Cloud computing [1] (cloud computing) is an Internet-based model for the addition, use, and delivery of related services, usually involving the provision of dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources over the Internet. Cloud is a metaphorical term for network and internet. In the past, clouds were often used in diagrams to denote telecommunication networks, but later also used to denote the abstraction of the Internet and the underlying infrastructure. Thus, cloud computing even allows you to experience computing power of 10 trillion times per second, and having that much computing power can simulate nuclear explosions, predict climate change and market trends. Users access data centers through computers, laptops, cell phones, etc. and perform computing as per their needs. [2] There are various definitions of cloud computing. At least 100 explanations can be found for what exactly cloud computing is. [3] The current widely accepted definition is that of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST): Cloud computing is a pay-per-use model that provides available, convenient, on-demand network access to a configurable pool of computing resources*** (resources that include networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned with little investment in management or service providers. These resources can be rapidly provisioned with little management effort or interaction with the service provider. Chinese Name Cloud Computing Foreign Name Cloud Computing Table of Contents 1 Background 2 Characteristics 3 Concepts 4 Brief History 5 Evolution 6 Impact? Impact on Software Development? Impact on Software Testing7 Forms of Service? IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service? PaaS: Platform as a Service? SaaS: Software as a Service8Applications? Cloud IoT? Cloud Security? Cloud Storage? Cloud Gaming? Cloud Computing and Big Data 9 Privacy 10 Technology 11 Related Issues 12 Developments 1 Background Editor Cloud Computing is a sea change following the great shift from mainframe computers to client-server in the 1980s. Cloud Computing (Cloud Computing) is a combination of Distributed Computing (Distributed Computing), Parallel Computing (Parallel Computing), Utility Computing (Utility Computing),[4] Network Storage Technologies (Network Storage Technologies) Network Storage Technologies), Virtualization (Virtualization), Load Balance (Load Balance), and other traditional computer and network technology development convergence product.2 Characteristics EditCloud computing is by enabling computation to be distributed over a large number of distributed computing machines, rather than local computers or remote servers, the operation of enterprise data centers will be more similar to the Internet. This allows organizations to switch resources to needed applications, accessing computers and storage systems on demand. It's like moving from the old single-generator model to a centralized power plant. It means that computing power can also circulate as a commodity, just like gas, water and electricity, which are easy to access and inexpensive. The biggest difference is that it is transmitted over the Internet. The generally accepted characteristics of cloud computing are as follows: (1) The super-large-scale "cloud" has a considerable scale, Google cloud computing already has more than 1 million servers, Amazon, IBM, Microsoft, Yahoo and other "clouds" have hundreds of thousands of servers. The "clouds" of Amazon, IBM, Microsoft, Yahoo, etc. all have hundreds of thousands of servers. Enterprise private clouds generally have hundreds or thousands of servers. "Cloud" can give users unprecedented computing power. (2) Virtualized cloud computing allows users to access application services from any location, using any kind of terminal. The requested resources come from the "cloud" rather than a fixed, tangible entity. The application runs somewhere in the "cloud", but the user does not need to know or worry about the specific location of the application. Just need a laptop or a cell phone, you can through the network services to achieve everything we need, even including supercomputing such tasks. (3) High reliability "cloud" uses multiple copies of data fault tolerance, computing nodes are isomorphic and interchangeable measures to ensure high reliability of services, the use of cloud computing is more reliable than the use of local computers. (4) Generality cloud computing does not target specific applications, in the "cloud" support can be constructed under a variety of applications, the same "cloud" can support different applications running at the same time. (5) High scalability "cloud" scale can be dynamically scaled to meet the needs of application and user scale growth. (6) On-demand service "Cloud" is a huge pool of resources, you need to buy; cloud can be billed like water, electricity, gas. (7) Extremely inexpensive Due to the special fault tolerance measures of the Cloud, extremely inexpensive nodes can be used to form a cloud, and the automated and centralized management of the Cloud eliminates the need for large numbers of enterprises to bear the ever-increasing costs of managing data centers, and the Cloud is a huge pool of resources that you buy on demand; the Cloud can be billed like tap water, electricity, and gas. The versatility of the "cloud" makes the utilization of resources significantly higher than traditional