During the Warring States period, the state of Qin was the strongest and often attacked other countries.

One time, the king of Zhao got a priceless treasure called He Shi Bi. When the king of Qin found out about it, he wrote a letter to the king of Zhao, saying that he was willing to exchange fifteen cities for this jade.

The king of Zhao was very anxious when he received the letter and immediately called his ministers to discuss the matter. They said that the king of Qin was just trying to cheat the Heshi Bi into his hands, and that they could not fall for his trick, but if they didn't agree to it, they were afraid that he would send his soldiers to attack.

In the middle of the dilemma, someone said that there is a Lin Xiangru, who is brave and witty, and may be able to solve this problem.

The king of Zhao brought Lin Xiangru to him and asked him what to do.

Lin Xiangru thought for a while and said, "I am willing to take the He Shi Bi to Qin. If the king of Qin really takes fifteen cities in exchange, I will give him the jade annulus; if he refuses to hand over fifteen cities, I will definitely send the jade annulus back. At that time, the state of Qin will be aggrieved by reason, and there will be no reason for it to move its troops."

The king of Zhao and his ministers had no other choice but to send Lin Xiangru to Qin with the Heshi Bi.

When Lin Xiangru arrived at Qin, he went into the palace to see the king and presented Heshi Bi. The king of Qin held the jade annulus with both hands and praised it while looking at it, and never mentioned the matter of 15 cities. Seeing this, Lin Xiangru knew that the king of Qin did not have the sincerity to exchange the city for the bik, so he stepped forward and said, "This piece of bik is a little bit flawed, let me show it to you." Hearing this, the king of Qin handed over the Heshi Bi to Lin Xiangru. Lin Xiangru, holding the jade disk, took a few steps back and stood against a pillar. He said with a straight face, "I see that you do not want to deliver the fifteen cities. If you force me to do so, my head and the bik will be smashed together on this pillar!" With that, he lifted up the Heshi Bi and was about to smash it against the pillar. The king was afraid that he might break the jade annulus, so he hurriedly said that everything was negotiable, and asked his men to take out a map and show him the fifteen cities that had been promised to be transferred to the state of Zhao. Lin Xiangru said that the Heshi Bi was a priceless treasure, and that he would not hand it over until a grand ceremony was held. The king of Qin had to agree with him on a date for the ceremony.

As soon as Lin Xiangru returned to his hotel, he asked his men to disguise themselves and take the Heshi Bi back to Zhao by a shortcut. On the day of the ceremony, Lin Xiangru went into the palace to see the king of Qin and said boldly: "The He Shi Bi has been sent back to Zhao. If you are sincere, you should first hand over 15 cities to us, and we will immediately send someone to deliver the jade annulus to you, and we will never break our promise. Otherwise, it is useless for you to kill me, for everyone in the world knows that Qin never keeps its word!" The king of Qin had no choice but to politely send Lin Xiangru back to Zhao.

This is the story of "Returning the jade annulus to Zhao". The king of Zhao made Lin Xiangru a senior official, and the king of Zhao made him a senior official.

A few years later, the king of Qin asked the king of Zhao to meet him in Mianchi. The king of Zhao and his ministers deliberated, saying, "If I go, I am afraid of danger; if I don't go, I look too timid." But Lin Xiangru thought it was better to go than to show weakness to the king of Qin, so the king of Zhao decided to go and asked Lin Xiangru to accompany him. General Lian Po sent them to the border with his army, ready to defend against the Qin soldiers.

The king of Zhao arrived at Mianchi and met the king of Qin. The king of Qin asked the king of Zhao to play the drum. The king of Zhao could not resist and drummed a passage. The king then asked someone to record it, saying that at the Mianchi meeting, the king of Zhao played the drum for the king of Qin.

Lin Xiangru was furious when he saw the king of Qin insulting the king of Zhao in this way. He went to the king of Qin and said, "Please strike a percussion for the king of Zhao." The king refused. Lin Xiangru asked again, but the king still refused. Lin Xiangru said, "You are now only five paces away from me. If you don't agree, I will fight you!" The king of Qin was forced to knock the percussion. Lin Xiangru also asked someone to record it, saying that at the Mianchi meeting, the king of Qin struck a percussion for the king of Zhao.

The Qin king did not take advantage. He knew that Lian Po had already made preparations on the border and did not dare to do anything to the king of Zhao, so he had to let the king of Zhao go back.

Lin Xiangru made another achievement at the Mianchi meeting. The king of Zhao made Lin Xiangru the upper minister, a higher position than Lian Po.

