When it comes to CPU and motherboard matching, it is always inseparable from the three terms of external frequency, FSB and HT bus. Before AMD's K8 was launched, the relationship between FSB and external frequency was sort of clear. For Intel's CPU, FSB = external frequency × 4, and if it's AMD's K7 processor, FSB = external frequency × 2. However, the appearance of AMD K8 introduced a new HT bus, which made the concept of the three become confused. Two years have passed, and their relationship has been further complicated by the misinformation campaigns of many vendors and media outlets. Irresponsible statements like "This K8 motherboard supports 1000MHz FSB" are everywhere. To clarify this issue once and for all, it's best to re-conceptualize the concepts of external frequency, FSB, and HT.

The external frequency, which refers to the speed of synchronization between the CPU and the motherboard, is based on the speed of oscillation of digital pulse signals, that is, 100MHz external frequency refers to the oscillation of digital pulse signals occurring 10 million times per second. Speaking of external frequency, it is necessary to mention two concepts: multiplier frequency and main frequency. The main frequency is the clock frequency of the CPU, multiplier frequency that is the main frequency and the ratio of the external frequency of the times?V patella? External frequency / multiplier, the relationship between the formula for the main frequency = external frequency × multiplier.

FSB, its full name Front Side Bus, the Chinese name for the front side bus. It is the bus that connects the CPU to the Northbridge chip, and the frequency of the computer's front-side bus is determined by the CPU and the Northbridge chip **** the same. Once upon a time, FSB was also confused with external frequency, this is because in the early days, especially before the emergence of Pentium 4, the front-side bus and the external frequency is equal in frequency, so often directly called the front-side bus for the external frequency. As technology evolved, QDR technologies appeared, and they made the frequency of the front side bus double or quadruple the external frequency, all the way to the PentiumD 820's external frequency of 200MHz and the front side bus of 800MHz.

AMD's K8 processor was groundbreaking in that it integrated the memory controller into the CPU, further reducing latency, and fully introduced the concept of the HT (HyperTransport) bus. This is a high-speed point-to-point bus technology, in the K8 platform plays a role in the transmission of data between the CPU and the motherboard chipset. K8 and the previous processor is the biggest difference is that: because the CPU is no longer through the traditional front-end bus but directly from the memory to get the data in the AMD released Athlon64 CPU specification table as well as various chipset manufacturers released the schematic diagram of the chipset, the term front-end bus disappeared.

What is the specific difference between FSB and HT? First of all, FSB and external frequency are inextricably linked. When the external frequency is increased, the FSB will be increased with it, which is not adjustable. But overclocking on the K8 platform is different, when raising the external frequency of the CPU, you often have to adjust the HT multiplier downwards! Using the AM2 Athlon64 3000+ as an analogy, its default external frequency is 200MHz, assuming that the motherboard supports a 1000MHz HT bus, it is best to adjust the HT multiplier from 5 to 4 when overclocking from 200MHz to 250MHz, so that the HT bus still remains at 1000MHz, which improves the success rate of the overclocking.

Talking about the proliferation of ES versions of the Athlon 64 processor

www.DBIT.CN 2006-10-19 8:49:51 Hottest:21

In the past two months, the ES version of the Athlon 64 processor, which comes from an unknown source and is not a regular retailer, has gained popularity amongst cybercafe owners and DIY enthusiasts by virtue of its unlocked, low-priced advantages. enthusiasts welcome, many users understand the doorway will find the relevant dealers designated to buy the ES version of the Athlon 64, and many dealers are in the domestic several C2C e-commerce website to open up online stores, to open up the ES version of the second market of the CPU ...... So in the end what is the ES version of the Athlon 64 processor? The processor? Is it really a pie in the sky? That's what we're discussing today!

One, the ES version of the processor is what?

The so-called ES version, which is Engineer Sample, is a non-listed product that was originally supplied by the processor manufacturer to the OEMs with the pre-developed supporting platform for the special version of the processor. The reason why ES versions are called is because the product is only available to those users who have a relationship with the processor manufacturer, and the purpose is only for testing, evaluation, and assisting in the engineering development of the use, such as in order to know whether the official version of the CPU can pass the test, and whether it is compatible with the motherboard manufacturer's motherboard products.

