I. Government: the most critical force to promote the application of big data

(a) The government holds a large amount of core data with the most application value, and is the most critical force to promote the application of big data

According to McKinsey's big data research report, the difficulty of utilizing the value of big data by industry and its potential for development are the lowest and highest. In contrast, the government has the least difficulty and the greatest potential in utilizing big data.

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On the other hand, it has been a trend for governments to open up the use of big data:

1. The government holds a large amount of core data with the most application value. Over the past decade, the government has invested in a large number of e-government or government informatization work, the background of the accumulation of a large amount of data, and these data and the public's production and life are closely related. Studies have shown that the data held by the government makes the government the most important holder of information in a country, and 70 to 80 percent of the core data exists in the government's back office.

2. Open data itself is a public **** service provided by the government in the era of big data. Government data is essentially the state organs in the performance of their duties in the acquisition of data, the collection of these data from the financial resources of the public ****, and therefore these data are public **** products, owned by the whole society, should be taken from the people, used for the people.

3. The government opens up data for value-added openness and innovative applications for society to promote economic growth and even the transformation of the entire economic growth mode. Data is an important foundation for Internet innovation, if the government does not open up this part of the data, many innovative applications do not have the data as a support, data developers can use the data opened up by the government, to provide better services, to create more value, this process can improve the competitiveness of the whole country in the era of big data.

4. The tax revenue generated by open government data to drive economic growth is higher than the revenue generated by simply selling data. In its report on open government data in 201, the OECD said that governments can generate far more tax revenue from open data than they can from selling data alone, and that open data energizes economies and generates tax revenue. It's a virtuous cycle of open data energizing the economy and boosting tax revenues, and it's a holistic strategy that creates enormous public ****ing value.

(2) The situation of government open data at home and abroad

After Obama signed the executive order on open government data in 2009, open government data has become a global trend over the years. After the U.S. federal data platform Data.gov went online, open government data has become an important task for governments in the Americas, Europe, Asia and other places. The U.S. federal government's open government data platform opens up data from 130,000 datasets from a wide range of domains. These domains include more than a dozen themes such as agriculture, commerce, climate, ecology, education, energy, finance, health, scientific research, and so on, as listed in the figure. The data under these themes are openly available from various ministries of the US federal government. The United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand and other countries have established open government data platforms after 2009, which has become an important trend in the field of international informatization and big data.

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In China, in 2011, the Hong Kong SAR Government launched data.gov.hk, known as Hong Kong Government Information Online. Shanghai launched its first open data platform in June 2012 on the Chinese mainland. After that, cities such as Beijing, Wuhan, Wuxi and Foshan Nanhai also went online with their own data platforms.

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(3), big data for government governance has great value

Big data in fact brings a new value to the government's governance, whether it is on the macro-economic decision-making ability, industrial aggregation ability, collaborative governance, social management ability, public service ability, rapid response ability to improve, big data can be at a very high level to help government governance. It can help the government in its governance.

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(d), big data rose to national strategy to become **** knowledge.

Big Data era, the development, utilization and protection of big data is increasingly fierce competition, the right to make information has become the right to make land, sea and air after the new right to make, the ability to process big data has become another important indicator of the distinction between strong and weak countries. Internationally, developed countries represented by the United States have been laying out big data industry, launching big data-related policies one after another, and strongly supporting the development of big data industry in their own countries. Taking the United States as an example, the United States has laid out the big data industry in three aspects: carrying out research on key technologies, promoting big data applications and opening up government data, and it has been very active in opening up government data, opening up 370,000 datasets and opening up the APIs and source codes of its websites through Data.gov to provide thousands of data applications. We believe that big data will lead to a new round of competition among big countries in the future, and the influence of big data on the whole world will show explosive growth, so countries including China will continue to enhance policy support, and the big data strategy will be upgraded to a national strategy has been undoubtedly.

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(E), China attaches great importance to the future development of big data

Since March last year, "big data" appeared for the first time in the "Government's Work Report", the State Council executive meeting within a year, 6 times mentioned the use of big data. Recently, at the State Council executive meeting on June 17, Premier Li Keqiang once again emphasized that "we are promoting the simplification and decentralization of government, the combination of management and optimization of services, and the use of big data tools is very important." On July 1, the General Office of the State Council issued a number of opinions on the use of big data to strengthen the service and supervision of market players.

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(vi). Ministries and commissions action timetable has been confirmed, China's big data development is facing a historic opportunity

It is worth noting that the State Council recently issued a document on the various ministries and commissions to promote the task of big data to develop a clear timetable, a lot of promotional tasks required by the end of December 2015 to introduce policies and implementation, the near future will be the introduction of China's big data development policies in the intensive period.

