Male sex hormones generally refer to:,Testosterone (Testo), prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2), a, FSH, LH, T, PRL values are normal or low, suggesting that the patient testicular spermatozoa (a normal number or a small number). If FSH, LH, T, and PRL values are normal or low, the patient has sperm in the testes (normal or small amount). 2. Low FSH, LH, and T values are indicative of gonadal axis hypogonadism, and the lesions are located in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, which can be organic (occupational) or functional disorders. Some of them can return to normal sperm count and normal reproductive function after treatment. If T is lowered and FSH and LH are elevated, primary hypogonadotropic hypogonadism can be diagnosed. One type of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is a genetic disease, such as KS; the other type is acquired testicular disease, such as viral orchitis, trauma, etc. In the case of elevated FSH values, there is a risk that the spermatozoa will become dysfunctional. If the FSH value is elevated, the lesion is in the testis and spermatogenesis is impaired; if the value is more than two times the upper limit of normal value, spermatogenesis has been lost. Elevated FSH is an indicator of damage to the spermatogenic function of the testis. 4. T and LH are normal, FSH is abnormal. 1. Decreased FSH is a manifestation of selective FSH deficiency. 2. Elevated FSH implies damage to the spermatogenic epithelium. 3. When FSH is more than 2 times the normal value, it is irreversible. 4. Elevated FSH, LH, and T are seen in androgen tolerance syndrome, which has a variety of manifestations, depending on when androgen tolerance occurs. The most significant is pseudohermaphroditism. The patient, 46XY, has testes that secrete sufficient T, but their effects are not fully expressed and they appear female. The mechanism leading to this syndrome is the absence of the 5a-reductase enzyme that converts T to dihydrotestosterone, or the impaired interaction of dihydrotestosterone with its receptor. ,Advice: