Nothing is more convincing than data.
Recently, Master Green briefly compared the 2020 and 20 10 fuel economy guidelines issued by EPA, and looked at the great changes in the automobile industry from the perspective of the most important technical dimension "energy efficiency".
("Energy efficiency" may be the most critical technical index of a car. Higher energy efficiency not only means lower use cost and greater freedom of travel, but also means lower emissions and higher technical content. )
0 1, "electrification" is accelerating.
First of all, let's take a look at all levels of "fuel? Economy? Leaders "-that is, the energy-efficient leading models, and see what changes have taken place.
There is no doubt about the classification of vehicle types. The EPA has its own standards, which were introduced last time, so I won't repeat them.
20 10 and 2020 are divided into 13 grades, but the difference is that in 2020, freight VANS (vans, goods) ",and SUVs are subdivided into" small SUVs "and" standard SUVs ".
20 10 has 32 energy-efficient leading models at all levels, including 7 hybrid vehicles, 5 diesel vehicles (all from Volkswagen Group) and the remaining 20 gasoline vehicles.
By 2020, there will be 27 leading energy-efficient vehicles at all levels, including 6 hybrid vehicles, 3 plug-in hybrid vehicles, 6 pure electric vehicles, 3 diesel vehicles and 9 gasoline-only vehicles.
The first obvious change trend is the substantial increase in the number of electric vehicles. Among the 32 leading energy-efficient models of 20 10, there is no plug-in and pure electricity, and only 7 hybrid models are electrified, accounting for 21.9%; In 2020, among the 27 leading energy efficiency models, the number of electric vehicles will reach 15, accounting for 55.6%.
The second significant change is that the overall energy efficiency level has been greatly improved. Although it is already the "energy efficiency leader", among the 32 cars of 20 10, the only one with energy efficiency higher than 50MPG (MPG is miles per gallon) is the Toyota Prius. By 2020, among the 27 "leading energy efficiency models", the comprehensive energy efficiency of over 50MPG will reach 1 1. Even excluding plug-in hybrid pure electric vehicles, the overall energy efficiency in 2020 will be greatly improved compared with 20 10, especially for hybrid vehicles, such as Ford maverick hybrid. The energy efficiency of 20 10 urban working conditions is only 34MPG, but it will increase to 44MPG in 2020, an increase of 29.4%. Relatively speaking, in 10, the improvement of energy efficiency of fuel vehicles is limited, such as MINI? Cooper convertible version, the energy efficiency under the condition of 20 10 urban area/high speed is 25/33MPG, and it will be 28/36MPG in 2020, which only increases by 12% and 9. 1% respectively.
Other notable changes include a significant reduction in the number of manual transmission models. Of the 32 energy-efficient leading models of 20 10, 12 is a manual transmission model, but by 2020, only two of the 27 energy-efficient leading models will be manual transmission models. Of course, there are some changes that are not shown in the above table. For example, due to the popularity of supercharging technology, the engine displacement of fuel vehicles is generally miniaturized-even in the American market, which likes large displacement.
02, the energy efficiency of fuel cell vehicles did not improve in 10 years.
At the end of the annual fuel economy guide, EPA lists the energy efficiency data of vehicles with different energy types.
The guide of 20 10 lists hybrid vehicles, ethanol-fueled vehicles (vehicles that can use E85 ethanol fuel), diesel vehicles, compressed natural gas vehicles and fuel cell vehicles.
The 2020 guide lists diesel vehicles, pure electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles and ethanol fuel vehicles.
See the change? 20 10 has no single-row pure electric and plug-in hybrid, because there were almost no pure electric and plug-in hybrid models on sale in the American market at that time; There will be no hybrid vehicles listed separately in 2020, of course, not because there are no hybrid vehicles in the market, but because the Environmental Protection Bureau thinks that non-plug-in hybrid vehicles are not new energy sources, but only energy-saving vehicles, so they will not be listed separately, which is consistent with the official view of China. In fact, in 2020, the number of hybrid vehicles in the American market will not only increase substantially, but also the energy efficiency level will be greatly improved, which has become the mainstream power.
Next, let's compare the hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCV) listed in the two guides.
In the guide of 20 10, only two fuel cell vehicles are listed, namely Honda FCX? Clarity and Toyota FCHV-adv, both of which were not sold to private people at that time. The former can travel 60 miles per kilogram of hydrogen and has a cruising range of 240 miles; The latter did not provide specific energy efficiency parameters, but in an actual road test conducted in 2008, FCHV-adv completed a cruising range of 33 1.5 miles, and engineers calculated that it could travel 68.3 miles per kilogram of hydrogen energy.