systems, so users can fully enjoy the low-cost advantages of the "cloud", often only need to spend a few hundred dollars, a few days to complete the previous tens of thousands of dollars, months to complete the task. Tasks. Cloud computing can revolutionize people's lives in the future, but at the same time it is important to pay attention to environmental issues so that it can truly contribute to human progress, rather than simply enhance technology. (8) Potential dangers Cloud computing services provide storage services in addition to computing services. However, cloud computing services are currently monopolized in the hands of private organizations (corporations), who are only able to provide commercial credit. Government agencies, commercial organizations (especially those holding sensitive data like banks) should be wary of choosing cloud computing services. Once commercial users use cloud computing services provided by private organizations on a large scale, no matter how strong their technological advantages are, it is inevitable that these private organizations will hold the whole society hostage with the importance of "data (information)". For the information society, "information" is crucial. On the other hand, the data in cloud computing is confidential to users other than the owner of the data, but there are no secrets for the commercial organizations that provide cloud computing. All these potential dangers are an important prerequisite that commercial and governmental organizations have to consider when choosing cloud computing services, especially those provided by foreign organizations. [5]3 Conceptual editor's original: cloud computing is a style of computing in which dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources are provided as a service over the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) definition: Cloud computing is a pay-per-use model that provides available, convenient, and on-demand network access to a configurable pool of computing resources*** (resources including networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be provisioned quickly, with little administrative effort or interaction with the service provider. XenSystem, as well as Intel and IBM, which are already very mature in foreign countries, the scope of various "cloud computing" applications is expanding day by day, and the influence is also immeasurable. Due to the deepening of cloud computing applications and the expanding demand for big data processing, users' demand for 4-channel and 8-channel servers with strong performance and high availability has significantly accelerated, and the year-on-year growth rate of this product segment has exceeded 200%. More noteworthy is that Wave achieved more than 15% market share in 2011 with only one product, Tissot TS850, and became the top three high-end servers in China with less than 1% difference after ranking IBM and HP. At present, the 32-channel high-end fault-tolerant server Tissot K1 system developed by Longchamp at a cost of nearly one billion yuan has not yet been released, and its huge market potential has yet to be tapped. Original: Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, and servers). , networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. provider interaction.Cloud computing is often confused with grid computing, utility computing, and autonomic computing. Grid computing: a type of distributed computing, consisting of a group of loosely coupled computers forming a super-virtual computer, often used to perform some large-scale tasks; utility computing: a way of packaging and billing IT resources, for example, according to the computation and storage of separate metering costs, as in the case of traditional electricity and other public **** facilities; autonomic computing: a computer system that is self-managed. Indeed, many cloud computing deployments rely on clusters of computers (but with a very different composition, architecture, purpose, and modus operandi than grids), and have also absorbed features of autonomic and utility computing.4 A brief history Edit In 1983, Sun Microsystems proposed "The Network is the Computer" ("The Network is the Computer"). In 1983, Sun Microsystems introduced "The Network is the Computer", and in March 2006, Amazon launched its Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) service.On August 9, 2006, Google CEO Eric Schmidt announced the launch of its Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) service. On August 9, 2006, Eric Schmidt, CEO of Google, first introduced the concept of "Cloud Computing" (Cloud Computing) at the Search Engine Conference (SES San Jose 2006). Google engineer Christopher Bischoffer did the "Google 101" project. 