Biology Grade 7 Key Knowledge Unit 1 Chapter 2 1. Investigate the effect of light on the life of the mousewife p15 (this question is not too important) 2. Non-selective questions ecosystems illustration p22-25 Graphic Quality Monitoring 7 p16\p21 8 p20\p27 Knowledge: in a certain geographical area, organisms and the environment formed a unity is called an ecosystem. Plants are producers, animals are consumers, bacteria and fungi are decomposers, and they are interdependent (see diagram p24). The components of an ecosystem also include abiotic parts such as sunlight, air and water. Training p25 food webs Unit 2 Chapter 1 3. use of microscopes p36-39 and imitating the making of fashion slides p43 (very important, must memorize) 4. plant cells p45 diagram 5. animal cells p48 diagram non-selective [Note: distinguish the main differences between plant and animal cell structures p49 question 1] quality monitoring VII p30 Chapter 2 6. describe the important role of the nucleus in biological heredity. function. (Recognizing DNA p56-57) Knowledge: dna is found mainly in the nucleus of the cell, the pieces above him are called genes, and chromosomes are made up of two substances: dna and proteins. Each organism has a certain number of chromosomes in its cells. Taken together, the cell is a unity of matter, energy and information. Cells need matter and energy to live. The cell membrane controls the movement of matter in and out. Chloroplasts can convert light energy into chemical energy and store the chemical energy in organic matter. Mitochondria can release chemical energy from organic matter to power cell life. The changes in matter and energy in the cell are very complex requiring unified command and control. The control center of the cell is the nucleus. There are chromosomes in the nucleus, and there is DNA in the chromosomes , and there is genetic information on the DNA. This information is actually a series of instructions to guide and control the changes of matter and energy in the cell, but also a blueprint for organisms to build their own life edifice.7. Describe the main features of viruses and the relationship with human life p73-74 [with the 8th grade book in 6 together with the question] Knowledge: the virus is simple in structure, consisting of only the protein outer shell and the internal genetic material; it can only parasitize in living cells to reproduce viruses. Unit 3 Chapter 4 8. Inquiry: green leaves make organic matter under photosynthesis p119-121 Quality Monitoring 7 p85 Question 1: What is the organic matter made by green plants? A: The fact that the organic matter made by green plants turns blue when exposed to iodine means that the organic matter is starch. Question 2: Why did you cover part of the leaf with a piece of black paper? A: It was for a control experiment. To see if both the illuminated part and the unilluminated part make starch. Question 3: Why was it necessary to put the geraniums in the dark ahead of time for a day and night? A: In order for the geraniums to transport and consume all the starch in the leaves in the dark, so that the starch tested with iodine solution in the experiment could only have been made during the experiment, and not stored by the leaves before in the experiment. (The experimental process and conclusion are important.) 9, elucidate the photosynthesis of green plants p121 Knowledge: photosynthesis refers to the process by which green plants, through their chloroplasts, utilize light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic matter that stores energy and releases oxygen 10, give an example of the role of the principle of photosynthesis in green plants in the production of p122 Knowledge: the northern part of China adopts the construction of plastic greenhouses for the the growth of crops to provide a suitable environment. Even in the dripping water into ice, sunshine shortened winter, people in the north can eat fresh vegetables, beautiful flowers. 11, describe the respiration of green plants p125 knowledge: cells use oxygen, the decomposition of organic matter into carbon dioxide and water, and will be stored in the organic matter of the energy release, supply the needs of life activities, the process is called respiration. 12, green plants provide food and energy for all living things (in order to provide food and energy for all living things). all living things to provide food and energy (with rabbits eating grass as an example) Chapter 5 13, explain that green plants help to maintain the balance of carbon - oxygen in the biosphere p129 knowledge: green plants in photosynthesis to create oxygen, beyond their own respiratory needs for oxygen, the rest of the oxygen is discharged into the atmosphere in the form of gases; green plants are also photosynthesized, constantly consume the Green plants also through photosynthesis, constantly consume carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, so as to maintain the balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the biosphere, referred to as carbon - oxygen balance. The role of green plants is even more important now that carbon dioxide emissions are increasing in our society, so we should plant more trees and protect green plants. Seventh grade book key knowledge unit 4 4, name the main nutrients needed by the body. p21-26 knowledge: sugars, fats, proteins are the main organic matter that make up cells, and can provide energy for life. Water is the main component of human cells, accounting for about 60% -70% of body weight. The body's various life activities can not be carried out without water. Nutrients and waste products such as urea can only be transported if they are dissolved in water. Inorganic salts are not abundant in the human body, but they play a big role. Inorganic salts containing iron and calcium are important for human health. Vitamins are not the main raw material of cells, do not provide energy for the body, and the body's daily need for them is very small. But he can affect the normal development of human beings.5. Inquiry: the change of buns in the mouth p30-31 (not too important inquiry questions) Chapter 2 6. Describe the composition of the human digestive system p33 Knowledge: The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract and digestive glands. The digestive tract includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. The digestive glands include the salivary glands, stomach glands, pancreas, intestinal glands, and liver. The process of gas exchange at the tissue cells. p50-51 text 12, inquiry: collecting and measuring dust particles in the air p55 quality monitoring under vii p29 chapter 4 13, describe the components of the human blood circulatory system. p70 figure 14, overview of the blood circulation p71 text knowledge: the circulatory system of the human body consists of two parts: the body circulation and the pulmonary circulation.