Table 3: Timetable for ministries and commissions to promote the application of big data

Serial No. Work Tasks Responsible Units Timetable 1 Accelerate the establishment of a unified social credit code system for citizens, legal persons and other organizations. The Development and Reform Commission, the Central Editorial Office, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the People's Bank of China, the General Administration of Taxation, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine will introduce and implement the system by the end of December 2015.2 Comprehensively implement the reform of the registration system of "three certificates in one" and "one license, one code" for industrial and commercial business licenses, organization code certificates, and tax registration cards. One License, One Code" registration system reform. The State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the Central Editorial Office, the Development and Reform Commission, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, and the General Administration of Taxation will implement the reform by the end of December 2015.3 The establishment of a multi-departmental platform for the parallel approval of online projects will realize the "unified acceptance, synchronized review, information **** enjoyment, and transparency and openness" of the cross-sectoral, cross-level project approval, approval, and filing. Development and Reform Commission with the relevant departments to be completed by the end of December 2015.4 Promote the integration of relevant information by government departments, closely integrated with the needs of enterprises, the use of websites and microblogging, microblogging and other emerging media to provide services to enterprises. Ongoing implementation by the Internet Information Office and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.5 Study and formulate policies and measures for the use of credit information and credit reports in the process of financial subsidies, government procurement, government purchase of services, and bidding for government-invested projects and construction. Issued and implemented by the Ministry of Finance and the Development and Reform Commission by the end of December 2015.6 Fully utilize big data technology to improve the monitoring and forecasting of economic operation and risk early warning, and release relevant information to the society in a timely manner to reasonably guide market expectations. Ongoing implementation by the Development and Reform Commission and the Bureau of Statistics.7 Support professional service organizations such as banks, securities, trusts, financial leasing, guarantees, insurance and other professional service organizations, as well as industry associations and chambers of commerce, to use big data to provide services for enterprises. Ongoing implementation by the People's Bank of China, China Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC), China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC), China Insurance Regulatory Commission (CIRC), and Ministry of Civil Affairs (MCA).8 Improve the mechanism for supervision during and after the event, summarize, integrate and correlate and analyze the relevant data, and construct a big data supervision model to enhance the government's scientific decision-making and risk prediction capabilities. Each market supervision department to achieve milestones by the end of December 2015.9 Comprehensively establish a credit commitment system for market entities before entering the market in handling administrative licenses and other links. Credit commitments will be made public and incorporated into the credit records of market players. Authorities in charge of various industries to carry out extensive pilot projects in 2015, to be completed by the end of December 2017.10 Accelerate the construction of local credit information***sharing exchange platforms, departmental and industry credit information systems, and realize interconnection***sharing through the national unified credit information***sharing exchange platform. People's governments at each provincial level, and all relevant departments Completed by the end of December 2016 11 Establish and improve the mechanism of joint disciplinary action for breach of trust, and embed the use of credit information and credit reports in all areas and links of administrative management and public **** services, as a necessary condition or an important reference basis. A cross-sectoral linkage response and a mechanism for restraining credit failure has been established in various fields. A "blacklist" system and a market exit mechanism have been established in various industries. Promote the use of applicants' good credit status as a necessary condition for various types of administrative licenses. All relevant departments and provincial people's governments will achieve milestones by the end of December 2015.12 Establish a product information traceability system, strengthen the supervision and management of important products such as food, medicines, agricultural products, daily-use consumer goods, special equipment, and products under the protection of geographical indications, and utilize information technologies such as the Internet of Things and radio-frequency identification to set up product quality traceability systems, forming an information chain in which the source can be traced, the direction can be traced, and the responsibility can be investigated. Information chain. The Ministry of Commerce, the Internet Information Office, in conjunction with the Food and Drug Administration, the Ministry of Agriculture, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, will introduce and implement by the end of December 2015.13 Strengthen supervision and management of e-commerce platforms, strengthen e-commerce information collection and analysis, provide guidance for e-commerce websites to carry out trustworthy authentication services, popularize the application of trustworthy logos on websites, and promote the construction of a trustworthy e-commerce trading environment. Improve rights and interests protection and dispute resolution mechanisms. The State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the Ministry of Commerce, the Internet Information Office, and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology have continued to implement 14 to further increase the disclosure of government information and data openness. Except as otherwise provided by laws and regulations, information on administrative licenses and administrative penalties will be made public online within seven working days from the date of the administrative decision. All relevant departments, and the people's governments at the provincial level continue to implement 15 Accelerating the implementation of the business abnormality list system and the list system of enterprises in serious violation of laws and regulations. Constructing a national enterprise credit information disclosure system, disclosing, in