A, non-performing loans why it is difficult to collect

A, credit assets

Basic commercial banks due to historical, policy reasons for the formation of non-performing loans occupying the form to see the shape of the shape of the corresponding policy has not been provided, can not be entered into the bad debt or write-offs. Such as the agricultural bank to alleviate poverty special non-performing loans, non-performing loans of grain enterprises attached to the business, most of them are transferred from the Agricultural Development Bank of the two business transfer loans transferred to the death, some are in the situation of shutdown or semi-suspension, some commercial enterprises such as the grass-roots supply and marketing agencies have been in the state of natural dissolution of the small accounting unit. This part of the claim to implement the loan responsibility is difficult.

Second, a single means of collection

Basic commercial banks to collect non-performing loans of the main nuclear time performance-linked, this approach to the money effect is obvious. And for those who are difficult to collect, the amount of high non-performing loans, but it is difficult to work, some cadres and workers are afraid of the difficulties and suffer temporary economic losses, but also unwilling to adhere to the principle to gnaw on the bones, fight the hard battle.

Third, the implementation of the loan responsibility is not in place, resulting in increased difficulties in the collection of non-performing loans

In previous years, the commercial banks are authorized to grant credit and internal control system is not sound, commercial banks at all levels of varying degrees of collateral guarantees and inadequate material security and other issues. This part of the loan both credit conditions do not meet the requirements of the enterprise loans, but also to the poverty alleviation loans without any mortgage, pledge, guarantee procedures. In the initial formation from time to time to follow up, principal and interest arrears such as snowballing industry bank credit asset quality is getting worse and worse. In recent years, although the commercial banks through a variety of means of liquidation, cleanup and rectification, and the responsibility for non-performing loans to implement the accountability approach, which ultimately resulted in non-performing loans to liquidate no substantial progress

Four, loan customers credit concept is poor, resulting in the legal preservation of credit assets is difficult

Most of the loan customers are affected by the credit environment in the influence of the bad factors, do not speak of credibility, resulting in evasion of financial debt behavior. Financial debt behavior, some maliciously destroy the credit relationship between the bank, do not want to develop, can be delayed, and even more is to transfer its step by step deterioration, there is a considerable portion of the enterprise in the case of no hope of repayment of loans, man-made arrears or refused to return the bank loan principal and interest. At the same time, in accordance with the law to preserve credit assets in the implementation process, the legal department of law enforcement is weak, commercial banks in the collection of loan cases often, but the actual effect of the recovery of the law enforcement process halfway, resulting in the collection of non-performing loans in accordance with the law to play a limited role.

Fifth, the credit structure imbalance, resulting in the state-owned commercial banks credit input shrinkage

Basic commercial bank management personnel are still "shy of credit" ideas, coupled with the higher banks authorized to credit accountability and other constraints of the system, basically, grass-roots commercial banks do not issue a new loan is issued loans, but also only small and personal housing consumption. Even if they do issue loans, they are only small and personal housing consumption loans. For those enterprises that still have a future but have temporary operating difficulties, they dare not give support. Most of the grass-roots banks to take all the deposits on the deposit approach, resulting in the flow of funds to economically developed regions, while the jurisdiction of the demand for credit funds can not be effectively met, the formation of the local business efficiency is getting worse and worse, more and more difficult to recover the credit funds, the banks of the vicious circle of credit assets of the quality of the lower and lower.

