Ge Liang

The first emperor's business was not yet half(1) and the middle road collapsed(2), today the three points of the lower part of the country, Yizhou is weary(3), this is the autumn of the critical survival(4). However, the guards of the ministers unremittingly in the internal (5), loyal soldiers forget their bodies in the external (6), cover the former emperor's special treatment (7), want to pay back to His Majesty also. It is appropriate to open up the Holy Hearing (8), in order to light the legacy of the late emperor (9), to enhance the spirit of ambition (10), should not be presumptuous (11), citing the metaphor of loss of justice (12), to cold the road of loyal advice.

Palace in the House (13), all as one, the check and punishment Zangfu (14), should not be different (15). If there are adulterers and offenders and loyal and good (16), it is appropriate to pay the Division of its criminal reward (17), to show that His Majesty's reasoning (18), should not be biased (19), so that internal and external law is different (20).

Servant in the center, the groom Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, etc. (21), this is all good real, ZhixiZhiZhong pure (22), it is to the first emperor Jane plucked to leave Your Majesty (23). I thought that the Palace, no matter how big or small, all to consult with (24), and then implement, will be able to make up for the queues and omissions (25), there is a wide range of benefits (26).

General to the favor (27), sex line Shu even (28), smooth military (29), trial in the past (30), the late emperor said it was able to, it is so that all the discussion to raise the favor for the governor (31). I thought that the camp (32), all to consult, will be able to make the line Chen and harmony (33), the advantages and disadvantages of the (34).

Pro-virtuous ministers, far from the small man, the first Han so prosperous (35); pro-virtuous, far from the virtuous ministers, after Han so decadent (36). The late emperor in the time, each with the minister on this matter, did not sigh not hate in the Huan, Ling also (37). Squire, the book, the long history, the military (38), this is all the chastity of the death of the ministers (39), I hope that Your Majesty's pro letter, then the Han dynasty of the long, can count the days to wait for also (40).

Chen Ben Buyi (41), plowing in Nanyang (42), to survive the chaos of the world, do not seek to be heard in the vassals (43). The late emperor does not think that I am despicable (44), obscene from the wrong (45), three visits to the minister in the hut (46), consulting the minister to the current affairs of the world, from the grateful, and then allowed the late emperor to drive (47). After the capitulation (48), appointed at the time of the defeat, ordered in the crisis, Erlai twenty one years carry on (49).

The late emperor knew that the minister prudent, so the collapse of the minister to send a major event also (50). Since the appointment, the night and day sighs (51), afraid of entrusted not effective, to hurt the late emperor's Ming, so the May crossing Lu (52), deep into the hair (53). Today, the south has been fixed, armor has been enough, when the award rate of the three armies (54), the north of the Central Plains, Shu exhaust the incompetent (55), to get rid of the treacherous (56), the restoration of the Han Dynasty, back in the old capital (57). This is why I repay the late emperor and loyal to His Majesty's duty. As for the discretionary gain and loss (58), into the loyal side, is Youzhi, Yi, Yun's responsibility.

It is hoped that Your Majesty will entrust the minister with the effect of recovering (59), and if it does not work, then the minister will be punished for the crime of telling the spirit of the late emperor. If there is no Xingde's words, then blame Youzhi, Yi, Yun and other slow (60), in order to recognize the blame (61); Your Majesty is also appropriate to seek their own, in order to consult Suwa good road (62), Chana YaYin (63), deep pursuit of the late emperor's legacy (64). I am grateful for the favor.

Today, I am far away from the table and I don't know what to say.

[Author Bio]

Geliang Zhuge Liang (181--234), the word Kongming, Luangmu Yangdu (present-day Yishui County, Shandong Province), once lived in Longzhong. Zhuge Liang was the prime minister of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period, and a famous statesman and militarist in history. According to Chen Shou, he was "a young man with the talent of a group of people, the weapon of Yingshang, a body eight feet long, and a very great appearance". At the end of Han Dynasty, he avoided the chaos in Jingzhou and lived in seclusion. He often compared himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi. Later, he assisted Liu Bei, united with Sun Quan, defeated Cao Cao at Chibi, occupied Jingzhou, took Yizhou in the west, and built Shu Han. When Liu Bei became the emperor, he became the prime minister. When Liu Bei died, he was entrusted with the task of assisting Liu Chan, the later lord. He aspired to restore the Han Dynasty and unify China, and had successively launched six northern expeditions to the Central Plains. He died in the army in the twelfth year of Jian'an (234), at the age of fifty-four. He is the author of the Collected Works of Zhuge Liang.

