Big Data: Big Change, Big Opportunity

There has never been a technological change as big as the Big Data revolution, which has transformed from the proposition of a handful of scientists into the strategic practice of leading global companies, and then upgraded into the competitive strategy of major countries in a matter of years, forming a historical trend that cannot be ignored or avoided. Internet, Internet of Things, cloud computing, smart city, smart earth is making data grow rapidly along the "Moore's Law", a digital space parallel to the physical space is being formed. In the new digital world, data has become the most valuable factor of production, and countries and enterprises that comply with the trend and actively seek changes will rise and become new leaders; organizations that are indifferent and stick to the rules will be gradually marginalized and lose the vitality and power of competition. There is no doubt that Big Data is opening a new era.

What are the essential characteristics of the big data era? What is the source of big data? Where will big data flow to? What are the outstanding cases of big data in enhancing government governance, improving economic governance, reengineering public ****service models, and stimulating business innovation? What kind of strategic response is needed for China to seize the valuable opportunities presented by Big Data? A series of questions urgently need researchers to give in-depth analysis.

"Data-driven development" has become the theme of the times

Nowadays, big data has been given multiple strategic meanings. From the perspective of resources, data is regarded as the "oil of the future" and is managed as a strategic asset; from the perspective of national governance, big data is used to improve governance efficiency, reconfigure the governance model, and solve governance problems, which will set off a revolution in national governance; from the perspective of economic growth, big data is an industrial bright spot in the global economic downturn, and is the most active strategic emerging industry. From the perspective of economic growth, big data is the highlight of the industry under the global economic downturn and the most active part of the strategic emerging industries; from the perspective of national security, there is no national border in the global data space, and the capability of big data has become a sharp weapon in the game and competition between big countries. In short, the focus of national competition will shift from capital, land, population, and resources to data space, and the global competition map will be divided into two new camps: the data strong countries and the data weak countries.

Macro-wise, due to the systemic impact and far-reaching significance of the big data revolution, major powers have made a quick strategic response, placing big data at the very core and launching national innovation strategy programs. The United States released the "Big Data Research and Development Program" in 2012, and set up the "Big Data Senior Steering Group", and launched the "Data-Knowledge-Action" program in 2013. In 2014, it further released the policy report "Big Data: Seizing Opportunities, Preserving Value", and launched the "Open Data Initiative", which makes government data in 50 categories publicly available and encourages the business sector to develop and innovate. The European Union is promoting the Data Value Chain Strategic Plan, the United Kingdom has released the Strategic Plan for the Development of Data Capability in the United Kingdom, Japan has released the Declaration on the Creation of a State-of-the-Art IT Nation, and South Korea has put forward the Big Data Center Strategy. Several provinces and cities in China have released big data development strategies, and on August 19, 2015, the national-level "Action Outline on Promoting the Development of Big Data" was formally adopted.

Microscopically, big data has reshaped the development strategy and transformation direction of enterprises. U.S. companies to GE put forward the "industrial Internet" as a representative of the proposed intelligent machines, intelligent production systems, intelligent decision-making systems, will gradually replace the original production system, constituting a "data-centric" intelligent industrial ecosystem. German enterprises, represented by "Industry 4.0", want to form a highly integrated production system through the information physical system (CPS - cyber physical system), which connects all machines, objects, people, services and buildings. A highly integrated production system. Chinese enterprises are represented by the "DT era" (data technology) put forward by Alibaba Board Chairman Jack Ma, who believes that what will drive development in the future is no longer oil and steel, but data. These three new development concepts can be said to be the same, the same, *** with the announcement of the "data-driven development" has become the theme of the times.

At the same time, big data is also a fundamental force for change in national governance. As Sch?nberg, author of The Age of Big Data, emphasized in his definition, "Big Data is what people can do on the basis of large-scale data that can't be done on the basis of small-scale data". In the field of national governance, the construction of sunshine government, responsible government, and smart government, big data provides strong support for solving the previous "persistent problems" and "pain points"; precise medical treatment, personalized education, social supervision, public opinion monitoring and early warning, big data makes the previously unattainable links become simple and operable. Big data has made previously unattainable links simple and operable; it has also made some new themes the focus of national governance, such as maintaining data sovereignty, opening up data assets, and maintaining national competitiveness in the digital space.