These processors often have unlocked multipliers and unlocked voltages to allow partners to fully test their products. According to past practice, processor vendors tend to distribute a certain number of engineering versions of processors in accordance with the vendor's order quantity, for example, according to online disclosure of the news, such large manufacturers as MSI will be in accordance with every 1,000 processors with 1-3 ES engineering samples, and the whiteboard processor is a little bit different, the engineering version of the processor is actually a product that has already been tested.


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As we all know, it is not possible to achieve 100% yield in processor production, and there is normal wear and tear in the wafer dicing and post-testing stages. For factory testing, the processor needs to be tested for all possible limitations in operation, and all passed before being shipped as a qualified product. The PC's various daily applications, involving the possibility of limit state is less, especially after the AMD whiteboard 2500 + processor event, many users also understand that the processor can not pass the factory stage chip test, not necessarily is not normal operation.

According to relevant channel sources, the current market for such a huge number of so-called AMD ES Edition processors is actually very similar to the proliferation of AMD whiteboard 2500+ processors. Several industry insiders have said that the ES version of this huge number of processors on the market is in fact the K8 processor that can not be tested and inspected, and should be stored together, destroyed and sold in the form of electronic scrap.

But based on the profit motive, the factory responsible for destroying the processor is driven by the profit motive, and not all the processors can be completely destroyed, and pick out some still can be used through a special way, will be sold out. The processor, after arriving at the country, was immediately added to the metal protective cover and marked with a CPU number.

Because the processor did not pass inspection, the core was not loaded with relevant processor information (e.g., the core voltage was 1.0v1.1v, and the processor multiplier was not locked, and 4x-25x was adjustable). Therefore, most retail motherboards will recognize this K8 processor as an ES (Engineering Sample). In fact, as early as 2004, the domestic market has appeared similar "scrap" processor, that is, the famous "whiteboard Athlon XP processor incident. At that time, a factory in Singapore will AMD commissioned the destruction of the processor chip for repackaging, which gave birth to the so-called "whiteboard" Athlon XP processor. The ES version of the processor flows into the domestic market like a replica of the "whiteboard processor incident".

Whether it's an engineering prototype from a major manufacturer, or a scrap leak, whether it's a single-channel release, or a variety of ways to co-exist, these processors have become the center of attention lately, and there are channels selling them all over the country, so the proliferation of ES versions of the processor is an indisputable fact. The ES version of the Athlon 64 processor temptation?

1, cheap

ES version of the Athlon 64 processor is the most attractive place is cheap. AMD's prices have been subject to its production capacity constraints caused by the lack of supply restrictions in the competition and continue to be under pressure, the price of normal channels of licensed goods has not been able to satisfy the people, such as the Athlon64 3000 + 2.00G (boxed / 64-bit / three years / Socket754) roughly the same as the Athlon64 3000 + 2.00G (boxed / 64-bit / three years / Socket754). Socket754) is roughly maintained at a price point of 900 yuan, while the ES version of the Athlon 64 3000+ is priced at only about 480 yuan, which is much cheaper than the normal retail version of the same type of CPU, and even the 939-pin Athlon 64 3200+ is priced at only about 600 yuan, which is a full couple hundred dollars cheaper than the normal retail version of the same type of CPU. The huge price difference tempts many end users and Internet cafe owners to buy ES versions of Athlon 64 processors from distributors in various channels, regardless of the stability risks that may exist with these CPUs.

2. The multiplier is not locked

We all know that in addition to overclocking, adding voltage and fixing the multiplier has always been a method used by overclockers - in the K7 era, the Athlon XP processor was adjusted for multiplier adjustments or fixing the multiplier to make gamers go crazy. The lack of a multiplier lock is another selling point of the ES version of the Athlon 64 processor. Although, the genuine Athlon 64 multiplier is not completely locked, but the multiplier can only be adjusted downward and can not be adjusted upward, completely unlocked Athlon 64 FX and because of the high price of the players deterred. ES version of the emergence of the Athlon 64 processor seems to let players see the hope of DIY enthusiasts, the batch of the called "engineering prototype". For DIY enthusiasts, this batch of CPUs, known as "engineering samples" (referred to as the ES version), are all unlocked multiplier, and the number of multipliers can be adjusted arbitrarily from 4-25, which is a rare overclocking "tool". Therefore, many gamers tend to name the ES processor when purchasing, and then overclock to get better performance

Currently on the market, the ES version of the processor is mainly available in the following models: Socket 754 Athlon64 3000+/3200+/3400, Socket 939 Athlon64 3200+/3500+, and Socket 939 Athlon64 3200+/3500+. Socket 754 Athlon64 3000+/3200+/3400 are priced between $480-700, and Socket939 Athlon64 3200+/3500+ are priced between $600-850.

