USB
USB (Universal Serial Bus) is used to connect peripherals such as mice, keyboards, removable hard disks, digital cameras, VoIP phones (Skype) or printers, etc., to the PC.
Theoretically a single USB host controller can connect up to 127 devices. In theory, a single USB host controller can connect up to 127 devices.
There are currently two versions of USB, USB 1.1 with a maximum data transfer rate of 12Mbps and USB 2.0 with an increased rate of 480Mbps. note: the physical interfaces of the two are identical and the difference in data transfer rate is determined by the PC's USB host controller and the USB device. usb can provide up to 5V, 500mA of power to the device through the connecting cable.
There are three types of USB ports:
- Type A: Generally used for PCs
- Type B: Generally used for USB devices
- Mini-USB: Generally used for digital cameras, digital camcorders, measuring instruments, and removable hard disks
The connector on the left is Type A (for connecting to PCs), and the connector on the right is Type B (for connecting to devices). Type B (for connecting devices)
USB Mini
USB extension cable, generally should not be longer than 5 meters
Please recognize the USB logo on the connector
USB breakaway cable, each port can get 5V 500mA of power. Power-hungry users such as portable hard drives can use this cable to get additional power from the second USB port (500+500=1000mA)
Have you seen it: Battery charger for USB ports
More common USB to PS/2 ports
IEEE-1394/Firewire/i.Link
IEEE-1394/Firewire/i.Link is a USB cable that allows you to connect a USB port to a PS/2 port. p>IEEE-1394 is a serial interface widely used in digital camcorders, external drives, and a variety of networking devices, also known as Firewire by Apple and i.Link by Sony. Currently, the IEEE-1394 standard, with a data transfer rate of 400 Mbps, is being replaced by the 800 Mbps IEEE-1394b (or Firewire-800) standard. (or Firewire-800). Ordinary Firewire devices use a 6-pin cable that provides power, and a 4-pin cable that does not. Firewire-800 devices use a 9-pin cable and an interface.
1394 cable with 6-pin and 4-pin ends
1394 expansion card bezel with two 6-pin connectors and a smaller 4-pin connector
6-pin connector that provides power
4-pin connector that does not provide power and is typically used for digital camcorders and laptops
Cinch RCA (composite). Video, Audio, HDTV Component)
These connectors transmit a variety of electrical signals over coaxial cable. Their functions can be easily distinguished by the color of the connector, see the table below:
WARNING: The colors of the audio SPDIF/composite video (FBAS), and HDTV component/audio right channel connectors can be easily confused, so check the manual, and note that HDTV component connectors are always in groups of three.
Different colors of RCA cables for different signals
Two types of SPDIF connectors: RCA/coaxial on the left and TOSLINK on the right
TOSKLINK fiber optic connectors
SCART - RCA Adapter (Composite Video, Dual-Channel Audio and S-Video), SCART please refer to the manual for more information. Video), SCART see below for details
Glossary:
RCA = Radio Corporation of America
SPDIF = Sony/Philips Digital Interfaces
SPDIF = Sony/Philips Digital Interfaces
PS/2
The PS/2 connector on the left is color-coded, the one on the right is not
PS/2 is an ancient connector, widely used for keyboard and mouse connections. Nowadays, PS/2 ports are usually color-coded, with purple for the keyboard and green for the mouse.
Some motherboards may not have color-coded PS/2 ports. Don't worry, the wrong port won't damage the device, but the mouse and keyboard won't work, and the computer may not boot up, so it's easy to switch the mouse and keyboard to the right port.
The aforementioned USB-PS/2 adapter
VGA display
VGA display on a graphics card
Monitors use a 15-pin Mini-D-Sub (aka HD15) connector to connect to a PC via a standard analog interface. With a suitable adapter, you can also connect an analog monitor to a DVI- I interface.The VGA connector transmits red, green, and blue value signals (RGB) as well as horizontal synchronization (H-Sync) and vertical synchronization (V-Sync) signals.
VGA connector on display signal cable
Newer graphics cards typically offer 2 DVI connectors, and a DVI-VGA adapter can be used to convert between the two.
Glossary of Terms: VGA = Video Graphics Array
DVI Display Interface
DVI is a display interface designed primarily for digital signals, which eliminates the need to convert digital signals generated by a graphics card into lossy analog signals, and then perform the reverse on a digital display device. The advantages of digital TDMS signals also include allowing the display device to take care of image positioning as well as signal synchronization.
A graphics card with two DVI ports can be connected to two (digital) displays simultaneously
Because digital displays have been slow to replace analog displays, the two technologies are currently coexisting, and today's graphics cards can often support dual displays. The widely used DVI-I interface can support both analog and real-world signals. The much less common DVI-D interface can only output digital signals, not any analog signals. Many graphics cards, and some monitors, offer DVI-I - VGA adapters so that older monitors that only offer a 15-pin D-Sub-VGA connector can continue to work on the DVI-I port.
Types of DVI interfaces and their pinouts (DVI-I is most often used on graphics cards)
Glossary of terms: DVI = Digital Visual Interface
RJ45, for LAN and ISDN
Wired networks are primarily interconnected using familiar twisted-pair cables. interconnections. Nowadays, Gigabit Ethernet is gradually replacing 100 Gigabit Ethernet. There are two main types of cables:
- Straight-through cables, the most widely used twisted-pair cables
- Crossover cables, which are used for special connections
Network devices that use straight-through cables are usually connected to switches or hubs, but if you want to connect two similar devices, such as two PCs, directly, you can use a crossover cable without going through a switch or hub. through a switch or hub.
