Classical Chinese literature is a compulsory course for students majoring in Ancient Chinese Literature and Ancient Chinese Language, and it is the foundation of other subsequent specialized courses. Through the study of this course, there is a relatively in-depth understanding of the form of literature, the method of organizing literature, the identification of literature, and the characteristics and uses of various kinds of literature. The use of literature identification, classification and cataloging of literature, literature retrieval, etc., the organization and use of literature, in order to solve practical problems to lay a good foundation.
Status and Role of the Course
Classical Chinese Literature is a basic course for studying the theory and application of ancient documentary materials. Ancient and modern Chinese and foreign literature is like a sea of smoke, can not be read, how to use a shorter period of time, limited energy to read their own most needed books, net the most necessary literature, literature is undoubtedly the door and into, twice the result with half the effort of a key. Therefore, Classical Chinese Literature is an important course for Chinese Language and Literature majors in colleges and universities. As a professional foundation course, it is both basic and applied.
Fundamentality refers to basic theory, basic knowledge and basic skills. Literature is the foundation for the subsequent professional courses, and it is the foundation for students to read literature independently in the future. Chinese language and literature students study literature focus on learning to use, it is an important tool for the study and development of the profession, while focusing on cultivating students' ability to solve practical problems.
Learning Objectives and Requirements
Through the study of this course, there is a comprehensive understanding of literature, understanding of the carrier of the literature, the main forms of literature formation and distribution, the collection and dispersal of the literature, the version of the literature, the proofreading, the catalog of the literature, the literature of the anonymous and the identification of the forgery, to understand what is the class of the book and the series of books, and to master the use of the important literature and history of the tools. In order to learn this course, learning should pay attention to the following points:
(a) to focus on, that is, should firmly grasp the basic use of literature.
(b) to have a good learning method, we should try to use the method of teaching in kind, so that students have a perceptual knowledge of ancient literature, so as to deepen understanding.
(c) To link theory with practice, so that students can use the knowledge they have learned to carry out practical literature collection and consultation.
The learning method of this course
In order to learn this course well, first of all, we should have the correct learning purpose and attitude, and should learn for the cause of socialist modernization of China. In learning to study hard, down-to-earth, open-minded, persistent. In learning to grasp the ancient literature in a variety of forms, and the ancient productivity level, the cultural level is closely linked to the characteristics of the literature; to understand the literature of the anonymous, wrong, and other problems arising from the historical reasons, so that in the actual reading consciously form a sense of forgery; to pay attention to the content of the connection between the parts, before and after how to echo; to focus on understanding, can ask questions, think positively, do not rote memorization; pay attention to the method of cross use, do not look at the problem in isolation. Cross-use, do not look at the problem in isolation; through practice can consolidate and deepen the understanding of the theories learned, and develop their ability to find problems and solve problems. In addition to studying the required textbooks, you should refer to relevant reference books. If you are in a position to do so, you can train your practical application skills and cultivate a rigorous style of study by going through the earlier versions of the literature and the literature and history books.
PS: pro, I answered well!
2. Classical Literature
1. Shangzhou period people will be written on the tortoise shell and animal bones, so the tortoise shell and animal bones can be said to be the earliest literature carrier, at the same time, people will also be written on bronze, this text was made gold, to the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States period began to use bamboo and silk, and the use of brushes, the Eastern Han Dynasty Cai Lun invented the paper, the Chinese writing entered the era of paper, in ancient times the famous paper has Xuan paper and so on. The length is not known.
2. Literature is the carrier of all recorded knowledge. Specifically, the literature is the combination of knowledge, information with text, symbols, images, audio, etc. recorded on a certain material carrier. From this definition we can see that literature has three basic attributes, namely, the knowledge, record and materiality of literature. It has the function of storing knowledge, transferring and communicating information.
Due to the variety of literature, each with its own characteristics, different types of literature recorded in the information content also has its own focus, therefore, the first to understand the level of literature, types, characteristics and other knowledge, to further improve the work of literature retrieval will be of great help.