[Notes]

(1) First Emperor: refers to Liu Bei. Because Liu Bei had died at this time, it is called the first emperor. Not half: this refers to the emperor did not complete.

(2)Zhongdao: Judging from halfway. demise (cú): death. In ancient times, the death of an emperor was called "崩", also called "殂".

(3) Yizhou Weakness: refers to the decline of Shu Han's power and its difficult situation. Yizhou, the area of Sichuan Province, here refers to the Shu Han regime. Weakness and malpractice, sleepy and powerless.

(4) Sincerity: indeed. Autumn: time.

(5) Ministers of Servants: ministers who served and defended the emperor.

(6) Forgetting one's own body: disregarding one's own danger.

(7) cover: a conjunction, indicating inferred cause. Shuiui: excellent treatment. (7)Gai: exceptional, unusual, special.

(8) Open up the holy hearing: expand the hearing of the Lord. It means to ask the Lord to listen to others' opinions extensively. Open up, expand, as opposed to "stuff" below.

(9) Light: to carry forward and expand. Legacy of Virtue: the virtues left behind.

(10) Restoration: to carry forward and expand. Restore, great. Hong, great.

(11) presumptuous: to belittle oneself at will. (

(11)Delusional, casual. Fei thin, meager, belittling.

(12) To cite a metaphor: to speak inappropriately. (12)Citing Metaphors and Metaphors: Inappropriate speech. Loss of righteousness, out of place, contrary to the greater good.

(13) Palace: refers to the imperial palace. Mansion: refers to the prime minister's mansion.

(14) Jiaozhi (zhì): to elevate. Punishment: to punish. Zang: praise. No: criticize.

(15) dissimilarity: difference.

(16)作奸犯科: to do something improper to violate a decree. (16)To commit adultery: to do something improper to violate the decree. The word "ko" is used to refer to the law of the land, and the law of the sea.

(17) Declare and pay to the competent officials for their punishment and reward: they should be handed over to the competent officials to decide whether they should be punished or rewarded. The official in charge of punishment and reward is the official in charge of punishment and reward. The official in charge of punishment and reward is here referred to.

(18) Zhaoshi: show. Pingming: a person who is even, not dim. The reasoning: the rule.

(19) partiality: favoritism to private feelings.

(20) inside and outside: inside and outside the official court. Different laws: practicing different laws. These words, according to "Three Kingdoms Zhi-Shu Zhi-Dong Yun Zhuan" may refer to Liu Zen's favoritism to the eunuch Huang Hao's speech.

(21)Serving center and minister: official name, the emperor's personal minister. Guo Youzhi (郭攸之): a native of Nanyang, then serving as Liu Zen's retainer. Fei Yi (yī): word Wenwei, a native of Jiangxia, when Liu Bei served as a prince's warden, after Liu Zen succeeded to the throne, he served as a retainer of the Fei Gate, and was later promoted to a retainer. Dong Yun: word Huuzhao, Zhijiang native of Nanxian County, he was the crown prince's warden at the time of Liu Bei, and when Liu Zen succeeded to the throne, he was promoted to be the attendant of the Yellow Gate, and then to be the attendant of Zhuge Liang when he left for the battlefield.

(22) Zhiqi: aspiration, thought. Zhongpure: loyalty and purity.

(23) Jane: selection. Pluck: elevate. Legacy: to leave.

(24)Sy: all. (23)Jian: to select, to elevate. The name "zī" refers to Guo Youzhi and others. The name Guo Youzhi refers to Guo Youzhi and others.

(25)裨(bì)：补. (26)bì: to make up for the shortcomings and omissions.

(26)廣益：增益.

(27)Xiang Chong (向宠): a native of Yicheng (宜城) in Xiangyang (襄阳) of the Three Kingdoms; he was a general at the time of Liu Bei (劉备).

(28)Sexual behavior Shujun: Character virtue goodness and fairness. Shu, goodness. Even, just.

(29)Xiaoxiang: Mingda, understanding.

(30)Trial in the past: According to the "Three Kingdoms Records - Shu Zhi - Xiang Lang Biography", Liu Bei was defeated by the Eastern Wu army at Zigui in the second year of Zhangwu (222 AD), but the loss of Xiang Favored's troops was very small, "trial in the past" refers to this.

(31)Governor: refers to the central governor.

(32) Battalion: military camp, army.

(33)Hsing (háng) Chen: referring to troops. Chen is the ancient character for "formation".

(34)优劣得所: the ability of good and bad each have their own place, that is, the appropriate use of people.

(35) Xianhan: the former Han Dynasty, i.e., the Western Han Dynasty.

(36) Later Han: Eastern Han. Decadence: topple, perish.