The number of fuel cell vehicles listed in the 2020 edition of the guide has increased to four. 2020 Toyota Mirai and Honda Clarity? Fuel? The battery energy efficiency data is temporarily unavailable, but the battery life of 20 19 Toyota Mirai is 3 12 miles, and it can travel 66 miles per kilogram of hydrogen. Modern Nexo? Blue, cruising range of 380 miles, but only 60 miles per kilogram of hydrogen under comprehensive working conditions.
Generally speaking, in the past ten years, the energy efficiency of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles has basically remained at the same level, but the total endurance has been greatly improved. For FCV, in the past 10 years, the most important progress is not the improvement of energy efficiency and power, but the substantial reduction of system cost. It is precisely because of this that FCV can really start selling privately.
03, there is little room for improving the performance of pure electric vehicles.
Comparing the two guidelines, the biggest change is of course that the process of electrification is accelerating.
There are no pure electric vehicles among the 20 10 guides, but there are as many as 37 pure electric vehicles in the 2020 version. The Tesla model has the highest energy efficiency rating? 3 The standard endurance version of Plus consumes 24 degrees of electricity per 100 kilometers under comprehensive working conditions, which is equivalent to141mpge;
The second place is modern Ioniq? Electric, power consumption is 25 degrees per 100 kilometers under comprehensive working conditions, equivalent to133 mpge; In contrast, the power consumption of Volkswagen e-Golf is 30 degrees per 100 kilometers.
Among all 37 pure electric vehicles, Porsche Taycan consumes the highest power except those that have not published specific energy efficiency data? Turbocharged? S, the power consumption per 100 kilometers under comprehensive working conditions is as high as 50 degrees, which is equivalent to only 68MPGe. It can be seen that there is a big gap between European automobile manufacturers and the world advanced level in the energy efficiency level of pure electric vehicles.
Master Qing checked that there are 19 pure electric vehicles in the 20 15 version of the guide, among which BMW i3 has the highest energy efficiency, with a comprehensive power consumption of 27 degrees per 100 kilometers, equivalent to 124MPGe. Comparatively speaking, the highest comprehensive energy efficiency of pure electricity in the 2020 edition has increased by 13.7%.
In the 20 15 version of the guide, Tesla models? Which model is the most energy-efficient in S series? s？ AWD-70D, power consumption is 33 degrees per 100 kilometers under comprehensive working conditions, namely 10 1MPGe. In comparison, the 2020 Tesla model? S series, the highest energy efficiency reaches11/mpge, the power consumption per 100 kilometers under comprehensive working conditions is reduced to 30 degrees, and the comprehensive energy efficiency is improved by 9.9%.
In other words, in the past five years, although the number of pure electric vehicles has greatly increased, the improvement of energy efficiency of pure electric vehicles is very limited. Perhaps, technically speaking, the improvement potential of pure electric vehicles is not great, and the most important progress in the future lies in the further decline of battery costs.
04, how backward European brands are, just compare these two cars.
Among the 20 10 guides, there are also no plug-in hybrid models, while in the 2020 edition, there are as many as 38 plug-in hybrid models. Among them, Toyota Prius? The prime number is 78? MPGe ranks first in the overall energy efficiency of plug-in hybrid vehicles. In the 2020 edition of the Guide, the top five models of comprehensive energy efficiency of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles are as follows:
As mentioned above, it is of little significance to calculate the comprehensive energy efficiency for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles; What is more significant is the energy efficiency level in pure electric and fuel mode, and in pure electric mode, the lowest power consumption in comprehensive working conditions is Toyota Prius? Prime, 100 mile only consumes 25 kwh of electricity.
In the 2020 edition of the guide, the PHEV with the lowest energy efficiency is Land Rover Range Rover and Range Rover Sport Edition, and the power consumption per 100 kilometers in pure electric mode is as high as 80 degrees! In addition to the models with short data, the PHEV with the lowest energy efficiency has the following ten models:
Did you find that there is not a European car in the five most energy-efficient PHEV? Of the 10 vehicles with the worst energy efficiency, 9 are European brands. Of course, you will say that these European cars are big cars, so the energy efficiency is naturally low. Then let's compare the plug-in Chrysler Pacifica and Audi Q5.
(The domestic price of Dajielong is 496,900 yuan. Its plug-in hybrid system has won the title of Top Ten in Ward twice, and the domestic jeep commander PHEV is also equipped with the same plug-in hybrid system. )
Chrysler Pacifica plug-in is a 7-seat MPV with a length of 5 176mm. The body size and engine displacement are much larger than those of Audi Q5 plug-in, and the pure electric cruising range is also higher. In this case, the comprehensive power consumption of Pacifica Plug-in in pure electric mode is actually 265,438+0% lower than that of Q5 Plug-in! In fuel mode, the comprehensive energy efficiency ratio Q5 is higher 1 1%! This gap is definitely a "generation gap" in the industry. This "technical substitution" is a great challenge for European automobile manufacturers in the electrification era!