2007 October, Google and IBM began in the United States college campuses, including Carnegie Mellon University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Maryland, etc., to promote cloud computing program, this program, this program is the first time to promote cloud computing. Promote cloud computing program, this program hopes to reduce the cost of distributed computing technology in academic research, and for these universities to provide the relevant hardware and software equipment and technical support (including hundreds of personal computers and BladeCenter and System x servers, these computing platforms will provide 1,600 processors, support, including Linux, Xen, Hadoop, etc.). (open source platforms including Linux, Xen, Hadoop, etc.). On January 30, 2008, Google announced the launch of its "Cloud Computing Academic Program" in Taiwan, which will collaborate with NTU, Jiao Tong University and other schools to promote this advanced, large-scale, and rapid cloud computing technology on campus. On February 1, 2008, IBM (NYSE: IBM) announced that it would establish the world's first Cloud Computing Center for Chinese software companies in the Science and Education Industrial Park in Taihu New City, Wuxi, China. July 29, 2008, Yahoo, HP and Intel announced a joint research program covering the U.S., Germany, and Singapore to launch a Cloud Computing Research and Testing Bed to advance Cloud Computing. test beds to advance cloud computing. The plan is to create six data centers with partners as research test beds, each configured with 1,400 to 4,000 processors. These partners include the Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore, the Steinbuch Computing Center at the University of Karlsruhe in Germany, the University of Illinois at Chamblin, Intel Research, Hewlett-Packard Labs, and Yahoo. August 3, 2008, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Web site information shows that Dell is in the process of applying for the "cloud computing" (Cloud Computing). On August 3, 2008, information on the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office website indicated that Dell was applying for a trademark for "Cloud Computing," a move designed to strengthen its control over a term that could reshape the future of technology architecture.On March 5, 2010, Novell, along with the Cloud Security Alliance (CSA),*** announced a vendor-neutrality program called the Trusted Cloud Initiative (TCI). In July 2010, NASA and supporting vendors including Rackspace, AMD, Intel, Dell, and others*** announced the OpenStack open source program. In October 2010, Microsoft said it supports OpenStack integration with Windows Server 2008 R2; Ubuntu has added OpenStack to version 11.04. In February 2011, Cisco Systems officially joined OpenStack, focusing on the development of OpenStack network services.5 Evolutionary Editing Cloud computing has gone through four main phases before it has evolved to such a relatively mature level as it is now, which are, in order, the power plant model, utility computing, grid computing, and cloud computing. Power plant model stage: the power plant model is like utilizing the scale effect of the power plant to reduce the price of electricity and make it more convenient for the users without the need to maintain and purchase any power generating equipment. Utility Computing Stage: Around 1960, the price of computing equipment was very high, far beyond the reach of ordinary businesses, schools and organizations, so many people had the idea of *** enjoying computing resources. 1961, McKinsey, the father of artificial intelligence, put forward the concept of "utility computing" at a conference, the core of which was borrowed from the power plant model. The core of the concept was based on the power plant model, with the specific goal of integrating servers, storage systems, and applications dispersed around the world to be ****enjoyed by multiple users, so that users could use computer resources like plugging a light bulb into a lamp socket and pay for them according to the amount they used. But because the entire IT industry was still in the early stages of development, many powerful technologies have not yet been born, such as the Internet, so although this idea has been praised, but in general, "good but not good". Grid computing stage: Grid computing studies how to divide a problem that requires a huge amount of computing power to solve into many small parts, and then assign these parts to many low-performance computers to deal with, and finally synthesize the results of these calculations to overcome the big problem. Unfortunately, Grid Computing has not been as successful as expected in the engineering and commercial worlds due to its shortcomings in business models, technology, and security. Cloud Computing Stage: At its core, cloud computing is very similar to utility and grid computing, in that it also wants IT to be as convenient and inexpensive as using electricity. However, unlike utility and grid computing, there is now a scale of demand, as well as a basic maturity in the technology.6 Impacts Editorial Software Development Impacts of Cloud Computing The cloud computing environment will see significant changes in software technology, and architecture. First of all, the software developed must be compatible with the cloud, can be organically combined with the cloud platform with virtualization as the core, and adapt to the dynamic changes in computing power and storage capacity; secondly, it should be able to meet the use of a large number of users, including the data storage structure and processing capacity; thirdly, it should be Internet-enabled, and provide software applications based on the Internet; fourthly, it is a higher requirement for security, which can be resistant to attacks and can protect private information; fifthly, it can be work in a variety of environments such as mobile terminals, cell phones, network computers. Under the cloud computing environment, the environment and working mode of software development will also change. Although, the traditional software engineering theory will