(37) Huan and Ling: refers to Emperor Huan, Liu Zhi, and Emperor Ling, Liu Hong. These two emperors at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty were politically corrupt, causing the Liu Han Dynasty to collapse.

(38)Servant Zhong: refers to Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun and others. Shangshu: here refers to Chen Zhen, a native of Nanyang, who was appointed Shangshu in 225 A.D. (3 years after Jianxing) and was later promoted to Shangshu Ling. Changshi: here refers to Zhang Shui, a native of Chengdu, who served as a seneschal in Ba Xiang when Liu Bei. Zhuge Liang was stationed in Hanzhong, leaving Jiang Wan and Zhang Descent in charge of the affairs of the Prime Minister's Office, and then secretly reported to Liu Chan: "If I am unfortunate, I will pay Wan for the aftermath of the matter".

(39) Death Festival: the spirit of dying for the country.

(40)Long: prosperous. Counting the days: counting the days, meaning that the time is not far away.

(41)Bunyi: commoners.

(42) Groveling: personally cultivating. Nanyang: refers to Longzhong, west of Xiangyang City in Hubei Province. At that time, Longzhong was under the jurisdiction of Nanyang County.

(43) Wen: to be famous, to be known. Dada: access, this refers to the access of official transportation. The vassals: here refers to the warlords who ruled the country at that time.

(44) despicable: low status and identity, and despicable insight. The name of the place is "Mean" and the name of the place is "Low". The name of the company is "Bastard", which means that the company is not a member of the government, but a member of the government.

(45) wěi (猥): humiliation. Wasted (wěi): to drive in vain. Zhuge Liang thought that Liu Bei's three visits to invite him were humiliating to Liu Bei, and that he himself should not have been treated by Liu Bei's personal visit to his door. This is a polite way of putting it.

(46)The Three Gu's in the hut: "Three Gu's" refers to this matter. Gu, see, visit.

(47)Xu: promise, promise.

(48) Later on, it will be overturned: later on, it will be in danger. In the thirteenth year of Jian'an (208 AD), Liu Bei was defeated by Cao Cao at Chang Ban Po in Dangyang, and retreated to Xiakou, where he sent Zhuge Liang to link up with Sun Quan and **** with him to resist Cao Cao. This sentence, together with the next, refers to this matter.

(49)Erlai: Since then. I mean, from Liu Bei's three visits to Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition.

(50) the big event: refers to the Zhangwu three years (AD 223) Liu Bei dying entrusted Zhuge Liang auxiliary Liu Zen, revival of the Han Dynasty, the unification of the big event of China.

(51) Long-cherished: day and night. Early, early morning.

(52)May crossing Lu: Jianxing first year (A.D. 223) the upper class of the minority rulers in Yunnan launched a rebellion, Jianxing three years (A.D. 225) Zhuge Liang led the division of the southern expedition in May across the Lushui, the fall pacified the rebellion, the next sentence, "the south has been set" refers to this. Lu, Lushui, that is, the Jinsha River.

(53) not hairy: no grass and trees, this refers to the desolate areas of no grass and trees.

(54)Reward rate: incentive rate. Sanjun: the armies of ancient vassal states were divided into upper, middle and lower armies; Sanjun means the whole army.

(55)庶：庶几，希望. Incompetent: a metaphor for one's inferior talents. Incompetent: an incompetent horse is an incompetent person. Dullness, the blade of a knife is not sharp, refers to the inflexibility of the mind and slowness in doing things.

(56)攘(ràng)除：排除，铲除。 (57) xiao (ràng): this refers to Cao Wei's regime.

(57)Old Capital: this refers to Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, or Chang'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty.

(58) Discretion: weighing.

(59)Tuo Chen to crusade against the bandits to restore the effect: to entrust me with the task of crusading against Cao Wei to revive the Han Dynasty. (

(59)Tuo, entrust, hand over. Effective, the task of effecting.

(60) slow: slackness, laziness.

(61) manifest: to show. Blame: guilt.

(62) consult suwa (zōu) the good way: seek good advice. Suwa (zōu): to seek good advice.

(63)chana: to examine and adopt. Ya yin: correct advice.

(64) Deeply pursuing; y memorializing. posthumous edict: an edict issued by the emperor on his deathbed. When Liu Bei was dying, he said to Liu Zen: "Do not do evil in a small way, do not do good in a small way."

(65) Snotting at the Table: shedding tears in the face of the Table. Sobbing, shedding tears.

[Translation]

The late Emperor died in the middle of his business venture before it was (yet) half completed. Now that the world is divided into three states, and our Shu state is exhausted in military strength and short of wealth, this is really a moment of great peril, (deciding the) survival of our state. However, the reason why the ministers of the guards are able to work tirelessly in the court and the loyal soldiers fight to the death outside is probably because they remember the special treatment of the late emperor and want to repay your majesty in this way! (Your Majesty) You should really expand your hearing to promote the virtues inherited from the late emperor and revitalize the morale of your loyal soldiers, and you should not rashly underestimate yourself and give up your principles in expressing your political opinions so as to block the way for your ministers to speak to you frankly and advise you.

The close ministers in the palace and the officials in the ministerial palace are all one body, and the promotion and punishment (of officials), and the examination and praise and depreciation of the officials should not differ (because they are in the palace or in the palace). If there are people who have done bad things, violated the laws or made outstanding contributions to the country, they should be handed over to the competent officials to determine the punishment or reward they (deserve), so that they can be used to show that His Majesty's rule of law is just and strict, and that there should be no favoritism or personal love, so that there are different laws inside and outside the palace, ah.

The ministers of the court, Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, and others, were all good and honest men with loyal hearts and pure thoughts, and therefore the late emperor selected them to be reserved for your majesty. I think that the things in the palace, no matter how big or small, should be brought to consult them, and then go to implement, will certainly be able to avoid mistakes, prevent omissions, and receive greater results.

General Xiang Favored, good natured, fair behavior, proficient in military affairs, in the past when he was appointed, the late emperor praised him, saying: is a capable general, so everyone unanimously elected him to be the central governor. I think that if all the matters in the camp are brought to him for questioning, it will surely make the army united, and enable both the capable and the less capable to play their respective roles.

Being close to the wise ministers and keeping away from the villains is the reason for the prosperity of the world in the former Han Dynasty; being close to the villains and keeping away from the wise ministers is the reason for the decline of the country in the latter Han Dynasty. When the late emperor was on the throne, he often talked to me about these historical facts, and there was not a single time when he didn't sigh and express his pain and regret for Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling's (mediocrity). I hope that your majesty can be close to them and trust them, and if you can do so, the revival of the Han Dynasty will be imminent.

I was originally an ordinary commoner, personally farming in Nanyang (南阳), (only wanting) to save my life in the chaotic world, and not wanting to be famous and seek high rank and fortune with the lords. (But) the late emperor did not dislike my humble and vulgar, (even) lowered his own status, three times to visit me in the hut, to ask me about contemporary events, (I) therefore very grateful, and promised the late emperor willing to (for him) to run around and serve. Then I suffered a setback, (and) I accepted the appointment at a time of military frustration, and accepted the mission (of going to the Eastern Wu) at a time of crisis and urgency, and (it has been) twenty-one years since then.

The late emperor knew that I was prudent, so before he died, he entrusted me with the great task of assisting the late lord and reviving the Han Dynasty. (Since I accepted the mission, I have sighed day and night with sorrow, worrying that the task entrusted to me would not be effective and would jeopardize the wisdom of my predecessor, so I crossed the Lushui River in the fifth month of the third year of Jianxing and went deep into a remote and desolate area. Now that the south (of the rebellion) has been pacified and the weapons and equipment have been well prepared, we should reward and lead all the generals of the army to go northward to pacify the Central Plains. (I) am willing to do my best with my limited talents to root out the traitorous and thieving clique, revitalize and restore the Han empire, and move back to the old capital of Luoyang. This is the duty I owe to repay the late Emperor while remaining loyal to Your Majesty. As for considering the political affairs of the court, which should be advocated or handled, which should be reformed or discarded, and trying my best to offer loyal advice to His Majesty, that is the responsibility of Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi and Dong Yun.

I hope that Your Majesty will entrust me with the important task of crusading against the traitors and restoring the Han Dynasty, and (if) it is ineffective, please punish me for my sins to pay homage to the late Emperor's heavenly spirit; and if Your Majesty fails (to hear the words that exhort you to) carry forward the holy virtues, then pursue the dereliction of duty of Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, and Dong Yun in order to reveal their faults. Your majesty should also be more thoughtful so that you can inquire about the best strategies for ruling the country and securing the state, discern and adopt the right opinions, and y recall the edicts left behind by the late emperor when he was on his deathbed. (If Your Majesty can do so) I will be grateful for the favor!

Today, just as I am about to turn away from Your Majesty, I can't help but shed hot tears in the face of the sangha I have written, and I don't know what to say.

[Analysis]

This article is Zhuge Liang's advice on the internal affairs of the court before he left for the Northern Expedition. The article summarizes the historical experience that "pro-virtuous ministers, far from the small man" can make Shu Han prosperous, expresses the author's determination to "set the central plains in the north" and "restore the Han family", and shows that Zhuge Liang is worried about the affairs of the state, and is devoted to his duty.