According to the literature transfer knowledge, information quality and quantity of different and different processing levels, people will be divided into four levels of literature, respectively, known as the zero document, a document, a document, a second document and a third document.
1. Zero literature This is a special form of intelligence information sources, mainly including two aspects: one is the formation of a document before the knowledge of information, that is, not recorded, not formed text material, people's verbal conversations, is a direct effect on the human sensory organs of the non-documentary type of intelligence information; the second is not open to the community that is not formally published in the original literature, or not officially published in a variety of books and materials, such as books, books and journals, or the official publication of the information. A variety of books and materials, such as letters, manuscripts, records, notes, including some internal use, through the public official ordering channels can not be obtained by the books and materials. Zero literature is generally obtained through oral conversations, visiting exhibitions, attending presentations and other ways, not only in the content of a certain value, but also to make up for the general public literature from the objective formation of information to the public dissemination of the shortcomings of the time-consuming between a lot of. 2. primary literature This is the people directly based on their own production, scientific research, social activities, and other practical experience of production of the literature, is also often referred to as the original literature ( or primary literature), which is often called the original literature. or primary literature), the recorded knowledge information is relatively new, specific, detailed. Primary literature is the largest, most diverse, most widely used and most influential literature in the whole literature system, such as journal articles, patent documents, scientific and technical reports, conference proceedings, dissertations and so on. These documents are innovative, practical and academic and other obvious characteristics, is the scientific and technological research work in the literature comparison and analysis of the main basis.
3. Secondary literature Secondary literature, also known as secondary literature, it is a large number of dispersed, fragmented, disorderly primary literature to organize, concentrate, refine, and according to a certain logical order and scientific system to be arranged and stored, so that it is systematized, so that it is easy to retrieve and use. Its main types are catalogs, indexes and abstracts. Secondary literature has the obvious collection, systematic and retrievable, it is not a collection of primary literature itself, but a specific range of primary literature clues. Its importance lies in the fact that the time spent on searching primary literature is greatly reduced. Secondary literature is the main tool utilized to retrieve the literature in the research work.
4. three literature three literature, also known as tertiary literature, is the selection of a large number of relevant literature, after synthesis, analysis, research and preparation of the literature. It is usually around a certain topic, the use of secondary literature search to collect a large number of relevant literature, the content of the depth of processing. Belonging to this type of literature are syntheses, reviews, commentaries, progress, dynamics and so on. These existing results to comment on, synthesize and predict the development trend of the literature, has a high practical value. In the investigation work, you can make full use of the review of literature reflecting the dynamics of a field of research, in a short period of time to understand the history of its research, development and dynamics, level, etc., in order to more accurately grasp the technical background of the project to be investigated, to grasp the point of the investigation.
In short, from zero literature, primary literature, secondary literature to tertiary literature, is a decentralized to centralized, from disordered to orderly, from Bo to fine knowledge of the different levels of information processing process. The quality and quantity of the information they contain are different, and the role they play in improving people's knowledge structure is also different. Zero and primary literature is the most basic source of information, is the main object of literature and information retrieval and utilization; secondary literature is a centralized refining and ordering of the literature, it is a tool for literature and information retrieval; three times the literature is dispersed zero literature, primary literature, secondary literature, in accordance with the topic or the categories of knowledge for the comprehensive analysis and processing of the results is highly concentrated literature information, which is the object of literature and information retrieval and utilization, and the role of literature and information retrieval and utilization. It is highly concentrated literature information, which is both the object of information retrieval and utilization, and can be used as a tool to retrieve literature information.