Lian Po was very upset, and said to others: "I am Lian Po, who is invincible and has made many great achievements. He said, "I have made many great achievements, but what can he do, just by a mouth, but climbed to my head. When I meet him, I'll give him a hard time!" When Lin Xiangru heard this, he took a sick leave from the court to avoid meeting with Lian Po.

One day, when Lin Xiangru was riding out, he saw Lian Po riding his high horse from afar, and he hurriedly told the driver to drive the car back. The people under Lin Xiangru's command did not like it. They said, "Lin Xiangru is as afraid of Lian Po as a mouse is of a cat, why should he be afraid of him? Lin Xiangru said to them, "Please think about it, who is more powerful than General Lian and the King of Qin?" They said, "Of course, General Lian and the King of Qin. They said, "Of course the King of Qin is better!" Lin Xiangru said, "I am not afraid of the King of Qin, but will I be afraid of General Lian? As we all know, the King of Qin doesn't dare to attack us, Zhao, because we have Lian Po in the military and Lin Xiangru in the civil field. If the two of us fall out, it will weaken the power of Zhao, and Qin will surely take the opportunity to attack us. So I avoided General Lian for the sake of our Zhao!"

Lin Xiangru's words reached Lian Po's ears. Lian Po took a moment to think about it and felt that he should not have disregarded his country's interests just for the sake of fighting for a breath of air. So, he took off his war robe, put thorns on his back and went to Lin Xiangru's door to ask for pardon. When Lin Xiangru saw Lian Po come to ask for punishment, he came out to greet him warmly. From then on, the two of them became good friends and worked together to defend the state of Zhao.

[Editor's note]Synopsis

The story of "The Harmony of Generals" is from Sima Qian's "Records of the Grand Historian" (史记). The Story of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru. It consists of three short stories: "Returning the jade annulus to Zhao", "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "What do you mean"?

The connection between the three stories: "The Meeting in Mianchi" is a development of "Returning the jade annulus to Zhao", "Returning the jade annulus to Zhao" and "The Meeting in Mianchi" are the development of "Returning the jade annulus to Zhao", and "Returning the jade annulus to Zhao" and "The Meeting in Mianchi" are the development of "Returning the jade annulus to Zhao". The "return of the jade annulus to Zhao" is a development of the "return of the jade annulus to Zhao", and the "return of the jade annulus to Zhao" and the "meeting in Mianchi" are the causes of the "request for a bramble to apologize". The "return of the jade annulus to Zhao", "the meeting at Mianchi" and "the taking of a bramble to ask for a pardon" together make up the complete and twisted story of "the harmony of generals and ministers".

During the Warring States period, Lin Xiangru, a servant of the State of Zhao, was ordered to go on a mission to the State of Qin, and returned the jade annulus to Zhao without dishonoring his mission, so he was made a senior doctor; and he accompanied the King of Zhao to the Mianchi meeting set up by the King of Qin, so that the King of Zhao was spared the humiliation. The king of Zhao made Lin Xiangru a senior minister in recognition of his service. Lian Po, a veteran general, who was proud of his achievements, was not convinced of this and deliberately provoked him, but Lin Xiangru, who was concerned about the state's important affairs, always tolerated him. After that, Lian Po finally came to his senses and apologized to Lin Xiangru. The generals and ministers were reconciled, and *** with the aid of the state, the country was unharmed .

" Generals and Ministers " this story is to promote: the sea to accommodate a hundred rivers, tolerance is great; Generals and Ministers and peace, the world.

[edit paragraph]About the author

Sima Qian ( 司马迁) (145 or 135-???) Western Han Dynasty historian and writer. The character Zi Chang (子长), a native of Xiayang (present-day southwest of Hancheng, Shaanxi). He was born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing's reign (145 B.C.), and is said to have been born in the sixth year of Emperor Wu's reign (135 B.C.); his death date is not known. At the age of 10, Sima Qian began to study ancient texts and biographies. At the age of 10, Sima Qian began to study ancient texts and biographies, and around the time of Emperor Wu's Yuan Guang and Yuan Shuo years, he studied the "Spring and Autumn Annals of the Gongyangs" with Dong Zhongshu, and "The Book of the Shangshu of the Ancient Texts" with ancient literary scholar Kong Anguo. Soon after, he was appointed as a langzhong, and became the guard and escort of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. He accompanied Emperor Wu on his western tour for many times, and once went on a mission to Ba Shu. In the third year of Yuanfeng (108 B.C.), Sima Qian succeeded his father, Sima Tan, and was appointed as the Imperial Historian, in charge of astronomy and calendars as well as the royal atlases, and was thus able to read all the books collected by the Historian. For defending Li Ling, who had surrendered to the Xiongnu, Sima Qian was imprisoned and sentenced to death by corruption. After his release from prison, he was appointed as a minister of the Central Committee, and continued to write books with great fury, finally completing the writing of the Historical Records.

