1. Theoretical paradigm: a theoretical discipline and analytical paradigm based on modeling and induction.
2. Empirical paradigm: describes natural phenomena and is research based on observation and experimentation.
3. Simulation paradigm: a paradigm of computational science based on the simulation of complex phenomena.
4, data-intensive paradigm: scientific big data, is a paradigm of data-intensive computing based on data examination, joint theory, experiment and simulation in one.