Two, non-performing loans why it is difficult to collect

One, the poor quality of credit assets grass-roots commercial banks due to historical, policy reasons for the formation of non-performing loans have been in arrears for many years, from the actual occupancy pattern has been the formation of doubtful accounts, but the parent banks of commercial banks have not yet been the corresponding policy provisions, can not enter the doubtful accounts or write-offs. Such as agricultural bank poverty alleviation special non-performing loans, food enterprises attached to the business of non-performing loans, most of the agricultural development bank two business transfer loans transferred. Again, part of the enterprise has existed in name only, some are in the production or semi-suspension situation, some commercial enterprises, such as grass-roots supply and marketing agencies to transfer small accounting unit has been in the natural dissolution of the state. This part of the debt to implement the loan responsibility is difficult, and complex procedures, the recovery ratio is extremely low. Second, a single means of collection grass-roots commercial banks to collect the main means of non-performing loans is the staff assessment of performance, this approach to the amount of small, easy to collect the effect of non-performing loans is obvious. And for those difficult to collect, the amount of non-performing loans, but it is difficult to work, some cadres and workers are afraid to retreat, passive wait-and-see, rather than suffer temporary economic losses, but also unwilling to adhere to the principle of chewing on the bones, fight a tough battle. Third, the implementation of the loan responsibility is not in place, resulting in non-performing loans to increase the difficulty of work in previous years, the commercial banks authorized credit and internal control system is not sound, loose credit management, more loopholes, commercial banks at all levels of varying degrees of collateral and insufficient material security and other issues. This part of the loan portfolio consists of both loans to enterprises whose creditworthiness conditions do not meet the requirements of lax credit scrutiny and loans for poverty alleviation that have not been subject to any collateralization, pledging or guarantee procedures. In the initial formation of non-performing, due to the credit management did not keep up in time, the principal and interest arrears like snowballs, the bigger the bigger, resulting in the commercial banks credit asset quality is getting worse and worse. In recent years, although commercial banks through a variety of means of liquidation, cleanup and reorganization, and the responsibility for non-performing loans for the implementation, but due to the lack of effective and feasible methods of accountability, and ultimately lead to non-performing loans no substantial progress in the liquidation. Fourth, the loan customer credit concept is poor, resulting in the preservation of credit assets in accordance with the law is difficult to most of the loan customers by the credit environment in the influence of adverse factors, do not speak of credibility, resulting in financial debt evasion behavior, some maliciously undermine the credit relationship between the bank, do not want to develop, can drag, and even more is the transfer of its effective assets, resulting in further deterioration of the relationship between the bank and the enterprise, and a considerable portion of the enterprise in the repayment of the loan in hopeless cases, the artificial default or refused to return the bank. A considerable number of enterprises, with no hope of repaying loans, have artificially defaulted or refused to return the principal and interest of bank loans. At the same time, in the process of legal preservation of credit assets in the implementation of the law, the legal department of law enforcement is weak, commercial banks in the collection of loan cases often use a lot of manpower, material and financial resources, but the actual results received is not satisfactory. Most of the non-performing loans are still in the recovery of the law enforcement process halfway, resulting in a limited role in the legal collection of non-performing loans. Fifth, the imbalance of credit structure, resulting in the state-owned commercial banks credit investment shrinkage of commercial banks at the grass-roots level of business management personnel are still "shy of credit" ideas, coupled with the system of accountability by the parent bank authorization credit constraints, basically the grass-roots commercial banks do not issue new loans, that is, the issuance of loans, but also just a small amount of personal housing consumption amount of money. Loans. For those who still have a future but temporary operating difficulties in the enterprise, do not dare to give support. Most of the grass-roots banks to take all the deposits on the deposit approach, resulting in the flow of funds to economically developed regions, while the jurisdiction of the demand for credit funds can not be effectively met, the formation of the local business efficiency is getting worse and worse, more and more difficult to recover the credit funds, the banks of the credit assets of the quality of the vicious circle of getting lower and lower.

Three, combined with the actual talk about the formation of non-performing loans what are the reasons? How to strengthen the management of non-performing loans?

Non-performing loans are also referred to as abnormal or problematic loans, meaning that the borrower fails to repay the commercial bank's loan principal and interest on time according to the original loan agreement, or there have been indications that the borrower is unlikely to repay the commercial bank's loan principal and interest on time according to the original loan agreement and the loan is formed.

In the mature market economy, this risk is mainly due to the bank's own mismanagement caused by the causes of non-performing loans in China is very different. The main macroeconomic environment, the bank's own management and credit and legal environment in three aspects, the main business managers should set up a compliant operation, the concept of sound development, and at the same time should establish a clear responsibility and authority, mutual control of the organizational structure, the front, middle and back office departments should be linked to collaborate in the control of non-performing retail loans. In addition, a systematic and scientific performance appraisal system should be established.

One is that credit business development and loan quality control indicators should be organically integrated into the performance appraisal of the organization's leadership team, the proportion of points should not be too large a gap.

The second is that the credit front, middle and back office departments should have clear quarterly and annual credit quality assessment indexes, such as the amount of non-performing loans, non-performing loan rate, non-performing loan collection amount, non-performing loan collection rate, etc. The third is that the performance of credit account managers should be realized. Third, the performance fulfillment cycle of credit account managers should coincide with the risk exposure cycle of loan products.

Fourth, the agribusiness bank to explore the new situation of non-performing loans disposal way

By a number of factors, part of the agribusiness bank non-performing loans disposal pressure and difficulty is increasing. By expanding the existing means of disposal of the applicable boundaries, to break the collection of resistance, and with the local government to form a joint effort to promote the organization of the non-performing collection. However, the agricultural bank should adhere to the market position of supporting agriculture and small businesses, and improve the overall anti-risk ability to realize the development of non-performing.