The Historical Records did not have a fixed title at first, but was called "The Book of the Grand Historian", or "The Record of the Grand Historian", or "The Grand Historian", or "The Grand Historian". Originally, "Shiji" was the common name for ancient history books, but from the Three Kingdoms onwards, "Shiji" gradually became the special name of "Book of the Duke of Taishi" from the common name. The whole book is 130 articles, including twelve books (remembering the political deeds of emperors and kings), eight books (remembering all kinds of rules and regulations), ten tables (remembering the chronology of major events), thirty families (remembering the rise and fall of the Husuo State), and seventy biographies (remembering the deeds and deeds of important historical figures), in five parts, with 520,000 words***. Recorded from the Yellow Emperor to the Han Emperor Wu Di Taichu years as long as three thousand years of political, economic and cultural history, a more comprehensive and profound reflection of China's ancient social landscape, the later generations of historiography has a far-reaching impact.

The Shiji is both a historical "factual record" and of high literary value.

[edit]Characters

Lian Po Lian Po was a famous general of the state of Zhao in the late Warring States period. He was appointed as the upper minister during the reign of King Huiwen of Zhao, and made great achievements for the state of Zhao by repeatedly defeating Qi and Wei. During the Battle of Changping, he defended the wall for three years. Later, King Xiaocheng of Zhao fell for Qin's counter-plan and replaced Lian Po with Zhao Kuo as his general, which led to a disastrous defeat. Yan took the opportunity to attack Zhao. King Xiao Cheng of Zhao reappointed Lian Po and defeated the Yan army. The king of Zhao appointed Lian Po as the Prince of Xinping and the Minister of State. At the time of King Mourning Xiang of Zhao, Lian Po lost his ambition and defected to the state of Wei. Lian Po was not trusted by Wei and was never reappointed. Lian Po went back to Chu and became a general of Chu. He died of old age in the state of Chu.

Lin Xiangru (蔺相如) was a minister of Zhao during the Warring States period. When King Huiwen of Zhao got the world's rare treasure jade - Chu He Shi Bi, Qin strong 15 cities in exchange for the "He Shi Bi", Lin Xiangru was ordered to take the Bi to Qin, and the king of Qin in the court of force to fight, and returned the jade to Zhao. The king of Zhao appointed Xiangru as a senior official. In 279 B.C., he accompanied King Huiwen of Zhao to Mianchi (west of present-day Mianchi, Henan Province) to meet with the king of Qin and saved the king of Zhao from being humiliated by the Qin, and upon his return to his country, he was made superior minister for meritorious service, a position above that of Lian Po, who was outraged and resentful. Lian Po was so ashamed that he apologized to Lin Xiangru, and they became close friends. The story of the two of them became close friends, and the story of the two of them became a beautiful story.

[Edit Paragraph]Historical Information

The Seven Heroes of the Warring States Zhou Warring States A period in China's history (475-221 BC). At that time, there were seven relatively strong countries, namely, Qin, Chu, Qi, Zhao, Yan, Wei and Han, known as the "Seven Heroes of the Warring States". The seven states confronted each other, and there were frequent wars. Qin was the strongest one. Qin was located west of the Hangu Pass, while the other six states were east of the Pass. To the east of Zhao was the rich and powerful Qi, and to the west was the powerful Qin. Zhao was in between the two great powers. The story of "Returning the jade annulus to Zhao" happened when Qin was attacking Chu with all its might. Qin could not concentrate more troops against Zhao, and mainly used threats to take advantage of Zhao.

Dafu (大夫) and Qing (卿) Official positions were divided into upper, middle, and lower levels, with the upper dafu (上大夫) being the highest dafu (大大夫). The upper minister was the highest official position under the vassal. In the 16th year of King Huiwen of Zhao (283 BC), Lian Po was promoted to be the first minister because of his success in fighting against Qi. Lin Xiangru was also a senior minister, but because he was a civil official, his position was to the right of Lian Po when he attended the court assemblies. Before the Qin and Han dynasties, the right was honored, so the text says that Lin Xiangru's position was higher than that of Lian Po.

The fall of Zhao

King Xiaocheng of Zhao died in the twenty-first year (245 BC), and his son Zhao Yan succeeded to the throne as King Mourning Xiang of Zhao. King Zhao was a mediocre ruler who abrogated the virtuous crown prince Zhao Jia and installed Zhao Qian, who had never been virtuous, as the crown prince. When he died in the ninth year of his reign, Zhao Qian succeeded to the throne as King Youmu.