The physical circulation begins in the left ventricle. After being pulsed out of the left ventricle, blood flows through the aorta and several of its derived arterial branches, which deliver the blood to the appropriate organs. The arteries branch several times, the diameter of the tubes gradually becomes thinner and the number of vessels increases, eventually reaching the capillaries, where substances are exchanged with the cells of the tissues by means of intercellular fluids.

Oxygen and nutrients in the blood are absorbed by the tissues, while carbon dioxide and other metabolites from the tissues enter the blood, changing arterial blood into venous blood. During this time, the diameter of the veins gradually thickens and their number gradually decreases until finally all the veins converge into the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava, from which the blood returns to the left atrium, thus completing the process of body circulation.

The pulmonary circulation begins in the right ventricle. Venous blood is pulsed out of the right ventricle and reaches the capillary network around the alveoli through the pulmonary artery, where carbon dioxide is discharged, fresh oxygen is absorbed, and the venous blood is changed into arterial blood, which then flows back to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein.

The blood from the left atrium then enters the left ventricle and travels throughout the body via the great circulation. In this way the blood runs continuously through the body and pulmonary circulation, accomplishing the important task of blood circulation.　Chapter 6 15, outlines the basic ways of neuromodulation in the human body. p101-103 knowledge: the human body through the nervous system, to the external or internal stimuli of all kinds of regular response, it is called reflex. Simple reflexes such as the retractor reflex, blinking reflex, urination reflex, and knee-jerk reflex, and complex reflexes such as looking at a plum to quench a thirst. Grade 8 Key Knowledge Unit 5 Chapter 1 1. Summarize the main characteristics of vertebrate groups (e.g., fish, birds, and mammals) and their relationship to human life. p3 , p18, *p21-24 Explore the characteristics of birds that make them suitable for flight. ---- *focus Quality Monitoring p10 Question 1 Knowledge:(1) The main characteristics of fish are: a) their ability to swim to get food and defend themselves against enemies, and b) their ability to swim in water. (2) the main characteristics of birds: (1) the body of birds is pike-shaped, that is, streamlined, can reduce the resistance of flight; (2) the body is covered with feathers forelimbs into wings, muscular, with the ability to fly quickly; (3) the sternum has a keeled protuberance; (4) the long bones hollow; (5) the digestive system is well developed, the speed of digestion, absorption and defecation is very rapid; (6) there are air sacs in the body, which can help respiration; (7) the circulatory system is well-structured, the transportation of nutrients The circulatory system is well-structured and has a strong function of transporting nutrients and oxygen, so that the body temperature is high and constant. The body structure and physiological characteristics of birds are adapted to their flying life. (3) The main characteristics of mammals: There are many species of mammals, about 4,000 kinds of mammals on earth. All but a very few species are characterized by a coat of hair, a four-chambered heart, respiration by lungs, teeth with differentiation of incisors, canines, and molars, viviparity, and lactation. Chapter 2 (Relationship of Biceps and Triceps Movements p30 diagram and notes below) When the elbow is flexed, the biceps contracts and the triceps diastoles; when the elbow is extended, the triceps contracts and the biceps diastoles. QUALITY MONITORING p13 QUESTIONS ONE AND TWO 4. Distinguish between innate and learned behaviors in animals. p32 knowledge: (1) Behaviors that animals are born with and that are determined by the genetic material within the animal are called innate behaviors. For example, the newborn baby kangaroo is only as big as a finger, and crawls by instinct to the tip of the mother's tail, and then crawls from the tip of the tail to the brood pouch on the mother's abdomen to feed on milk. Cuckoos always lay their eggs in the nests of other birds. (2) Behavior acquired by life experience and learning through the action of environmental factors on the basis of genetic factors is called learned behavior. For example, a young chimpanzee imitates an adult chimpanzee by fishing for termites for food with a twig dipped in water, and the adult chimpanzee will use the experience