Fainted, engraved on the tortoise shell and animal bone, bamboo and silk is not classical literature. The title is asking you to express the form of the carrier, not to be specific about the classical name. Fainted
3. What is the literature
With text, graphics, symbols, audio, video and other technical means to record human knowledge of a carrier, or understanding of the solidification of knowledge in a certain material carrier. It can also be understood as a general term for all social history materials, ancient and modern. Nowadays, it is usually understood as the sum of various publications such as books and periodicals. Literature is the most effective means of recording, accumulating, disseminating and inheriting knowledge, and it is the most basic and main source of acquiring intelligence in human social activities, as well as the most basic means of exchanging and disseminating intelligence. Because of this, people refer to literature as the material basis of intelligence work. At home and abroad, we can often see people put "literature" and "intelligence", "literature" and "intelligence".
As a carrier of human knowledge or information, literature is mainly composed of
information content, carrier materials, information symbols and recording methods
four basic elements.
4. General Knowledge of Phonetics
Chinese phonetics is the science of the Chinese phonetic system.
It includes the disciplines of ancient phonology, modern phonology, and etymology. Phonetics and phonology are different: phonetics is an objective depiction of speech, sometimes using a variety of experimental methods to identify the physiological and physical phenomena of speech; phonetics is to observe speech as a system, which studies the interrelationships between various speech phenomena.
Since phonetics treats speech as a physiological or physical phenomenon to study, there is the so-called general phonetics, which describes the role of organs of articulation, the composition of various speech sounds, and that applies to the whole of mankind, only the specific language of each ethnic group has its own characteristics of some of the speech sounds. As for phonetics, there can be no "general phonetics", because phonetics always belongs to a specific language, which has very significant national characteristics, and the phonetic system of language A can never be the same as that of language B.
But there is no such thing as "general phonetics".
But phonetics is closely related to phonology. It is inconceivable that a person can study phonetics well without knowing how to pronounce words.
Therefore, we can say that phonetics is the foundation of phonology. Chinese phonetics has a tradition of more than a thousand years, and it has its own set of theories and terminology.
We should use the modern theories and terminology of phonetics to explain it. We cannot leave the ancient theories and terminology behind, because we must inherit the cultural heritage of phonetics.
Why should we study Chinese phonetics? We study modern Chinese phonology to understand the strict systematic nature of modern Chinese phonology, so that we can better master modern Chinese phonology, which is conducive to language practice. We study ancient Chinese phonetics because it is a branch of linguistics closely related to the history of the Chinese language.
It is necessary to study in depth the phonetics of ancient Chinese before it is possible to study the history of the development of Chinese phonology. Phonetics is also closely related to philology.
There is a narrow sense of philology, and a broad sense of philology. The former specializes in the study of the form of words; the latter studies the shape, sound and meaning of words.
In a broad sense, phonetics is included in philology. The old name of philology was "elementary school", which was originally a kind of literacy course.
Ancient scholars believed that reading must be preceded by literacy, because some ancient books were written far away from modern times, and many of the characters in the books were unknown to us, no matter from the point of view of the shape of the character, from the point of view of the sound of the character, and from the point of view of the meaning of the character. And the shape of the Chinese characters, sound, and is organically linked together, if you do not understand the ancient sound, then the ancient word shape and meaning of the word will also not understand, or know not thoroughly.
It makes sense that the ancients regarded writing (character form), phonetics (character sound), and exegesis (character meaning) as the basic knowledge necessary for inheriting the cultural heritage of the motherland. Traditional Chinese phonetics has always been considered a difficult study, and even called "absolute learning".
In fact, the ancient set of phonetics theory and terminology, if you take the theory and terminology of modern phonetics to compare, to explain, will become relatively easy to understand, and even very good to understand things. Of course, due to the limitations of the times, in the traditional phonetics, there are also some of the theories, and even wrong, and some of the metaphysical, lack of scientific basis for the terminology, we in this small book, either to put forward to criticize, or simply omitted to mention.
We strive to make Chinese phonetics more simple, but at the same time, we can't jeopardize its scientific nature because of the requirement of simplicity. We hope that this small book can bridge the gap between the past and the present, so that readers can get a more personalized basic knowledge of Chinese phonetics.