Four, ES version of the Athlon 64 processor, is it really pie?

1, motherboard compatibility issues

The first issue to face when buying the ES version of the Athlon 64 is compatibility. Because these processors are not loaded with relevant setup information, they tend to operate in an initialized mode - ultra-low voltage (1.1V), ultra-low frequency (multiplier is generally at the lowest design: 4X multiplier), which makes it impossible to run the motherboard on some motherboards, appearing to be picking up boards, poor compatibility and other issues. To address this issue, it is often necessary to upgrade the BIOS to solve the problem.

Thankfully, the current major motherboard manufacturers for this China's national situation have launched a support ES version of the processor's motherboard BIOS, especially the first and second-tier brands of motherboards in the ride set when the time has long been brushed with a good BIOS. dealers said that, at present, the four major first-tier brands of motherboards, as well as ascending technology, ARBOR, ASRock, and other brands of motherboards can be" perfect support for this type of processor". perfectly support this type of processor".

2, unstable

As most of the ES version of the Athlon 64 is not able to pass the test of the end-of-life processor, so there is a risk of operation, for example, in the high load operation, continuous long time work, it is very easy to appear "high temperature", "easy to crash and blue screen". The newest addition to the GIGABYTE GIGABYTE BIOS is the GIGABYTE BIOS, which allows you to easily access the GIGABYTE BIOS from anywhere in the world, including the GIGABYTE BIOS.

In addition, while the processor's multiplier is not locked, most of the ES processors on the market have a strong overclocking capability, but after a period of continuous use, they are also very prone to restart, blue screen crash, etc. Even if they may pass the test, they will have lower scores in the gaming program than similar normal CPUs. In fact, the ES version of the processor can really be used normally all the time, can be super few, which has been far away from the players to pursue the best price-performance ratio of the original intention. It can be said that a penny a penny this truth is established, we do not think that these AMD processors sold so cheap is a good thing, in fact, in many cases consumers were it fooled Since the ES version of the Athlon 64 processor so fooled people, then we should be how to turn off the identification of it?

1, look

As the ES version of the Athlon 64 processor shell is made by both in addition to their own production, and after a simple test of the processor and then their own hit similar to the genuine processor on the logo. Due to the non-manufacturer's process packaging products, workmanship is often more than the original packaging process gap is very large, and its font and genuine AMD processors will be different, and even the number does not comply with the naming specification of the AMD processor. This means that you will be able to see the difference in the appearance of the device, as well as the difference between the two.

It is worth noting that because the popularity of laser marking equipment is now widespread, and merchants have been able to customize the case of protective covers with various logos for batch users, relying on surface markings to differentiate between them is a bit difficult for the average user. If you can not determine the authenticity with the naked eye, you can use the following methods to identify.

2, cut

"cut", is to be to see the processor core information, due to the processor core to write the relevant design data requires special equipment, often as long as the processor manufacturer can do, but also why the ES version of the processor can not be changed to the right reason.

In general, the motherboard's detection information can be used to identify whether the processor is an ES version of the Athlon 64 processor, but because the motherboard manufacturer has developed a special BIOS for the ES version of the processor, the motherboard's BIOS tends to lock the ES version of the Athlon 64 processor in a certain cooler when it is launched

www.DBIT.CN 2006-9-13 9:09:52 Hottest:14

For the increasingly fast CPU equipped with a powerful fan, so as to ensure that the normal working condition of the CPU has been a lot of computer users as an essential important step, and in the face of the current market on the wide variety of CPU fan, how to choose a suitable for their actual needs of the product is a lot of users. The many users of the product has caused a lot of brain damage. Therefore, it is very important to present the mainstream fan technology to a large number of computer users in detail, so that they can make the actual selection process to the heart of the knowledge has become a very important work.