not undergo a fundamental change, the development tools, development environment, development platform based on the cloud platform will bring convenience for agile development, collaboration within the project team, and off-site development. Software development within the project team can use the cloud platform to realize online development, and knowledge accumulation and software reuse through the cloud. Under the cloud computing environment, the final manifestation of software products is richer and more diverse. On the cloud platform, software can be a service, such as SAAS, or it can be a Web Services, or it may be an application that can be downloaded online, such as Apple's online store in the application software, and so on. [6] Impact on Software Testing In cloud computing environment, due to changes in software development efforts, it is also bound to bring impact and changes in software testing. Changes in software technology and architecture require that the focus of software testing should also make corresponding adjustments. Software testing in the attention of the traditional software quality at the same time, should also pay attention to the new quality requirements put forward by the cloud computing environment, such as the ability to adapt to software dynamics, a large number of users to support the ability to security, multi-platform compatibility and so on. Cloud computing environment, software development tools, environment, work mode has changed, but also requires software testing tools, environment, work mode should also be a corresponding change. Software testing tools should also work on the cloud platform, the use of testing tools should also be available through the cloud platform, and no longer the traditional local way; software testing environment can also be transplanted to the cloud platform, through the cloud to build the test environment; software testing should also be able to achieve collaboration through the cloud, knowledge **** enjoyment, test reuse. Changes in the form of software product performance, the requirements of software testing can be tested on different forms of products, such as Web Services testing, Internet application testing, testing of software within the mobile intelligent terminal. The popularization and application of cloud computing, there is still a long way to go, social acceptance, people's habits, technical capabilities, and even the social management system should make corresponding changes, in order to make cloud computing really popular. But no matter what, Internet-based applications will gradually penetrate into everyone's life, and will bring far-reaching impact on our services and life. To cope with this change, it is also very necessary for us to discuss the future development model of our business and determine the direction of our efforts. [6] 7 Forms of Service Editing Cloud computing can be thought of as including the following levels of service: infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), platform-as-a-service (PaaS), and software-as-a-service (SaaS).IaaS: Infrastructure-as-a-service IaaS (Infrastructure-as-a-Service): Infrastructure-as-a-Service. Consumers can obtain services from the perfect computer infrastructure through the Internet.PaaS: Platform as a ServicePaaS (Platform-as-a-Service): Platform as a Service.PaaS actually refers to the platform for software development as a service, which is submitted to the user in the mode of SaaS. Therefore, PaaS is also an application of the SaaS model. However, the emergence of PaaS can accelerate the development of SaaS, especially to speed up the development of SaaS applications.SaaS: Software as a ServiceSaaS (Software-as-a-Service): Software as a Service. It is a model for providing software over the Internet, where users do not need to buy software, but rent Web-based software from providers to manage business operations.8 Application Editorial Cloud IoT "The Internet of Things is the Internet of Things connected to things." This has two meanings: first, the core and foundation of IoT is still the Internet, which is an extended and expanded network on the basis of the Internet; second, its user side extends and expands to any item to item for information exchange and communication. Two business models of IoT: 1. MAI (M2M Application Integration), internal MaaS; 2. MaaS (M2M As A Service), MMO, Multi-Tenants (Multi-tenant model). With the increase of IoT business volume, the demand for data storage and computation will bring the requirements for "cloud computing" capabilities: 1. Cloud computing: from the computing center to the data center in the primary stage of IoT, PoP can meet the demand; 2. In the advanced stage of IoT, there may be a MVNO/MMO operators (foreign countries have existed for many years), requiring virtualized cloud computing. Exist for many years), the need for virtualization cloud computing technology, SOA and other technologies to achieve the combination of Internet ubiquitous services: TaaS (everyTHING As A Service). Cloud Security (Cloud Security) is a new term evolved from "Cloud Computing". The strategic concept of cloud security is that the more users there are, the safer each user will be, because such a large user base is enough to cover every corner of the Internet, so that whenever a website is hung or a new Trojan horse virus appears, it will be intercepted immediately. "Cloud security" through the