accordance with the law, basic credit information such as enterprise registration, administrative licenses, administrative penalties, etc., as well as annual reports of enterprises, the list of business anomalies and the list of enterprises in serious violation of the law, and realizing organic docking and information ***sharing with the national unified credit information*** sharing and exchange platform. The State Administration for Industry and Commerce, other relevant departments, and the people's governments at the provincial level continue to implement 16 support for exploring the development of socialized credit information disclosure services. The "Credit China" website is being built to centralize and integrate credit information held by various regions and departments that should be disclosed to the society, to realize one-stop inquiry of credit information, and to facilitate the society's understanding of the credit status of market entities. The websites of governments and their departments at all levels shall be connected to the "Credit China" website, and information on the openness of their government affairs and information on violations of laws and regulations by relevant market entities shall be made public on the "Credit China" website. Development and Reform Commission, the People's Bank of China, other relevant departments, and local people's governments at all levels Completed by the end of December 2015.17 Promote the interconnection of information systems already built and under construction in all regions and departments and the exchange of information*** enjoyment. In the approval and acceptance of departmental information system projects, further strengthen the requirements for information ***sharing. The Development and Reform Commission and other relevant departments have continued to implement 18 sound national e-government networks, accelerated the construction of national government informatization projects, coordinated the establishment of national information resource databases on population, legal entities, natural resources and spatial geography, and macroeconomics, and accelerated the construction of and improvement of important national information systems. The Development and Reform Commission and other relevant departments will push forward the implementation of the project on an annual basis, and the project will be basically completed by 2020.19 Strengthening the recording of relevant information on market players and forming credit files. For market players who have seriously violated the law and broken the trust, they will be included in the "blacklist" in accordance with relevant regulations, and the relevant information will be incorporated into the enterprise credit information publicity system and the national unified credit information **** enjoyment exchange platform. All relevant departments to be implemented by the end of December 2015.20 Explore the establishment of a government information resource catalog. Implemented by all relevant departments by the end of December 2016 Guidelines for the compilation of the catalog 21 Guide credit bureaus to vigorously strengthen credit service product innovation in accordance with market demand, and further expand the application of credit reports in the fields of administrative management and public **** services and banking, securities, insurance and other fields. Development and Reform Commission, People's Bank of China, China Banking Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission, China Insurance Regulatory Commission Achievement of milestones by the end of December 2017.22 Implement and improve policies on fiscal, taxation, finance, industry, and talent that support the development of the big data industry, and promote the accelerated development of the big data industry. The Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the People's Bank of China, the Internet Information Office, the China Banking Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, and the China Insurance Regulatory Commission will achieve milestones by the end of December 2017.23 Accelerate the study of and improve the management system to regulate e-government, supervise the cross-border flow of information, protect the country's economic and information security, as well as the protection of business secrets and personal privacy, and speed up the formulation of relevant laws and regulations. Introduce relevant laws and regulations. Net Information Office, the Ministry of Public Security, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Development and Reform Commission and other departments in conjunction with the Legislative Affairs Office to be introduced by the end of December 2017 (where laws and administrative regulations are involved, they will be pushed forward in accordance with the legislative procedures).24 Push for the introduction of relevant laws and regulations that provide for the use of credit information and credit reports by governmental departments in their administration and public ****services, and that provide the basis for the joint discipline of market entities for illegal and dishonest behavior. basis. Development and Reform Commission, the People's Bank of China, and the Legislative Affairs Office to be introduced by the end of December 2017 (where laws and administrative regulations are involved, to be promoted in accordance with legislative procedures).25 Establish a standard system for big data, and study and formulate basic standards, technical standards, application standards, management standards, etc., relating to big data. Accelerate the establishment of technical standards for the collection, storage, disclosure, ****enjoyment, use, quality assurance and security management of government information. Guiding the establishment of standards and specifications for the exchange of information***sharing among enterprises. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the National Standards Commission, the Development and Reform Commission, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, the Internet Information Office, and the Bureau of Statistics will be introduced and implemented in steps by 2020.26 Promote the implementation of big data demonstration and application projects, and take the lead in carrying out demonstration and application projects in the fields of industrial and commercial registration, statistical surveys, quality supervision, competition law enforcement, and consumer rights, etc. to realize the convergence and integration of big data. Implement big data demonstration and application projects in the fields of macro management, tax collection, resource utilization and environmental protection, food and drug safety, production safety, credit system construction, health care, labor security, education and culture, transportation and tourism, financial services, small and medium-sized enterprise services, industrial manufacturing, modern agriculture, trade and logistics, comprehensive social governance, and income distribution regulation.