1983, Sun Microsystems put forward "the network is the computer", and in March 2006, Amazon launched the elastic computing cloud; ; EC2) service. On August 9th, 2006, Eric Schmidt, CEO of Google, first proposed the concept of "cloud computing" at SES San Jose 2006. Google's "cloud computing" originated from the "Google 10 1" project of Google engineer Christopher Bisciglia. From June 5438 to October 2007 10, Google and IBM began to promote cloud computing programs in American university campuses, including Carnegie Mellon University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, University of California at Berkeley and University of Maryland. This plan hopes to reduce the cost of distributed computing technology in academic research. And provide related hardware and software equipment and technical support for these universities (including hundreds of personal computers and BladeCenter and System x servers, these computing platforms will provide 1600 processors and support open source platforms including Linux, Xen and Hadoop). Students can make various research plans based on large-scale computing through the network. On June 30th, 2008, at 65438, Google announced the launch of the "Cloud Computing Academic Plan" in Taiwan Province Province, which will cooperate with Taiwan Province National Taiwan University, Jiaotong University and other schools to promote this advanced large-scale and fast computing technology to the campus. On February 1 2008, IBM(NYSE: IBM) announced that it would establish the world's first cloud computing center for China software enterprises in Taihu New Town Science and Education Industrial Park, Wuxi, China. On July 29th, 2008, Yahoo, Hewlett-Packard and Intel announced a joint research plan covering the United States, Germany and Singapore, and launched a cloud computing research test bed to promote cloud computing. The plan is to create six data centers with partners as research and experimental platforms, and each data center is equipped with 1400 to 4000 processors. These partners include Singapore Information and Communication Development Agency, Steinbuch Computing Center of Karlsruhe University, University of Illinois at Champion, Intel Research Institute, HP Labs and Yahoo. On August 3, 2008, the information on the website of the United States Patent and Trademark Office showed that Dell was applying for the trademark of "cloud computing" to strengthen the possible reshaping of this technology in the future. In June 2009, the first cloud computing industry association in China was established in Shenzhen, which indicated the local government's confidence in developing the cloud computing industry. 20 10 On March 5th, Novell and CSA jointly announced a vendor-neutral plan called Trusted Cloud Plan. 20 10 in July, NASA and other supporting vendors including Rackspace, AMD, Intel and Dell announced the "OpenStack" open source plan. In June, 20 10, Microsoft expressed its support for the integration of OpenStack and Windows Server 2008 R2. Ubuntu added OpenStack in version 1 1.04. 2011February, Cisco system officially joined OpenStack, focusing on developing OpenStack's network services. Nowadays, cloud computing is in its infancy, and companies of all sizes provide various cloud computing services, from software applications to network storage to email filtering. Some of these companies are infrastructure providers, while others are SAAS (Software as a Service) providers like Salesforce. Nowadays, personal services based on the Internet are mainly realized, but the aggregation and integration of cloud computing are on the rise. Cloud computing is the product of the development and integration of grid computing, distributed computing, parallel computing, utility computing, network storage technology, virtualization, load balancing and other traditional computer and network technologies. Cloud computing is often confused with grid computing, utility computing and autonomic computing. Grid computing: a kind of distributed computing, a super virtual computer composed of a group of loosely coupled computer sets, which is often used to perform large tasks; Utility computing: A packaged charging method for IT resources, such as charging by calculation and storage like traditional public facilities such as electricity; Autonomous computing: a computer system with self-management function. In fact, many cloud computing deployments rely on computer clusters (but they are very different from grid in composition, architecture, purpose and working mode), and also absorb the characteristics of autonomous computing and utility computing. By distributing computing on a large number of distributed computers instead of local computers or remote servers, the operation of enterprise data centers will be more similar to the Internet. This enables enterprises to switch resources to required applications and access computers and storage systems as needed. This is like changing from the old single generator mode to the centralized power supply mode of power plants. It means that computing power can also be circulated as a commodity like gas and water and electricity, which is convenient to obtain and low in cost. The biggest difference is spread through the Internet. Operating System Cloud computing operating system, also known as cloud computing center operating system and cloud OS, is the overall management and operation system of cloud computing background data center (some people think that cloud computing system includes cloud terminal operating system, such as various popular mobile phone operating systems, which is not much different from previous stand-alone operating systems, so I won't discuss it here). It refers to the basic hardware resources such as servers, storage and networks, and the massive basic software and hardware resources managed by stand-alone operating systems, middleware and databases. Cloud computing operating system usually includes the following modules: large-scale basic software and hardware management, virtual computing management, distributed file system, business/resource scheduling management, security management control and so on. What does cloud computing mean when the era of "cloud computing" comes? At present, PC is still the core tool in our daily work and life-we use PC to process documents, store data, and share information with others through email or USB flash drive. If the PC hard disk is broken, we will be helpless because of data loss. In the era of "cloud computing", "cloud" will do storage and calculation for us. "Cloud" is a computer cluster, and each cluster includes thousands or even millions of computers. The advantage of "cloud" is that the computer inside can be updated at any time, ensuring that "cloud" will last forever. Google has several such "clouds", and other IT giants such as Microsoft, Yahoo and Amazon also have or are building such "clouds". At that time, we only needed a computer with Internet access, and we didn't need to care about which "cloud" the storage or calculation took place, but once needed, we could use any equipment, such as computers and mobile phones, to quickly calculate and find these materials anywhere. We no longer have to worry about the loss of information, and hope to adopt it.