mesh of a large number of clients in the network of software behavior of abnormal monitoring, access to the Internet Trojans, malicious programs in the latest information, pushed to the Server side of the automatic analysis and processing, and then the virus and Trojan solutions distributed to each client. Cloud storage cloud storage is in the cloud computing (cloud computing) on the concept of extension and development of a new concept, refers to the cluster application, grid technology or distributed file system and other functions, the network will be a large number of different types of storage devices through the application of software collection together to work together, *** with the external to provide data storage and business access to the function of a system. When the core of the cloud computing system computing and processing is a large amount of data storage and management, the cloud computing system needs to be configured with a large number of storage devices, then the cloud computing system is transformed into a cloud storage system, so the cloud storage is a cloud computing system centered on data storage and management. Cloud Game Cloud game is a game method based on cloud computing. In the operation mode of cloud game, all games are run on the server side, and the rendered game screen is compressed and transmitted to the user through the network. On the client side, the user's gaming device does not need any high-end processor or graphics card, but only basic video decompression capability. As of today, cloud gaming has not yet become the networking model for the home console and handheld world, because to this day the X360 is still using LIVE, the PS is PS NETWORK , and the wii is wi-fi. but a few years from now or a dozen years from now, the possibility of cloud computing replacing these things as the ultimate direction for their networking development is very high. If this idea can become a reality, then the host manufacturers will become network operators, they do not need to constantly invest huge amounts of money in research and development of new hosts, but only need to take a very small part of this money to upgrade their servers on the line, but to achieve the same effect is very different. For the user, they can save the expense of purchasing a console, but get indeed top-notch game graphics (of course the hardware must be excellent for video output.). The difference between a handheld and a video game console You can imagine a handheld and a home console having the same graphics, a home console being as simple as the set-top boxes we use today, or even a home console replacing the set-top box on the TV as a next-generation TV viewing method. [7] Cloud Computing and Big Data Cloud Computing and Big Data [1] Technically, the relationship between Big Data and Cloud Computing is as inextricably linked as the positive and negative sides of a coin. Big data must not be able to use a single computer for processing, must use distributed computing architecture. It is characterized by the mining of massive data, but it must rely on cloud computing distributed processing, distributed database, cloud storage and virtualization technology. [1]9 Privacy Editorial Cloud technology requires the participation of a large number of users and inevitably gives rise to privacy issues. User participation means collecting certain user data, which raises concerns about user data security. Many users fear that their privacy will be collected by cloud technologies. Because of this, when joining a cloud program many vendors promise to avoid collecting user privacy as much as possible, and even if they do, they will not disclose or use it. Still, many people are skeptical of the vendors' promises, and their skepticism is not unwarranted. Many well-known vendors have been accused of potentially leaking user privacy, and leaks do happen from time to time. As a matter of fact, while the state strongly advocates the construction of cloud computing centers, it also attaches great importance to the security of cloud technology and the Internet. Development and Reform Commission and other seven ministries jointly issued "on the next generation of the Internet" Twelfth Five-Year Plan "development and construction of views" emphasized that: the Internet is highly relevant to the national economy and social development of the major information foundations, to strengthen the network and information security to ensure that the next generation of the Internet to comprehensively enhance the security and credibility. Strengthen the deployment and management of network core infrastructure such as domain name servers, digital certificate servers, key application servers, etc.; strengthen the planning and management of network address and domain name systems; promote security level protection, personal information protection, risk assessment, disaster backup and recovery, etc., and practically implement the security requirements in network planning, construction, operation, management, maintenance and abandonment; accelerate the development of the information security industry, cultivate leading and backbone enterprises, increase the cultivation and introduction of talents, and improve information security technology guarantee and support capabilities." 10Technology Editor 1, Programming Model 2, Massive Data Distribution Storage Technology 3, Massive Data Management Technology 4, Virtualization Technology 5, Cloud Computing Platform Management Technology 11Related Issues Editor Data Privacy Issue: How to ensure that the privacy of the data stored in the cloud service provider is not illegally exploited requires not only the improvement of the technology, but also the further improvement of the law Data Security: Some data is the business of the enterprise's commercial The security of data is related to the survival and development of enterprises. Failure to solve the security problem of cloud computing data will affect the application of cloud computing in enterprises. Users' habits: How to change users' habits and make them adapt to networked hardware and software applications is a long-term and difficult challenge. Network transmission problems: cloud computing services rely on the network, the current network speed is low and unstable, so that the performance of cloud applications is not high. The popularization of cloud computing depends on the development of network technology. Lack of unified technical standards: The bright future of cloud computing has made traditional IT vendors transition to cloud computing. However, due to the lack of unified technical standards, especially interface standards, vendors go their own way in the development of their respective products and services, which poses a serious challenge for the interconnection and interoperability between different services in the future. Cloud computing standardization system draft formed 2014 [3] China International Cloud Computing Technology and Application Exhibition March 4 opening in Beijing, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Software Services Division Director Chen Wei revealed at the meeting, cloud computing comprehensive standardization technology system has formed a draft. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology to promote the rapid development of cloud computing from five aspects: First, we must strengthen the planning and guidance and rational layout, integrated planning of the national cloud computing infrastructure and cloud computing services industry development; Second, we must strengthen the research and development of key core technologies, innovative cloud computing service model, to support the ultra-large-scale cloud computing operating system, the core chip and other basic technology research and development to promote the industrialization of the; Third, we must be oriented towards the urgent need for applications of the Key areas, with large-scale cloud computing platform construction and important industry pilot demonstration, application to drive the coordinated development of the upstream and downstream industry chain; four is to strengthen the network infrastructure; five is to strengthen the construction of the standard system, the organization to carry out the development of cloud computing and service standards to build a standard system for cloud computing.12 Development Edit In recent years, cloud computing as a new technological trend has been the rapid development of cloud computing. Cloud computing has revolutionized an unprecedented way of working and has changed the traditional software engineering enterprise. The following aspects can be said to be the most popular aspects of the current development of cloud computing: 1. Cloud computing extends the value of investment Cloud computing simplifies software, business processes and access to services. More than ever before, the traditional model of change, which is to help companies operate and optimize the size of their investment. This is not only through cost reduction, efficient business models, or greater flexibility in operations. There are a lot of businesses that are optimizing their investments through cloud computing. In the same conditions, companies are expanding to more innovation with their IT capabilities, which will help companies bring more business opportunities.2. The emergence of hybrid cloud computingEnterprises are using cloud computing (both private and public***) to complement their on-premise infrastructure and applications. Experts predict that these services will optimize the performance of business processes. The adoption of cloud services is a newly developed business function. In these cases, scaling down the advantages of both will become a ****same feature.3. Cloud-centric design There is an increasing use of organizational design as an element of cloud migration. This simply means that the experiences that need to be optimized for the cloud are those that will prioritize cloud adoption. This is a trend that is expected to grow even more as cloud computing expands into different industries.4. The future of mobile cloud services must be mobile, one way or another. As the number of mobile devices has risen significantly - tablets, iphones and smartphones are playing more of a role in mobile. Many such devices are being used to scale business processes, communication and other functions. Allow cloud computing applications to take a "mobile" approach across all employees. More cloud computing platforms and api's will become available for mobile cloud services.5. Cloud SecurityPeople are worried about the security of their data in the cloud. Because of this, users should expect to see more secure applications and technologies coming up. Many new encryption technologies, security protocols, will be presented more and more in the future.