Currently, affected by economic restructuring and tightening of financial regulation and other factors, the scale of non-performing loans of some agribusiness banks has continued to rise, and the pressure and difficulty of the liquidation and disposal is increasing. Coupled with years of continuous collection, there is a certain solvency of non-performing loans has been basically should be collected, the rest are difficult to gnaw on the "hard bones", the recovery of the space is getting smaller and smaller, more and more difficult, more and more costly manpower and material resources. In view of this, how to broaden the collection of ideas, use the full use of the collection of policies and means of collection, accelerate the disposal of non-performing loans efficiency, and on this basis to explore a proven non-performing loans collection of disposal of the way is particularly necessary.

Difficulties in NPL collection

The traditional collection is not "effective". On the one hand, the causes of non-performing loans in agricultural banks are complex, due to the limitations of policies and regulations, agricultural banks are still mainly using cash collection, internal write-offs, judicial recovery, asset preservation, government assistance and other traditional means of recovery, narrow channels of recovery, recovery potential is limited, resulting in the formation of non-performing assets and the ability to dispose of non-performing assets does not match the disposal of the pressure of the disposal of the high efficiency is not high. On the other hand, the current economic downward pressure increases, a considerable portion of the previous through the renewal of loans, extension and other traditional ways to continue to operate business customers failed to really get out of the woods, still do not have the ability to pay off debts, non-performing loans before and after the increase in risk has not been fundamentally resolved. In addition, the current agricultural and commercial banks in the rational return to the transition period, narrowing business channels, profitability constraints, although the write-off policy has been relaxed, but in the case of non-performing loans, write-off surge, net profit and reserves can not cover all non-performing loans, the traditional means of write-offs appeared to be unable to do so.

Asset disposal is not "favorable". The first is the difficulty of judicial enforcement. Although the vast majority of loans have collateral, but most of the residential, commercial and residential buildings and factories, in the stage of economic downward pressure, such debt assets are difficult to dispose of, and in the implementation of the process, once involved in the private lending, the only housing, other debts and other issues, the market risk, the social stability risk and the intertwining of the financial risk of the judicial implementation of the obstacles to further aggravate the bank's claim is difficult to realize. Secondly, it is difficult to dispose of the realization. In the process of receiving and disposing of debt assets, as most of the borrowers have been plant collapse, farmers and merchants banks will also face the problem of double taxation, not only to pay value-added tax, recovery of land use tax, property tax, deed tax and other taxes, but also to pay the borrower's transfer and other taxes and fees, offsetting taxes, the actual loan repayment rate of less than 70%, often resulting in a "win the lawsuit and lose the money! ". Third, asset management is difficult. As non-performing assets are difficult to dispose of, according to the Ministry of Finance to develop the "bank against the assets management approach", against the real estate since the receipt of more than 2 years have not been disposed of, in accordance with the "Commercial Banks Capital Management Approach (Trial)", the risk weighting was increased to 1250%, which further increased the pressure on the capital occupancy.

The external environment is not "trustworthy". Some of the loan customers do not cooperate with the bank to resolve the work, and even produce the behavior of financial debt evasion; some of the government background of the local guarantee company by the registered capital limit, the ability to pay for the decline in the surface of the guarantee behavior, some guarantee company has basically lost the ability to pay for the cause of the enterprise loan overdue, the guarantee company is unable to play the role of the risk of peddling.

Exploring the path of non-performing loan collection and disposal

Innovative measures to do the "addition" to stimulate market vitality. The company's goal is to further expand the existing means of disposal, maximize the recovery value, establish a clear and efficient long-term mechanism, and maximize the potential for recovery.

One is to promote the professionalization of the collection. The first is that the company has been able to provide a wide range of products and services to the public, and has been able to provide a wide range of products and services to the public. In the setup of non-performing loan management department, selected with a certain level of knowledge, collection expertise, political and business qualities of the business backbone to form a professional collection team, in accordance with the principle of "focusing forces to fight the war of annihilation," the amount of non-performing loan implementation of centralized collection, focusing on the resolution of a number of key enterprises and industries of the The collection of small non-performing loans is carried out by means of a specialized team. For small non-performing loans, outsourcing or internal staff subscription is adopted to reduce the bank's management costs. Secondly, give full play to market-oriented means, comprehensively apply restructuring, securitization, transfer of claims and income rights, batch transfer and other means to broaden the disposal channels of non-performing assets. Actively promote government-led asset restructuring and disposal of relevant enterprises, and promote the clearing of non-performing loans of zombie enterprises and problem enterprises. Fully draw on the experience and advantages of financial asset management companies in the bulk disposal of non-performing assets, promote the participation of third-party intermediaries such as local asset management companies in the disposal of non-performing assets, and effectively divest agribusiness banks of their non-performing assets through securitization of non-performing assets and conversion of debt to equity. The company is also actively exploring the "Internet" path of non-performing assets disposal, strengthening cooperation with Internet platforms, and utilizing the Internet and big data and other means to revitalize non-performing assets.