In 229 BC, Qin attacked the state of Zhao, and King Youmu of Zhao sent Li Mu and Sima Shang to lead the resistance. Li Mu was an outstanding general of Zhao, who had defeated the Qin army at Fei (present-day Lulong, Hebei) in 233 BC, and was awarded the title of Wuanjun for his achievements. The Qin generals were afraid of Li Mu, so they used a stratagem to bribe Guo Kai, a favorite minister of King Youmu of Zhao, who then spread a rumor that Li Mu and Sima Shang were plotting a rebellion. Zhao Qian, the king of Youmu, who had been a mediocre and unethical person since his childhood, heard the rumors and, without analyzing them, replaced Li Mu and Sima Shang with Zhao Onion and Yan Ju, and killed Li Mu. When the Qin army heard that Li Mu was dead, Qin general Wang Jian led a large army to break through Zhao and killed Zhao Onion in one battle. The Qin army drove straight ahead and broke through Handan. They captured King Yu Miao of Zhao. He was exiled to Fangling in Henan Province. Zhao's ministers*** made Zhao Jia the king of Dai, and the capital was located in Daicheng (present-day southwest of Weixian, Hebei). In the sixth year of the third year of Dai (222 BC), the Qin army marched into Daicheng. King Jia of Dai surrendered to the Qin, and the state of Zhao fell.

In the twentieth year of King Huiwen of Zhao (278 BC), Lian Po attacked Qi to the east and broke one of its armies. In the second year of the twentieth year of King Huiwen of Zhao (276 BC), he attacked Qi again and captured nine cities. In the following year, Lian Po attacked Wei and captured Fangling (twenty miles south of present-day Anyang, Henan Province) and Anyang City (forty-three miles southwest of present-day Anyang County, Henan Province). It is because of the Lian, Lin and peace, so that Zhao internal unity, dedication to serve the country, so that Zhao once strong, become the eastern vassals to block the Qin eastward barrier, Qin later 10 years at the end of the dare to attack Zhao.

In 266 BC, King Huiwen of Zhao died and King Xiaocheng was established. At this time, Qin adopted the strategy of Yinghou Fan Suo, which was to make friends with Qi and Chu while attacking the neighboring small states. In the 55th year of King Zhou's reign (260 BC), Qin attacked Shangdang in Han. When the Korean defenders in Shangdang were isolated and helpless, the governor Feng Ting offered Shangdang to the state of Zhao. The war between Qin and Zhao then centered around the struggle for the Shangdang area. At that time, the famous general Zhao She was dead, Lin Xiangru was seriously ill, and only Lian Po was in charge of military affairs. King Xiao Cheng of Zhao ordered Lian Po to command 200,000 Zhao troops to stop the Qin army at Changping (present-day northwest of Gaoping County, Shanxi Province) (see Battle of Changping). At that time, the Qin army had already taken Nuwang (present-day Qinyang, Henan Province) in the south and Shangdang (present-day central Shanxi Province) in the north, cutting off the connection between north and south of Changping, and their morale was in full swing, while the Zhao army had traveled a long distance to get there, and not only were their troops at a disadvantage, but also they were in a passive and unfavorable position in terms of their posture. In the face of this situation, Lian Po correctly adopted the combat policy of building barricades and defending, exhausting the enemy army and attacking the enemy with a camera. He ordered the Zhao army to build up a strict barrier by virtue of the mountains and dangers. In spite of several challenges from the Qin army, Lian Po always kept his men in a tight rein and refused to come out. At the same time, he gathered the people in the Shangdang area, who were engaged in battlefield transportation and the construction of barriers against the Qin. The Qin army was unable to fight because of the Zhao army's strict barricades, and they lost their vigor. Lian Po used his troops to defend the city for three years, with the intention of thwarting the Qin army's plan of quick victory. Seeing that a quick victory would not work, Qin used a counter-plot to convince the king of Zhao that Qin's biggest worry and fear was to replace Lian Po with Zhao Kuo. The king of Zhao was so eager to win that he finally fell for the trick, thinking that Lian Po was cowardly and forcibly dismissed Lian Po from his post and replaced him with Zhao Kuo as his general. Although Lin Xiangru strongly advised that Zhao Kuo, who only knew how to fight on paper, was not suitable for this important post, the king of Zhao refused to listen to him and appointed Zhao Kuo as a general. After replacing Lian Po, Zhao Kuo completely changed Lian Po's strategic plan and replaced many of his officers. Seeing the use of Zhao Kuo as a general, Qin secretly enabled Bai Qi, the ruler of Wu'an, to lead an army to attack Zhao. He defeated Zhao Kuo's army at Changping, shot Zhao Kuo and pitted Zhao's army of more than 400,000 soldiers. In the battle of Zhao Changping, Zhao lost 450,000 men.