to solve the problem. (3) Animals have both innate and learned behaviors in the course of their existence. If an organism has only innate behaviors and no learned behaviors throughout its life, the organism will be eliminated by nature because it cannot find food or escape from enemies.5. Give examples of social behaviors of animals.P37 (Understanding the Phenomenon of Fermentationp71 Quality Monitoringp42 Question 1) Unit 6.8. Try to categorize organisms based on certain characteristics.P81-83\\\\p85-88 Knowledge : Organisms are divided into the plant kingdom, the animal kingdom, and several other kingdoms, each of which is subdivided into six smaller classes. The seven levels of classification of organisms. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species; "Species" is the most basic unit of classification.9. Explain the importance of protecting biodiversity.　　(1) First of all, biodiversity provides us with food, fibers, timber, medicines, and a variety of industrial raw materials. (2) Biodiversity also plays an important role in maintaining soil fertility, ensuring water quality and regulating climate. (3) Biodiversity plays an important role in the regulation of the composition of the atmosphere, the earth's surface temperature, the redox potential of surface sediments, and the pH value.　　(4) The maintenance of biodiversity will benefit the preservation of some rare and endangered species. Key Knowledge for Grade 8 Book VII Chapter 1 1. list the asexual reproduction of plants. p3 chart knowledge: the leaves of pepperweed can grow into new plants; the tubers of potato sprout and root 2. give examples of plant cuttings or grafting. p4-5 knowledge: the stems of the purple-backed anemone are cut into segments and inserted into the soil can grow into new plants, and this is a cutting. Sweet potatoes, grapes, chrysanthemums, and moonflowers are often propagated from cuttings. Grafting is the buds or branches of a plant body, connected to another plant body, so that the two parts of the union together to grow into a complete plant body. For example, apples, pears, and peaches are propagated by grafting. 3, describe the sexual reproduction of plants. p2 structural diagrams calyx, corolla, etc. stigma pistil → style mature plant → flower → ovary → ovule → egg cell stamen → → fertilized egg anther → pollen → sperm ↓ stamen → filament seed embryo ↓ the new generation of plants. 4, give examples of the process of reproduction and development of insects. (list complete and incomplete metamorphosis) p10-11 knowledge: silkworms, bees, cabbage butterflies, flies, mosquitoes and other insects develop through the four periods of eggs, larvae, pupae, adults , such a development process is called complete metamorphosis development. Locusts, crickets, mole crickets, praying mantis, etc. develop through three periods of eggs, worms, and adults in a process called incomplete metamorphosis. 5. Describe the process of reproduction and development in amphibians. (Take frogs as an example, know how many periods) p13 research paper knowledge: frogs develop from eggs to tadpoles, then to young frogs, and finally to adult frogs. 6, describe the process of reproduction and development of birds. p17-18 knowledge: the process of reproduction and development of birds includes courtship, mating, nesting, egg laying, egg incubation, and brood-rearing stages. Chapter 2 7. Explain that DNA is the main genetic material. (See 7th grade book p56-57 or 7th grade key knowledge 6) 8. describe the relationship between chromosomes, DNA, and genes. p29 diagram 9. give examples of organisms whose traits are controlled by genes. p27 (illustration of a genetically engineered mouse) 10. explain human sex determination. p37-38 graphic knowledge: the 23rd pair of chromosomes in the male somatic cell are called sex chromosomes, which are known as the X chromosome and the Y chromosome, respectively. chromosomes, while females have the same chromosomes in their body cells, both X chromosomes. The female's egg cell will then have only the X chromosome, while the male's sperm will have both X chromosome-containing and Y chromosome-containing sperm. When the sperm containing the X chromosome combines with the egg cell a girl is born and when the sperm containing the Y chromosome combines with the egg cell a boy is born. Therefore, the sex of a human being is determined by the male.11. Identify with eugenics p34 Knowledge: Marriage is prohibited between blood relatives in the direct line within three generations of the collateral blood relatives.12. Give examples of biological variation p40 (heritable and non-heritable variation) Knowledge: The differences between different species