Improve the mechanism to do the "subtraction", to break the collection resistance. In the current situation, agricultural and commercial banks should be in accordance with the modern enterprise management system, the establishment of a perfect due diligence exemption mechanism, the disposal of non-performing loans in the moral hazard, illegal disposal, illegal transfer, illegal and other acts of strict punishment, accountability, and always maintain a high-pressure situation. At the same time, differentiated treatment, not because of illegal behavior of the formation of non-performing loans, the implementation of due diligence exemption provisions, the implementation of due diligence exemption, preservation exemption, recovery exemption of the "three exemptions", exempt from the grass-roots credit personnel worries, and improve due diligence motivation.

The support to do "multiplication", the formation of synergy. To give full play to the advantages of the local legal entity of the Agricultural Bank of China, to strengthen the communication and coordination with the local government, public prosecutors, lawyers and regulators, *** with the promotion of non-performing loans collection and disposal. First, we should strive for government support, play a good government-led coordination role in fostering the non-performing asset disposal market, and strive for appropriate supporting policies and regulations to attract a large number of private enterprises, foreign investment bodies and individuals to enter the market, in order to effectively improve the investment and trading environment; or directly involved in the disposal of non-performing asset projects, such as debt restructuring, asset replacement, debt-to-stock conversion, etc., to coordinate the interests of all parties to promote the restructuring of the Success. The second is to strive for judicial assistance. Promote the establishment of financial courts in the system, improve the mechanism of professional trial and green channel for financial cases, accelerate the speed of trial and execution, implement a one-time 50% reduction in litigation costs, and implement simplified procedures and per-piece fees for homogenized cases and other preferential measures. Third, strengthening linkage and coordination. Seek the support of the financial, taxation and financial supervision departments, introduce preferential policies on tax reduction and exemption for the disposal of collateral and debtor assets, reduce the tax burden on the disposal of non-performing loans, appropriately extend the time limit for the disposal of debtor assets, and enrich the disposal methods. On the basis of the assessment of the value of debtor assets, explore ways to reduce the weight of risk measurement and capital requirements.

Analyzing the root cause of the problem, we can do "remove" and maintain the development of the force. From a short-term perspective, the direct means of collecting non-performing loans is to increase the disposal of collateral, and strive to dispose of non-performing assets as soon as possible to recover, restore the form or "out of the table". In the long run, to grasp the essence of the phenomenon, seize the main contradiction to be able to resolve the non-performing loans, the risk of prevention and control.

In the non-performing loans "entrance end" to do a good job of prevention and control

In fact, all adhere to the support of agriculture, small, micro-support institutions, regardless of how the economic situation changes, the risk is relatively controllable; on the contrary, the preference of the "side of the large households" "base big" institutions, its risk in the economic situation when the good times may not show, once the economic downward pressure increases, the guarantee circle, the guarantee chain and other problems broke out, the pressure of the decline in asset quality is also difficult to return. Therefore, the agricultural and commercial banks to get rid of the big and small, the malpractice of sloppy operation, in the non-performing loans "entrance end" to do a good job of prevention and control.

First, adjust the credit policy. Farmers and merchants bank should actively adjust the credit policy according to the national industrial policy, to "three rural" as the main body to increase credit support, and actively support small and micro-enterprises, family farms, agricultural cooperatives and other new agricultural business subjects, reduce the overcapacity, the real estate industry's credit investment; two is to adjust the loan method, according to the borrower's actual situation. The second is to adjust the loan mode, according to the actual situation of the borrower to develop and project cycle, income, repayment ability to match the credit products, reasonable determination of the loan period and repayment mode; third is to adjust the credit guarantee mode, should strengthen the review of the qualification of the guarantor, no guarantee capacity of the guarantor to be cautious access, especially for the private guarantee company does not have the ability to guarantee to be prohibited from access.

In short, only adhere to the market positioning of supporting agriculture and small, highlighting the main business, return to the source, do not take off the agriculture, more benefit to the agriculture, strict control of new risks, resolve the risk of stock, improve the operating efficiency, in the development of non-performing, enhance the overall anti-risk ability, is the source of the governance of the root of the problem, is to enhance the necessary move of the profitability.