After the Battle of Changping, Qin took advantage of the situation to encircle Zhao's capital, Handan (see Battle of Handan), which lasted for more than a year. Fortunately, Wei's son, Prince Xinling, stole the military symbols to save the country, but the country's strength had been greatly reduced.

In the 56th year of King Zhaoxiang's reign (251 BC), Yan attacked Zhao with a general named Prime Minister Li Bu, in response to the fact that Zhao's "strongest men were all in Changping, but its orphans were not strong enough". Zhao made Lian Po the general and commanded the famous Battle of ancient generation. He divided his army into two groups, one led by Le Shi, who went straight to Dai to fight against the Yan army in the west, and the other led by Lian Po, who met the main force of the Yan army in Ancheng (north of present-day Baixiang County, Hebei Province). Lian Po commanded the Zhao army, which was united in defense of their homeland, and adopted the tactic of concentrating troops on the enemy's front, which won the first battle, thwarted the enemy's troops, and defeated the Yan army's arrogance. Then, he led the Zhao army to defeat the Yan army and beheaded Kuribayashi. The Yan army, whose commander was beheaded, retreated in panic. Lian Po seized the opportunity of the Yan army's retreat and ordered the Zhao army to follow up the victory, and drove 500 miles to besiege the Yan capital city of Ji (present-day Beijing) in 250 BC. Seeing that Yan was in danger, King Hei of Yan agreed to Zhao's demand of ceding 5 cities and begged for peace. Lian Po wrote a letter to the king of Ping, and became the prime minister of Yan. Lian Po served as a prime minister for about six or seven years, repelling the invading enemy army many times and waiting for an opportunity to strike. In 245 years ago, he led his troops to capture the Wei land of Cangyang (northwest of Neihuang County in present-day Henan Province), indicating that the state power of Zhao had recovered again.

When Lian Po was removed from Changping and returned home, losing his power, his original disciples left. When he was reappointed as a general again, the disciples all gathered together again. Lian Po was very sad and asked them to leave, but the gatekeepers told him, "This is nothing strange. Now we are making friends in the way of buying and selling in the market. If you have power, we will follow you; if you don't have power, we will leave, this is the common sense of buying and selling. And what is there to complain about?

In the second year of Qin Shi Huang (245 years ago), King Zhao Xiaocheng died, and his son, King Xiang of Zhao, succeeded him. King Xiang listened to the slanderous words of the treacherous minister Guo Kai and dismissed Lian Po from his military post, sending Le Xuan to replace Lian Po. Lian Po became angry and attacked Le Chien, who fled. Lian Po then left Zhao to join the state of Wei, Daliang (present-day Kaifeng City, Henan Province). Lian Po stayed in Daliang for a long time, but the king of Wei did not trust and reuse him even though he took him in. The king of Zhao wanted to reappoint Lian Po and Lian Po wanted to be reappointed by Zhao because Zhao was besieged by the Qin army many times. The king of Zhao sent his emissary, eunuch Tang Jiu, to Daliang with a pair of expensive armor and four fast horses to console Lian Po and see if he was still available. However, Guo Kai, the enemy of Lian Po, was afraid that Lian Po would gain power again, so he secretly gave Tang Jiu a lot of money and asked him to say bad things about Lian Po. When a messenger from Zhao met Lian Po, Lian Po ate a bucket of rice and 10 catties of meat in one meal in front of him, and even put on his armor and mounted his horse to show that he was still useful. But the messenger came back and reported to the king of Zhao, "Although General Lian is old, he still eats well, but when he sat with me, he shit three times in a short time." The king of Zhao thought that Lian Po was old, so he did not appoint him, and Lian Po was not given another chance to serve his country.

When the state of Chu heard that Lian Po was in Wei, it secretly sent people to welcome him into Chu. After Lian Po served as a general of Chu, he did not establish any merits. He said, "I want to use the Zhao people" ("Records of the Grand Historian - Lian Po Lin Xiangru Liezhuan"), revealing his longing for his countrymen. However, the state of Zhao failed to reappoint him, resulting in this famous general, who had made great contributions to the state of Zhao, being depressed and unhappy, and eventually died in Shouchun (present-day Shouxian County, Anhui Province) in the state of Chu. A decade later, Zhao was destroyed by Qin (see Battle of Zhao).

Lian Po's mausoleum is 7 kilometers north of Shouxian City in present-day Anhui Province, Bakongshan of the cattle on the southwest slope of Shanxi, the tomb face west, circumference of 300 meters, west of the Huaihe River, south, north, south and east of the three sides of the mountains, a generation of style to lead the mountains and rivers of the victory.

[edit]Peking Opera repertoire

The story has also been compiled for the Peking Opera of the same name and film and television dramas, etc., widely circulated.

The king of Qin pretends to exchange fifteen cities for the king of Zhao's precious jade and the Heshi Bi, which the king of Zhao knows to be fraudulent but does not dare to refuse. The king of Zhao knew of the fraud but did not dare to refuse. Sheriff Lin Xiangru recommended himself and went to Qin with the jade and biscuits, realizing that the king of Qin had no sincerity, and without fearing the oil tripods, he rebuked the king of Qin for his great righteousness and returned the jade and biscuits to Zhao. The king of Qin hosted a banquet in Mianchi and invited the king of Zhao to a meeting, and Xiangru accompanied him. At the banquet, the king of Qin insulted the king of Zhao by playing the drums, but Xiangru was insulted in return. At the banquet, the king of Qin insulted the king of Zhao by playing the drums, but was insulted by Xiangru. After Xiangru's successes, the king of Zhao appointed Xiangru as his minister, but Lian Po, who was proud of his achievements, refused to obey him and insulted Xiangru several times, but Xiangru avoided him. After that, Lian Po learned that the generals were at peace with each other, and Qin did not dare to invade, so he went to the minister's residence in person to ask for forgiveness, and the generals were reconciled.

In 1950, Weng Evenhong and Wang Jiezhu adapted this play on the basis of the three plays "Returning the Bits to Zhao" (Lianchengbi), "What do you mean by "What do you mean?", "Lian Po Takes a Bramble" (Competing for the Sins of the Emperor), etc. The theme of the play is even more clear. It is a play that emphasizes both the raw and clean roles. Li Shaochun, Yuan Shihai and Tan Fuying, Ma Lianliang and Qiu Shengrong have all performed it, with their own distinctive singing.

[edit]Returning the jade to Zhao

Heshi Bi (和氏璧) The name of a piece of precious jade, Heshi Bi (和氏璧) has a remarkable history. According to legend, in the Spring and Autumn Period of the State of Chu, a man named Bian He picked up a piece of jade (i.e., unprocessed jade) in the mountains of Chu, and dedicated it to King Li of Chu. King Li called an expert in jade identification to appraise it, and the appraisal result said that it was a stone. King Li was furious and thought that Bian He was cheating and teasing himself, so he cut off Bian He's left foot for the crime of deceiving the king. Soon after, King Li died and King Wu took the throne, Bian He dedicated this piece of jade to King Wu again. King Wu also called the jade expert to appraise it, but the result was also said to be stone, and King Wu again cut off Bian He's right foot for the crime of deceiving the king. After the death of King Wu, King Wen took the throne. Bian He went to the bottom of the Chu Mountain and cried for three days and three nights. His tears dried up, and finally he cried out blood. When King Wen heard about this, he sent someone to ask him, saying, "There are many people in the world who have had their feet cut off, and none of them have cried so bitterly, so why are you crying so sadly?" Bian He replied, "I am not grieving or weeping bitterly because my feet have been cut off; what I am grieving for is that some people have gone so far as to describe the precious jade as a stone, and to charge the faithful with deceit." King Wen then sent his men to work on this jade diamond, and it was indeed a rare piece of precious jade. So he named this piece of jade "He Shi Bi" (和氏璧). Because of the preciousness of this piece of jade, coupled with its extraordinary origin, it became the most recognized treasure in the world, and was worth a lot of money. This is also the reason why the king of Qin did not hesitate to use fifteen cities as "bait" to cheat the king of Zhao's "He Shi Bi".

Lin Xiangru went up to the court and bowed to the king of Qin, saying, "Since Duke Mu of Qin, there have been twenty-one rulers of Qin, and none of them have been trustworthy. I was afraid of being deceived by the king and wronging the state of Zhao, so I sent someone to leave Qin with Bik long ago, and I am afraid that I have long been in Zhao by now." The king of Qin was very annoyed when he heard this. Lin Xiangru still said calmly, "Today's situation; Qin is strong and Zhao is weak, so as soon as the king sent an envoy to Zhao to ask for the jade annulus, Zhao did not dare to disobey. Now if Qin really ceded fifteen cities to Zhao in exchange for the Hershey's Bits, how would Zhao dare to offend the king by asking for Qin's cities? I have no hope of returning to Zhao, so please put me in a frying pan and cook me to death, so that the lords will know that Qin killed Zhao's envoy for the sake of a piece of the jade disk, and the king's fame will spread to the four directions".