and individuals are determined firstly by the differences in the basis of the genetic material, and secondly, they are also related to the environment. However, variation caused solely by the environment will not be passed on to future generations if it does not affect the base of genetic material.13. Non-selective questions give examples of the application of genetic breeding in practice. p43-44 (breeding of high-yielding dairy cows and high-yielding and resistant wheat) Chapter 3 14. outlines the main course of biological evolution. p55 (evolutionary trees and trends) Knowledge: the process of plant evolution: algaes → bryophytes → ferns → gymnosperms → angiosperms animal evolutionary process: unicellular animals → coelenterates → flatworms → Platyhelminthes → mollusks → annelids → arthropods → echinoderms → fishes → amphibians → birds → reptiles → mammals evolutionary trends: from simple to complex, from lower to higher, from aquatic to terrestrial. 15, inquiry: simulation of the process of formation of the protective color p59- 6116 、 Formation of the basic view of biological evolution. p62-63 (natural selection, survival of the fittest) Knowledge: organisms in nature, through the fierce struggle for survival, the adapted survive, and those who are not adapted are eliminated, this is natural selection. Organisms continue to evolve through heredity, mutation, and natural selection. Unit 8, Chapter 1.17. Describe the causes, transmission routes, and preventive measures for infectious diseases.P68-70 (Pathogens, Basic Links)Knowledge:(1) Organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that cause infectious diseases are called pathogens. (2) A person or animal capable of spreading a pathogen is called a source of infection. (3) The pathway through which a pathogen leaves an infectious agent and reaches a healthy person is called the route of transmission. For example, airborne, foodborne, and biologically mediated transmission. (4) to a certain infectious disease lack of immunity and susceptible to infection of the disease of the population called susceptible people. (5) Epidemics of infectious diseases must have the source of infection, transmission, susceptible people three basic links. 18, list common parasitic, bacterial and infectious diseases (including gonorrhea), viral infections (including AIDS p70). (Teacher to explain) 19, describe the body's immune function. p78 graphic knowledge: immunity is a physiological function of the human body, the body relies on this function to identify "self" and "non-self" components, so as to destroy and reject antigenic substances entering the body, or the body's own production of damage to cells and cells of the body. The body itself produces damaged cells and tumor cells, etc., in order to maintain the health of the body. The function of immunity: (1) to remove the aging, dead and damaged cells in the body; (2) to resist the invasion of antigens to prevent the emergence of disease; (3) to monitor, identify and remove abnormal cells produced in the body, such as tumor cells. 20, distinguish between specific immunity and non-specific immunity in the human body. P77-78 Knowledge: Human beings are born with it, not against a particular pathogen, but against a variety of pathogens, so it is called non-specific immunity, so it has a defensive effect. It is called non-specific immunity (also known as innate immunity) because it is a defense against a wide range of pathogens. P79 knowledge: according to the occurrence of certain infectious diseases, a variety of safe and effective vaccines, in accordance with scientific immunization procedures, planned for children to inoculate, in order to achieve the purpose of preventing, controlling and eradicating infectious diseases, this planned preventive vaccination, referred to as the plan This kind of planned vaccination is referred to as planned immunization. For example, babies can be vaccinated with BCG vaccine to prevent tuberculosis, and three-month-old babies can be vaccinated with DPT vaccine to prevent pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus. Significance: For the protection of children's health and life, improve the quality of population, benefit future generations, has a very important significance. Chapter 2 22, Outline general knowledge of safe medication use. p81-82 (Analyze the information contained on drug labels) OTC is a prescription drug Chapter 3 23, Focus on the dangers of cardiovascular disease. (Combine questions with circulation ---- 7th grade book) 24, Describe the dangers of alcohol abuse to human health (Explore the effects of alcohol on the heart rhythm of Daphnia - this question is less important) p95