The function of phonetics Chinese phonetics and Chinese history, Chinese dialectology, exegesis, archaeology, collation, classical Chinese literature, ancient history, ancient bibliography, and ancient books and other disciplines have a close connection, and its role is multifaceted. Here we mainly talk about the function of Chinese phonetics from four aspects.
First, Chinese phonetics is the premise of the establishment of the history of the Chinese language to study the Chinese language phonetics, point out the characteristics of the Chinese language phonetics and the development of the law, to guide the study of the Chinese language and the use of the Chinese language to ensure that the Chinese language towards the development of the correct direction of the health of the Chinese language, can not help but to establish the history of the Chinese language phonetics.
To establish the history of Chinese phonology, it is necessary to study the sound, rhyme and tone system of each historical period of the Chinese language, such as the sound, rhyme and tone system of the Chinese language in the pre-Qin period, the sound, rhyme and tone system of the Chinese language in the Sui and Tang dynasties, the sound, rhyme and tone system of the Chinese language in the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, and so on.
Only by clarifying the appearance of the sound, rhyme, and tone system in these different historical periods, and exploring the links between them and the laws of development, can we talk about the establishment of the history of Chinese phonetics, and in order to know the status of the sound, rhyme, and tone of the Chinese language in each period, we have to rely on the study of phonetics. Mr. Wang Li's "History of Chinese Phonetics" was written on the basis of the results of the research on Chinese phonetics, and its outstanding feature is that it shows in detail the sound and rhyme system and the proposed tone of the Chinese language in various stages of history, and points out some of the laws of the development of Chinese phonetics.
Second, phonetics is the necessary knowledge for the study of dialects. Chinese dialectology is a science that studies the local spoken languages of the Chinese language. To carry out in-depth research on the dialect, can not help but involve the history of the dialect, only from the historical point of view to find out the basis of the characteristics of the dialect, in order to clarify the ins and outs of the square sound, in order to the characteristics of the sound of the other side of the evolution of the law of the scientific explanation; therefore, to engage in the study of the square sound, it is necessary to have a certain knowledge of the phonetics.
For example, the word "curtain" is pronounced as [mu?] in Beijing, and [m?k?] in Meixian, Guangdong, why is there such a big difference in the pronunciation of the word "curtain" between Beijingers and Meixian people? As long as you have some knowledge of phonetics, you will know that Beijing dialect and Meixian dialect originated from Sui and Tang dynasties. In the Sui and Tang dynasties, the word "幕" belonged to the incipient "duo",which has the ending [k] and is pronounced [mɑk].
The reason why Beijingers pronounce "幕" as [mu?] is that most of the northern dialects lost their initials during the Yuan Dynasty, and as the endings fell off, their rhymes changed considerably. The reason why Meixian people pronounce "幕" as [m?k?] is that the phenomenon of the falling off of the initial consonant has not occurred in Meixian so far, and due to the stabilizing effect of the stops, the change in the rhyme scheme is very small.
To carry out dialect research, generally less than a dialect survey, dialect survey, you need to personally go to the dialect area to oral questioning, listening, hand record, do static analysis of the description of the work, which also need to have knowledge of phonetics. All books about dialect investigation are inevitable.
5. What is the meaning of literature
What is literature
A carrier of human knowledge recorded by technical means such as text, graphics, symbols, audio, video, etc., or understood as knowledge solidified on a certain material carrier. Now usually understood as the sum of books, periodicals and other various publications. Literature is the most effective means of recording, accumulating, disseminating and inheriting knowledge, and it is the most basic and main source of acquiring intelligence in human social activities, as well as the most basic means of exchanging and disseminating intelligence. Because of this, people refer to literature as the material basis of intelligence work. At home and abroad, we can often see people put "literature" and "intelligence", "literature" and "intelligence". "Equivalent, although this may not be appropriate, but reflects the literature in the intelligence activities and science in the extremely important position.
Details:/view/70348