red and white blood cells in fresh blood, *** and an egg, which are alive, but are not living things, from the category of living things.

Question 3: What is included in an ecosystem Organisms Animals, plants and microorganisms, that is, all living things! They can also be categorized as producers (mainly green plants), consumers (mainly animals and some microbes), and decomposers (microbes).

An ecosystem includes these living things as well as the non-living parts, the non-living matter and energy. The surrounding soil, air, sunlight, etc.

Question 4: What are the biological characteristics Morphological characteristics of edible mushrooms

Although there are many types of edible mushrooms ~ the form is very different ~ but no matter what kind of edible mushrooms ~ are composed of two basic parts: the mycelium and the fruiting body.

First, mycelium

Mycelium is a tiny (diameter 6?13μm) filamentous material ~ each filament is called mycelium. The collective of numerous branched hyphae is called mycelium.

Mycelium is the nutritional organ of edible mushrooms ~ is the main body of edible mushrooms ~ its main function is to decompose the substrate ~ and from the substrate to take water, inorganic and organic substances.

What is the structure of edible mushroom mycelium ?

. Cellular structure of a single mycelium ? a.. Cell wall b. Cell membrane c. Cytoplasm d. Nucleus

(a) Primary mycelium

After the germination of the stramenospores of Staphylococcus tamarindus, the first formation of multinucleate primordial hyphae without septa ~ in the appropriate environmental conditions ~ soon produce more than one septa separating the hyphae into a number of mononuclear cells. Each cell contains only a nucleus of the mycelium that is mononuclear mycelium ~ also known as primary mycelium. Primordial mycelium is extremely slender ~ its chromosomes are haploid.

(B) secondary seedling mycelium

After the development of the primary mycelium to a certain stage, the two mononuclear mycelium will soon be combined with the protoplasm of the cell to be fused together to carry out the plasmapheresis ~ nuclear mismatch ~ so that each cell in the mycelium has two nuclei ~ the binucleate mycelium is also known as secondary mycelium. The secondary mycelium is thicker than the primary mycelium ~ branching luxuriant ~ fast growth rate.

(C) three mycelium (tertiary mycelium)

When the secondary mycelium development to a certain stage ~ in the appropriate conditions ~ mycelium twisted each other into a ball ~ the formation of the substrate protoplast ~ and then developed into a substrate. This has been organized and have a certain arrangement and a certain structure of binucleate mycelium is called three times mycelium ~ or called solid mycelium.

(D) Basidiomycetes and aerial mycelium

Mycelium in the process of growth ~ part of the extension to the culture substrate called basidiomycetes ~ the other part of the growth in the air called aerial mycelium. Some edible mushrooms that can produce asexual spores ~ their asexual spores are mostly formed on the aerial mycelium.

(E) Locked union

Locked union is a special form of binucleate mycelial cell division. In Shiitake mushrooms, flat mushrooms, silver fungus, fungus and many other common

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Edible fungi ~ binucleate mycelium on the diaphragm often produce a characteristic lateral protuberance ~ i.e., born in the wall between the two nuclei appeared in a very short small branch ~ forming a hook-shaped part. Then one of the two nuclei moves into the hooked portion ~ at this time the two nuclei in the cell immediately undergo mitosis at the same time ~ forming daughter nuclei aabb. One of the daughter nuclei b stays in the hooked protuberance ~ and along the protuberance is transferred to the base of the cell ~ and the other daughter nucleus b enters the top. The mother nucleus a divides into aa ~ one of the daughter nuclei a moves to the top in the direction of the new cell growth ~ and is paired with a b ~ the other daughter nucleus a is paired with the other transferred daughter nucleus b. A new septum is then formed in the middle of the cell and one at the hook-like protrusion. In this way a mother cell forms two binucleate (heterokaryotic) daughter cells with a and b nuclei. At the septum of the two cells then remains a distinct protuberance ~that is, the loculicidal union.

(F) mycelium formation of special structures

Edible fungi mycelium in the process of growth and development encountered a bad environment and will be reproduced when the mycelium is often tightly intertwined with each other ~ perversion of the formation of a number of special structures ~ common mycelial bundles, mycelium, mycelium, nuclei, mycorrhizae, mycorrhizae, and so on.

1?Mycelial bundles A large number of mycelium are arranged in parallel to form white, thick and slightly branched bundles that are called mycelial bundles. For example, some white thick filaments at the base of the substrate of Agaricus bisporus ~ this is the mycelial bundle ~ it can transport the nutrients and water from the substrate mycelium to the substrate in time.

2?Mycelium The mycelium of some edible mushrooms, such as honey ring mushrooms, is often entangled into shoelace-like or rope-like structures ~ this metamorphic tissue is called mycelium. The color is white, brown or dark brown ~ thickness varies ~ generally have branches ~ and each other linked into a network or root-like. The surface of the mycelium is often keratinized ~ in the adverse environment can remain dormant ~ when the conditions are suitable ~ from the growth point to resume growth ~ development to a certain stage and then form a substrate.

3?Mycelium Some edible fungi in the life process of mycelium dense ~ the formation of spherical, block or granular tissue ~ that is, mycelium. Seedling nucleus hard texture ~ surface more bumpy ~ more brown to black brown ~ internal white or pink ~ nucleus usually ...... >>

Question 5: What disciplines are included in the field of biological sciences Botany, Zoology, Microbiology, Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, Neurobiology, etc.