In a philosophical sense, big data is not just a technological revolution, nor a management revolution or governance revolution, it brings profound changes to human cognitive ability, which can be considered as a sublimation of epistemology. Specifically, big data can solve the "four problems" for decision makers to enhance the "two capabilities". First, to solve the problem of "sitting in a well and watching the sky", in the past, people's decision-making can only be based on the field of view of extremely limited local information, and the frog in the bottom of the well is no different, big data can be realized throughout the dome of the whole world; Second, to solve the problem of "a blindfold", in the past, do not have the ability to analyze the full sample data, can only use the full sample data analysis capabilities, can only be used to analyze the whole dome. Full sample data analysis capabilities, can only use small samples to analyze the approximate reasoning, as if from the "Tarzan" in the "a leaf", and the truth may exist in the full sample of massive data, with the help of big data can be completely overcome; third is to solve the problem of "blind feeling the elephant". Thirdly, it is to solve the problem of "blind men feeling the elephant", seven blind men can't sum up the complete elephant according to their own understanding, because their information is discrete from each other and can't be effectively associated, while the basic advantage of big data is to restore the original appearance of things in the deep association; fourthly, it is to solve the problem of "a fire in the city gates is not a disaster for the fish in the pond". Fourthly, to solve the problem of "a fire in the city gates will bring calamity to the fish in the pond", people are accustomed to cause and effect analysis, and it is difficult to look ahead and reason when encountering this "strange" causal chain, but big data focuses on the correlation relationship, and it can accurately discover the law. Enhance two kinds of ability, one is the ability to "know the fall of a leaf", reflecting the sharp insight ability of big data, and the other is the ability to "plan in a tent and win in a thousand miles"; reflecting the breakthrough of big data to the constraints of time and space. These are enough to show that big data is a sublimation of the ability of human beings to understand the world and transform the world.

Advantages, challenges, and paths for China to become a data powerhouse

It is encouraging to know that China has the advantageous conditions to become a data powerhouse. From 2013 to 2020, the global data scale will grow tenfold, with the amount of data generated annually doubling every two years from the current 4.4 trillion GB to 44 trillion GB. In terms of global share, China's potential to become a data powerhouse is extremely prominent. In 2010, China's data accounted for 10% of the world's share, in 2013 it accounted for 13%, and in 2020 it will account for 18% of the world's share, by which time China's data size will surpass that of the United States and rank first in the world. It is not surprising that China has become a big data country, because we are a populous country, a manufacturing country, an Internet country, and an Internet of Things country, which are the most active data-producing entities, and becoming a big data country in the next few years is a logical and inevitable result.

Despite the potential to become a data powerhouse, under the current policy environment, there are still several clear challenges to China's advancement of its big data strategy as follows. First, top-level design, the competition around big data among global powers is quite fierce, and it is not easy for China, as a latecomer, to realize the bend and overtake and later rise to the top. How to closely follow the frontier of innovation, the future trend, ahead of the strategic deployment of the policy design is a very realistic challenge. Second, data openness, "data silos" exist widely, although the government holds 80% of the data, but the reality is fragmented, self-contained system, "sectoral wall" "industry wall The "sectoral wall", "industry wall" and "regional wall" hinder the flow of data **** enjoyment, and data are regarded as sectoral interests and privacy, which is contrary to the basic concepts and guidelines in the era of big data. Third, the absence of laws, regulations and standards related to big data has led to the failure to open up data that can be opened up, the failure to protect privacy that needs to be protected, and the inability of enterprises to innovate boldly due to ambiguous standards. Fourth, "data sovereignty" is vulnerable to erosion, as the data space is a new strategic dimension of the country, there is no complete security system, coupled with computers, cell phones, chips, servers, search engines, operating systems, software, and other core data "infrastructure "The data is not yet available, and there is no complete security system.

Grasp the advantages, overcome the challenges, seize the "window of opportunity" brought about by the big data revolution, and build a data powerhouse, which is a powerful support for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. However, what do we need to do to better embrace the big data era and ensure that we are invincible in the digitalization trend? First, there needs to be a clear framework for action in the national top-level design, including what sectors will lead, which sectors will participate, what kind of collaborative mechanism, along what priorities, what established obstacles will be overcome, and what strategic goals will be achieved; only then can various sectors, regions, the business community, and academia form a synergy and collaborate to move forward on a ****same roadmap. Second, revitalize data assets and make substantial breakthroughs in data openness. Some basic suggestions include: accelerating G2G (government-to-government), G2B (government-to-business), and G2C (government-to-citizen) big data openness and ****enjoyment; promoting the integration of basic and strategic big data repositories; and strengthening the construction of big data infrastructures and the compilation of a national big data archive. Finally, we should combine strong "national enterprises" with active "mass innovation". On the one hand, it is necessary to cultivate giant enterprises that can keep pace with the international "eight big kings" as the backbone of competition in the big data environment, and at the same time, encourage and guide mass entrepreneurship and innovation to become an active force in the data ecosystem.

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