The Qin king's plot was completely uncovered, and he could not argue, so he could only laugh bitterly. Some of the ministers and guards on the right and left of the king suggested that Lin Xiangru should be killed, but the king stopped them. The king said, "Even if we kill Lin Xiangru now, we can't get the bik, but it will damage the friendship between Qin and Zhao, and the reputation of Qin, so we might as well take the opportunity to treat him well and let him go back to Zhao."

So the king of Qin continued to entertain Lin Xiangru solemnly at the court according to the rites of the Nine Guests; and then sent him back to his country politely. Afterwards Qin refused to cede fifteen cities to Zhao, and Zhao naturally did not give the jade to Qin.

[Edit Paragraph]Idioms Sources

完璧归赵、渑池之会、负荆请罪

[Edit Paragraph]Lesson Plan

I. Description of the Teaching Materials

This lesson is based on the biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru (廉颇蔺相如列传), which is in the Records of the Grand Historian of the Qin Dynasty (史记), written by Si Ma Qian (司马迁). It takes the conflict between Qin and Zhao as its background and the activities of Lin Xiangru as its clue. Through the recounting of three short stories, namely, "Returning the jade annulus to Zhao", "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "what do you mean? The three short stories of "Returning the Bits to Zhao", "Mianchi Meeting" and "Taking a Bramble and Asking for a Guilt" show the process of reconciliation between the generals and ministers; they praise Lin Xiangru's courageous and resourceful spirit of struggling without fear of violence and his political foresight of putting the interests of the country first, taking the overall situation into account and recognizing the overall situation, as well as Lian Po's spirit of courageously reforming his mistakes, and praise their patriotic ideology.

Lin Xiangru and Lian Po are both shining characters in the text. The two stories of "Returning the jade annulus to Zhao" and "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "What do you mean"? The story of "Taking a Bramble and Asking for Offense" praises Lian Po's courage in admitting his mistakes and correcting them.

Lin Xiangru's promotion again and again, the official position above Lian Po, which is the surface of the general and the reason for the disagreement, but in essence due to Lian Po's misperception: "I Lian Po invincible, invincible, and made a lot of great achievements. What can he, Lin Xiangru, do? He relies on one mouth, but climbs to my head." The words are rude and full of discontent. Understanding Lian Po's passage is a key point and a difficult one. It is a fact that Lian Po was brave and good at war, and that he had made great achievements in battle. It is true that Lian Po's valor and skill in battle have made him a great warrior, and he has done much to preserve the dignity of the country in the "Meeting of Mianchi", for "the king of Qin did not take advantage of him. He knew that Lian Po had already made preparations at the border and did not dare to do anything to the king of Zhao, so he had to let the king of Zhao go back. However, the understanding of Lin Xiangru was biased. Although Lin Xiangru could not fight with a sword, his sword and lips also saved the dignity of Zhao. What is more, in both the "Returning the jade annulus to Zhao" and the "Meeting of Mianchi", he forced the king of Qin with his life, disregarding his own life and death: "Now the jade annulus is in my hand, and if you force me to do so, my head and the jade annulus will be smashed together on the pillar! If you force me, my head and the jade will be smashed together on this pillar!" "You are now only five paces from me. If you don't agree, I will fight with you!" It can be said that Lin Xiangru can also be called a fierce general, only that he went in and out of the battlefield without swords and shadows, but the battle was equally thrilling.

The surface reason for the reconciliation is Lin Xiangru's broad-mindedness and Lian Po's courage to admit his mistakes, learn from his mistakes, and ask for forgiveness. In fact, it is due to their **** the same patriotic thinking, due to their **** the same realization: the generals and ministers do not reconcile, the state of Zhao is in danger! This is reflected in their language. It is also because of this, "the general and" the story has become a piece of history of the glory of the story.

II. Learning Objectives

1. Learn ten vocabulary words, and be able to correctly read and write the following words: summon, minister, promise, Lian Po, resist, insult, refuse, robe, return the jade annulus to Zhao, and ask for forgiveness.

2. Read the text aloud correctly, fluently and emotionally.

3. Understand the content of the text, and appreciate the patriotic thoughts of the characters and their respective good qualities.

4. To understand the inner connection between the three short stories.

III. Teaching Suggestions

1. "The Harmony of Generals and Ministers" consists of three short stories: "Returning the jade annulus to Zhao", "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "What do you mean"? Each story has a contradictory occurrence, development and result, and is relatively independent but closely related. The second story is the development of the first; the result of the first two stories is the cause of the third, which together form the more complete and twisted story of "The Generals and the Xiangs". There are two ways to teach this lesson. One is, first guide the students to read the whole text more fully, from the whole clear "generals and" the story of the ins and outs of the story, clear the inner connection between the three small stories; and then read the small stories, in-depth study of each small story involved in the issue; and then finally guide the students to link the whole text to evaluate the main characters of the story. The other is, first read through the text, generally clear text about what a thing; and then, guide students to study each short story; and finally synthesize the understanding of the story from the various stories, figure out the intrinsic connection between the three short stories, and make an evaluation of the characters.