After the formation of the Three Kingdoms, Cao Wei was the strongest in the Central Plains and Shu Han was the weakest. Zhuge Liang assisted Liu Bei to establish a consolidated ruling region, and had a political struggle for a foothold. In order to "determine the central plains in the north", "restore the Han dynasty", Zhuge Liang on the one hand, led the troops to conquer the central plains; on the other hand, put forward positive suggestions on the internal affairs, and advocated "opening up the holy hearings", strict rewards and punishments, Cautious use of people. His ideas are aimed at the reign of Shu Han at the time of the ills and sent. As a politician, can analyze, recognize the social reality, and targeted to put forward the cure, showed his political talent. From here we can also see, Zhuge Liang auxiliary Liu Bei, Liu Zen, is not entirely out of return Liu Bei "three Gu" grace, but in order to realize their own "restoration of the Han" political aspirations. He was worried about the affairs of the country, bowing and scraping his loyalty, it is his realization of his political aspirations. This is the historical statesman Zhuge Liang's valuable.

Zhuge Liang's political ambition is a great class limitations. This is first manifested in his political ideal of "restoring the Han Dynasty". The Eastern Han rulers of the cruel exploitation and oppression of the people, only to provoke the resistance and struggle of the peasant class, and finally formed the warlords around the struggle for dominance and fragmentation of the situation. Zhuge Liang ignored this reality and emphasized the "restoration of the Han Dynasty", which is the manifestation of his feudal orthodoxy. In Zhuge Liang's view, as long as the supreme ruler is surnamed Liu, the world can be peaceful, which is historical idealism.

The article*** is divided into two main parts. The first part (the first emperor's entrepreneurship is not half ...... can be counted on the day and can also wait) includes five natural paragraphs. The article analyzes the situation of "the world in three parts, Yizhou tiredness", and accordingly put forward the reform of the current situation, and strive to govern. The analysis of the situation is the basis of his suggestions. Although there are not many words, they are very important. Then he puts forward the suggestions on internal affairs: the first suggestion is to "open up the holy hearings", and the author points out that, although the situation of Shu Han is "critical", but among the old ministers left behind by the former emperor, "the ministers of the guards are unremitting in the interior, and the loyal and ambitious soldiers are forgetful of their lives outside", so as long as they can reform the situation and make the best use of the time. Outside", as long as we can "open up the Holy Hearing", we can play the positive role of these people to consolidate and develop the Shu Han regime. The second suggestion is to be strict in rewards and punishments, "in the palace and in the government, all as one". The third recommendation is "pro-virtuous ministers, far from the villain", because "this is the first Han so prosperous"; and "pro-virtuous, far from the virtuous ministers, after the Han so decadent". This advice is a summary of the historical experience of the rise and fall of the Han Dynasty.

The second part (臣本布衣......不知所言) includes four natural paragraphs. The article recounts the author's twenty years to the country, revealing the author diligently in the affairs of the state, bowing and scraping a piece of loyalty; in order to make the future generations of the main body to remember the difficulties of entrepreneurship, so as to be furious and revitalize the world of Shu Han. After twenty years of experience, the author talked about Liu Bei's entrustment to him and his own feelings of entrustment, expressed his determination to go out to the north, and finally once again instructed the latter to "seek their own", to "look into the elegant words", and to "y pursue the legacy of the late emperor". Finally, he again told the latter to "seek his own", to "take in the elegant words", and to "y pursue the legacy of the late emperor", showing the author's infinite attachment to the latter when he was about to leave for the expedition.

This essay is a combination of argument, narrative and lyricism. The author's advice to the later lord is an argument, but he also recounts his own experience of pledging his life to the country. In the middle of the discussion and narration, his own sincere feelings flowed out. The repeated references to "the late emperor" in the text are meant to inspire Liu Chan to remember his ancestor's virtues and to become more vigorous, but also to express y his own longing and loyalty to the late emperor.

The article is rich in structural variations. Such as the first part of the three recommendations, the first is by analyzing the situation at the time of the introduction; the second recommendation is directly put forward to the "Palace Palace, all as one", not to "inside and outside of the different laws" of the opinion; the third is the first recommendation of some of the talents, suggested that after the director with, and the third is the first recommendation of some of the talents. Summarized from the history of the "pro-virtuous, far from the small man" can make the experience of national prosperity. From the structure of the line, so that the article becomes rich in changes in literary prose, rather than like some of the zhangshu as dry, strip culture.