A normal fan is a choice that consumers usually make when configuring their computers in the past, and this choice actually comes from two factors: on the one hand, the CPU's computing speed is not very high in the past, and thus the heat it generates is not a lot of heat, which can be easily accomplished by a normal fan for heat dissipation; on the other hand, the technology used by the fan manufacturers in the past was mostly the same, and it did not bring users the shock of distinctive product features. On the other hand, most of the technologies used by fan manufacturers in the past were similar and could not give users the shock of distinctive product characteristics. This kind of ordinary fan usually adopts the air-cooling technology, that is, through the air flow formed by the fan rotation to take away the heat. Noisy, easy to damage is the obvious weakness of ordinary fans, and the cooling effect of ordinary fans is not very poor, its exhaust volume is very weak, so it can only be used in the scope of the cooling requirements are not very high. However, with the rapid increase in CPU speed, the heat generated by the CPU has increased dramatically, and the limitations of the common fan structure design and speed have gradually come to the forefront, and gradually failed to meet the requirements for rapid heat dissipation in a timely manner, leaving the fate of the historical stage is the general trend.

At the same time, along with the fan manufacturers in the design concept and production process progress, a number of new leading-edge technology is gradually becoming the mainstream of the market, and their different technical characteristics so that we can really feel the technology to our work brought great impetus.

AVC

As one of the world's top five heatsink manufacturers, AVC's role in leading the change in CPU fan technology can't be ignored, and its magnetic levitation hydraulic bearing and folded-edge fan technology has unquestionably become a dazzling highlight in the process of fan technology development. It utilizes a magnetic levitation structure with a high degree of oil film lubrication to effectively extend the life of the fan, which not only achieves the purpose of a stable and long life for the double ball bearings, but also successfully solves the problem of noise during high temperature operation.

Firstly, the magnetic levitation hydraulic bearing improves the non-sealed design of the bottom of the traditional fan by sealing the entire bottom of the fan to form an airtight oil-preserving design. This effectively prevents the evaporation of lubricating grease and dust from entering the interior of the fan. The result is a dramatically longer fan life.

Secondly, traditional fans can't store much lubricant due to the non-sealed design at the bottom. The magnetic levitation hydraulic bearing fan utilizes the sealed bottom feature to design a large oil storage space, which can store a large amount of lubricating grease. This allows the bearings to remain lubricated at all times, greatly improving the stability of the fan in use.

In addition, the hydraulic bearing fan uses a special low-wear, high-temperature resistant grease. This grease has a low wear rate and is resistant to high temperatures. Even if the motor for a long time continuous work, in a high temperature state, the fan inside the grease will not evaporate, to ensure that the bearing has a good lubrication effect.

Not only that, the magnetic levitation hydraulic bearing fan also uses a trans-pressure oil circuit design, which makes the bearing and oil reservoir intercommunicate, and facilitates the lubricating grease in the oil reservoir to enter the bearing smoothly. It also uses powder metallurgy to make the bearings using special metals. There are tiny cavities on the bearings, and the bearings are put into the special lubricating grease to soak, so that the cavities are filled with grease. The grease continuously overflows to lubricate the bearings while the fan is running. With AVC's pressure-permeable oil circuit design, the bearings and the oil reservoir are connected as one, and the grease can flow freely, thus truly achieving unrestricted self-overflow lubrication. In addition, AVC's shaft is made of a special aerospace material that is particularly resistant to wear and tear, giving AVC fans an extremely long lifespan.

In addition, the AVC fan's folded edge fan blade design adopts a unique folded edge fan blade type pressure boosting and noise reduction fan device, which can effectively eliminate the vortex caused by the axial fan blades in the confined space, and achieve the excellent effect of reducing noise and increasing wind pressure.

Colorful

The Sai Leng series of products of Colorful, a renowned radiator supplier in the industry, adopts Colorful's unique hanging silent fan technology. The hanging silent fan is cleverly designed to shift the fan's support point and routing arrangement to the top of the fan, so that the air supply channel is unobstructed and the airflow is directed into the heatsink group. The effect of doing so is not only to reduce the wind direction disorder and asthma caused by the obstruction of the fan support pole, but also to play a protective effect of the fan cover on the external use of the environment, which can be said to be a two-in-one.

In addition, Sailor's hanging silent fans all use a 9cm diameter large diameter fan, the blades appear to be strong and powerful, and the use of the popular large tilt design, fine workmanship, fan blade edges are all sanded and polished treatment, smooth air delivery, so you can maintain a lower speed under the wind volume and a larger wind pressure, not only to achieve the effect of heat dissipation, but also not lose the quiet use of the environment. The design of this type of hanging fan is very smooth. This hanging fan design is the most unique and practical idea in the current air-cooled cooler, in order to achieve increased airflow, reduce noise at the same time, but do not have to pay for the cost of expensive. This is a much better deal than some of the fancy radiators that cost a lot of money and only get low results.