In the past decade, the only breakthrough in energy efficiency is hybrid power.
Why are European big-name car manufacturers lagging behind in the electrification field? This stems from their neglect of hybrid technology in the past 20 years.
Hybrid power is not a transitional technology, but an important technical route of automobile electrification. Hybrid electric vehicles have all the elements of electric vehicles. Toyota and some other manufacturers have formed a strong leading edge in the field of "three electricity" technology through years of accumulation in the field of hybrid power.
Comparing the two versions of the EPA fuel economy guide, which are separated by 10 years, the energy efficiency of hybrid power is improved the most among all power types.
In the 20 10 version of the guide, * * * has 33 hybrid cars, involving 13 brands, not just "two fields". However, at that time, only Toyota Prius had an energy efficiency of more than 50MPG, and most hybrid vehicles had an energy efficiency of 30-40MPG in urban areas (see the table below):
By 2020, there are too many hybrid vehicles, which have actually become a mainstream form of power. At the end of the guide, hybrid vehicles are no longer listed separately, which may be one reason. Not only has the number of vehicles greatly increased, but more importantly, the energy efficiency of hybrid vehicles has also been greatly improved compared with 10 years ago.
Among the 2020 hybrid models, the most energy-saving is Hyundai Ioniq? Blue? Hybrid, the energy efficiency at high speed reaches 59MPG, which is 23% higher than the Toyota Prius with the highest version 20 10!
As mentioned above, the energy efficiency of the 2020 Ford Maverick hybrid in urban areas is 29.4% higher than that of the 20 10 model;
What is even more impressive is the Camry hybrid. Compared with 20 10 and 2020 Camry hybrid, the energy efficiency is improved by 55% and 56% respectively in urban areas and high-speed working conditions!
As mentioned above, in the past five years, the energy efficiency level of pure electric vehicles has increased by about10%; In the past 10 years, the comprehensive energy efficiency of FCV has hardly improved; The only real leap in energy efficiency is hybrid power. The comprehensive energy efficiency of EPA will increase to 58 MPG (about 4. 1 liter/100 km) for a car burning engine oil. It can be said that hybrid technology has brought new life to the traditional internal combustion engine.
06, the actual energy efficiency of self-priming gasoline engine is better than that of turbocharging.
Of course, as the main gasoline vehicle in the market, the energy efficiency has also been greatly improved in the past 10 years. The owner chose 16 global gasoline vehicle in the 20 10 and 2020 editions of the guide. Through comparison, it is found that the overall energy efficiency level of gasoline vehicles has been greatly improved in the past 10 years.
Among the 16 models, the Honda Accord has the largest improvement in energy efficiency in ten years, and the urban energy efficiency of the 2020 Accord has increased by 42.9% compared with the 20 10 model! The second place is Honda CR-V, and the urban energy efficiency has increased by 33.3%. The third place is Camry 2.5L, and the urban energy efficiency has increased by 3 1.8%.
However, Honda's energy efficiency improvement mainly benefits from replacing the previous 2.4L self-priming engine with 1.5T engine. Compared with engines of the same type and the same displacement, the energy efficiency of Camry 2.5L equipped with a 2.5L self-priming engine is the highest at 10. The energy efficiency of the 2020 Camry in urban and high-speed conditions has increased by 3 10 respectively.
The second place is Toyota RAV4, which is also equipped with a 2.5L engine. During the period of 10, the energy efficiency in urban areas and high-speed conditions increased by 27.3% and 25.0% respectively.
The third place is the BMW 5 Series, and the BMW 540i is also equipped with a 3.0T engine. Compared with BMW 535i 10 00 years ago, the energy efficiency in urban areas and high-speed areas increased by 29.4% and 15.4% respectively.
It can also be clearly seen from the above table that after replacing the large-displacement self-priming engine with a small-displacement supercharged engine, the energy efficiency improvement in urban working conditions is more obvious, but the improvement in high-speed working conditions is limited.
Compared with the excellent self-priming engine in the same period, the small displacement turbocharged engine has no advantage in energy efficiency. For example, the energy efficiency of golf 1.4T is not as good as that of Corolla1.8l; Under two working conditions; The energy efficiency of calf 1.5T is not as good as RAV4? Although the 2.5L MercedES-Benz E350 has a 2.0T engine, the energy efficiency in urban areas and at high speed is only comparable to that in lexus es. 3.5L is basically flat.
So from the actual energy efficiency point of view, we may really misunderstand the small displacement turbocharging.
Words? |? Zhu Qing
This article comes from car home, the author of the car manufacturer, and does not represent car home's position.