Question 6: What are the main components of biotechnology The contents of biotechnology mainly include: (1) Genetic Engineering; (2) Cell Engineering; (3) Fermentation Engineering; (4) Enzyme Engineering; (5) Biological Engineering. (4) enzyme engineering; (5) protein engineering. Among them, genetic engineering technology is the core technology. Cell engineering is a technology at the cellular level, mainly to animal cells and plant cells as the object, microbial cell manipulation separate to the fermentation engineering to study. Protein engineering to be based on genetic engineering, through the artificial directional transformation of genes to create a new type of protein technology, so also known as the second generation of genetic engineering.

Question 7: What does biology include? Your current state reminds me of my own experience back in the day.

I also fell in love with the subject of biology when I was in middle school.

I was born in Shanghai, and when I was in high school, the college entrance exam was divided into arts and sciences, and I chose biology without hesitation. There were more than 800 students in my class, but only 14 of them chose biology. The reason I'm telling you this is to say that although enameling in biology has become popular, it's still not accepted by most people, so if you really like this subject and find it fascinating, please be sure to stick to your own ideas, don't be afraid of outside pressure, and don't be blinded by some utilitarian things that lead to making the wrong choice.

During the time I studied biology in high school, I was initially exposed to some of the fur of biology, and it can be said that through the high school stage of learning, because of a better understanding of the subject, I became more and more fond of it. At the high school level, you may be exposed to biology in the following categories: cell biology, genetics, molecular biology, ecology, zoology, and botany. Of course your biology class won't specifically try to cover these in separate subjects, but the biology books will cover the most superficial and classical parts of the above subjects. Because of the limitations of textbook design, the biology you learn in high school will be characterized by breadth but not deep knowledge. This content is enough to spark a strong interest in all areas of biology.

In my senior year of high school I started to take some basic college biology textbooks for the content I was interested in, and the one I recommended was General Biology with a blue cover. That book can be said to be a popular biology textbook for college students not majoring in biology, easy to understand, but much more informative than high school textbooks. After reading this book, it is for some more interested in the textbook to read, I was reading microbiology, cytology.

In my senior year of high school I participated in the National Biology Competition and took first prize. This added 20 points to my high school score.

What I want to tell you through my study of biology in high school is that the way to get rid of the shortcomings of traditional Chinese education and make yourself stand out is to listen to your conscience and study. Although the current situation for us students of biology does not seem to be optimistic, the competition you face is definitely much less than that of your classmates studying physics and chemistry. Moreover, no matter who you are, as long as your interest in the subject serves as an inner driving force to keep you exploring the mysteries of the subject, Biology will never let you down, and at the same time, I guarantee you that you can learn a lot of things that your teachers don't even know without even realizing it. When you look back then, you realize that you have truly stood at the gate of the biology discipline.

My major in college was biology, of course. It was in college that the subject of biology opened its doors to me. I systematically studied all aspects of biology in school: cell biology, cell engineering, immunology technology, molecular biology, genetic engineering principles and methods, microbiology, fermentation engineering, modern food engineering, biochemical technology, biochemistry, analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, genetics, zoology, developmental biology, neurobiology, general entomology, botany, ecology, Landscape Ecology, Plant Ecology, Behavioral Ecology, Biostatistics, and English for Biology.

The feeling I got from all these studies was that not only did I not become an expert, but I also realized that the more I studied, the less I understood. Through my undergraduate studies in biology, I think it is important to establish a holographic concept of biology, that is to say, when you come across a problem related to biology, you are conscious of which areas of knowledge you want to use to explain it. But as far as correctness and precision are concerned, undergraduate study is not enough to guarantee that.

I'm also at a rather critical time at the moment. I am applying to go to the US for graduate school in biopharmaceuticals. You may not have any idea about the direction of biopharmaceuticals. In fact, this is a relatively fine branch of biology, and is a very strong application of a professional, simply put, is the use of certain biotechnology to synthesize the characteristics of living matter with the therapeutic drugs, and the traditional chemical drugs compared to the side effects of small, highly targeted are its advantages.

If you intend to take the life ...... >>

Question 8: What do organisms in an ecosystem include Animals, plants and microorganisms, that is, all living things! They can also be categorized as producers (mainly green plants), consumers (mainly animals and some microbes), and decomposers (microbes).

An ecosystem includes these living things as well as the non-living parts, the non-living matter and energy. The surrounding soil, air, sunlight, etc.

Question 9: What is included in the biology program? Bioengineering, biotechnology, food quality and safety, pharmaceutical engineering, gene factories

Undergraduate or graduate? Undergraduate scope is generally larger: bioengineering, biotechnology, life sciences, environmental engineering, environmental protection, pharmaceutical engineering, food engineering, fermentation engineering to specialize in botany, zoology, animal medicine, animal science, seed science, cultivation do not study plants and animals on the route to go to the people ah: clinical medicine, pharmacy, basic medicine, testing need to have the details of the problem can also continue to ask. But I will study bioengineering, honestly, not good employment.

Question 10: What are biologics, including what are there? Biological products is the application of ordinary or genetic engineering, cell engineering, protein engineering, fermentation engineering and other biotechnology obtained microorganisms, cells and a variety of animal and human sources of tissues and liquids and other biological materials prepared for human disease prevention, treatment and diagnosis of drugs. Biological products are different from general medical drugs, it is through the *** body's immune system, the production of immune substances (such as antibodies) to play its role, in the body of humoral immunity, cellular immunity or cell-mediated immunity. Biological agents include: biological products for prevention, therapeutic biological products and diagnostic biological products. Commonly used in the clinic are: human albumin, human immunoglobulin, influenza virus lysate vaccine, transfer factor and so on!