2. Instructing students to add subheadings to the three short stories is a kind of generalization training. The key is for the students to speak out the inner connection between the three short stories, and to evaluate the characters. The key is for students to give reasons for their generalizations. As for the connection between the three short stories, as long as the students can say that the cause and effect relationship can be, do not have to ask too much. Teachers should guide students to make it clear that the result of the "Returning of the jade and jade annulus to Zhao" was that Lin Xiangru was made a superior doctor, which was the premise for his promotion to the rank of superior minister after the "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "What do you mean"? The conflict between the generals and the ministers was the direct cause of the conflict between the generals and the ministers. The three stories are linked in this way.

3. This lesson is not only the distinctive characters, twists and turns of the storyline fascinating, but also the main character Lin Xiangru's noble qualities of inspiration and education; Lian Po, the veteran of the war robes, back on the thorns, to the door to ask for forgiveness of the spirit is also admirable. Teaching this lesson should guide students to read in the heart and feelings, produce positive emotional experience. The first question of "think-practice" allows students to say which character they like in the text, which is the purpose. Students should be encouraged to express their own opinions and make their opinions specific and clear. Most students may say that they like Lin Xiangru, some may say that they like Lian Po, and some may say that they like the King of Zhao because he is good at employing people and rewarding them for their achievements. As long as the words are reasonable, they should be recognized. If some students say that they like the king of Qin, should also be allowed to state their reasons, but should be guided, not in order to reflect the individuality of reading and deny the basic concept of right and wrong.

4. In the guidance of the students to read the text, can be combined with the "thinking - practice" the third question, let the students put forward their own interest or do not understand the problem, the organization of exchanges and discussions. The problem of the students, the teacher should be good at guiding the students to sort out the key points of the text, difficult questions for students to discuss; the relationship with the text of the problem, can inspire students to study outside the classroom.

The discussion of the problems listed in the reflection questions should make students realize that: the king of Qin called for people to record the king of Zhao to drum for him, in order to show that the king of Qin can command the king of Zhao, and that there is inequality between them, which is a great shame for the state of Zhao. Lin Xiangru forced the king of Qin to beat the percussion in order to show that the two countries are equal, thus preserving the dignity of Zhao; the king of Qin knew that "Lian Po had already made preparations on the border", and Lin Xiangru tried his best to protect the king of Zhao, so he "did not dare to do anything to the king of Zhao".

5. The text is long, so students can familiarize themselves with the whole text on the basis of the choice of their favorite story to practice reading aloud with feeling.

6. The three storylines are more vivid, suitable for drama. Students can be encouraged to rehearse and perform in class or outside of class. You can act the whole text, you can also act one of the stories.

7. This lesson is more words, should inspire students to contact the context or look up the dictionary, the dictionary to solve their own, individual more remote, the teacher can be a little guidance.

The following words are for teachers' reference.

Priceless treasure: It describes an object that is especially precious and cannot be bought with much money.

完璧归赵：B璧，古代玉器的一种，平圆形，中间有孔。 The He Shi Bik in this lesson refers to the bik made from a piece of jade found by Bian He, a man from Chu. The idiom of "Returning He Shi Bi to Zhao" refers to returning He Shi Bi to the state of Zhao intact. This idiom is now often used as a metaphor for returning something to its rightful owner.

The idiom of "return the jade to Zhao" refers to the return of the jade to Zhao.

The idiom of "to keep one's mouth shut" refers to the fact that a person does not say anything because he or she wants to avoid saying anything.

失信：to fail to do what one has promised others, to lose one's credit.

Mianchi: name of a place in present-day Mianchi County, Henan Province.

Mianchi: a place name in present-day Mianchi County, Henan Province.

Thur: an ancient plucked instrument. Drumming the seer is playing the seer.

Fou: an ancient tiled percussion instrument.

Attack all: Attack the city and seize the land, there is nothing that can't be taken down. It describes that there is nothing that can not be done.

Negative Brambles: negative, carrying. Thorns, thorns, something used to beat people. This lesson refers to the fact that Lian Po went to Lin Xiangru's house to ask for forgiveness with his bare body and thorns on his back. This idiom is now used to indicate that one admits one's faults and makes amends to others.