The RJ45 connector on a PCI card
Network cards use LEDs to indicate network activity
In Europe and North America, network devices such as ISDN use the RJ45 connector as well. ISDN is widely used in Europe, and broadband connectivity is more popular in North America, but only DSL uses RJ45, and cable modems usually use the BNC connector. BNC interface is usually used for cable modem. Therefore, users need to pay attention to the RJ45 interface next to the label is "LAN", "ISDN" or "DSL", of course, plugged into the wrong than worry about equipment damage.
RJ11 for Modem and Phone
RJ11 and RJ45 look similar, but RJ11 has only 4 pins, while RJ45 has 8 pins. In computers, RJ11 is mainly used for connecting modems. there are many types of adapters for RJ11 since phone ports vary from country to country.
RJ11 connector on a laptop
RJ11 adapter for German telephones. In the future, customized telephone interface specifications in various countries will disappear
S-Video (aka Hosiden, Y/C)
S-Video cable
This 4-pin connector separates and transmits transmitting luminance (Y, brightness with sync data) and color (C, chroma). Separating luminance and color provides better image quality than composite video (FBAS). Among analog video signals, HDTV component is the most effective, while in second place is S-Video. Of course, a purely digital signal such as DVI or HDMI (see details below), available through TDMS, provides a better image and is by far the best option.
S-Video ports on graphics cards
SCART
SCART is a hybrid connector widely used in Europe and Asia. This interface can carry S-Video, RGB, and analog stereo audio signals at the same time, though it does not support HDTV's YpbPr and YcrCb component signals.
SCART interface for connecting TV and VCR
The SCART - RCA adapter already mentioned (composite video, dual-channel audio, and S-Video)
HDMI
HDMI is a digital multimedia interface for transmitting uncompressed HDTV signals, supporting up to 1920x1080 interleaved signals (1080i) with integrated Digital Rights Management (DRM) copy protection mechanisms. We currently use a 19-pin Type A connector.
The 29-pin Type B (supporting resolutions higher than 1080i) HDMI interface is not yet supported by any product. HDMI and DVI-D use the same digital TDMS signal generation technology, so we can see HDMI-DVI adapters on high-end products. In addition, HDMI can also transmit an 8-channel, 24-bit, 192KHz sampling rate audio signal. HDMI signal cables should not exceed 15 meters.
HDMI-DVI Adapter Cable
Glossary of Terms: HDMI = High Definition Multimedia Interface
Number of PCIe Channels and Corresponding Bandwidth
Part II Internal Interfaces: For Internal Connection of PC Systems
Serial ATA (SATA)
4 SATA interfaces on motherboards
SATA is a serial bus that connects storage devices, mostly hard disks, to replace the traditional parallel ATA interface. The first generation of SATA is now widely used, with a maximum data transfer rate of 150MBps and a signal line up to 1 meter long. SATA is generally a point-to-point connection, where one end is connected to the SATA interface on the motherboard and the other end is connected directly to the hard drive, with no other devices ****ing the line, whereas parallel ATA allows this (1-2 devices per line). devices), so there is no need to set up master and slave disks like with parallel ATA drives.
Many SATA cables come with protective sleeves on the end to prevent damage to the delicate gold fingers.
Many forms of SATA power cables
SATA power connectors
Data cables in a variety of colors
While SATA is primarily designed for use inside PC cases, there are many products that make SATA an external interface.
Today's SATA hard drives generally have two power connectors, either using the traditional D-type power connector
or a SATA-specific power connector
ATA/133 (Parallel ATA, UltraDMA/133, or E-IDE)
This is a parallel bus that is used to connect the hard drive to an optical drive (CD and DVD), also known as Parallel ATA (Parallel ATA). The latest version of Parallel ATA uses 40-pin, 80-wire flat data cables to connect the motherboard to the drive. Up to two devices can be connected to each cable, and the devices need to be set up as master and slave, which is typically accomplished with jumpers on the drive.
IDE cable, note the protrusion on the connector and the lack of a pinhole
Connecting a DVD drive: the red edge of the cable is always close to the power cable
ATA/133 connector: the top one is for a 2.5" hard drive, the bottom one is for a 3.5" hard drive.
To use a 2.5" laptop hard drive in a desktop computer you can use an adapter like this
WARNING: In most cases the protrusions on the cable connectors prevent the cable from being plugged in backwards, but some older cables may not have this design. When plugging in a cable, follow this rule: the color-coded edge of the cable (usually red) should be aligned with the side of the motherboard's IDE connector marked with the number 1, which in effect indicates the first pin.
Additionally, the color-coded edge of the cable should be near the drive's power cable. Similarly, double-check the IDE ports on the motherboard and drive, as well as the cable connectors, to make sure that the missing pins and holes correspond to each other.
After connecting the two devices with a single cable, you'll need to set up the master and slave disks using the blue jumper caps in the figure below, which are usually illustrated on the drives, or by visiting the drive manufacturer's Web site.
Glossary of Terms:
ATA = Advanced Technology Attachment
E-IDE = Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics
AGP Graphics Accelerated Interface
AGP Slot with Retaining Clip
The majority of graphics cards today use the Accelerated Graphics Processor (AGP) interface, with a few computers (most of them older) still using PCI interface graphics cards. The next generation of PCI Express (PCIe) interfaces is coming on strong and is poised to replace AGP. Note: PCI Express is a serial bus, whereas PCI (without Express) is a parallel bus, and they are completely different.
The AGP graphics card on top and the PCI Express graphics card on the bottom; note the significant difference in the gold fingers
Workstation motherboards use the AGP Pro slot, which provides extra power for power-hungry OpenGL graphics cards, and also allows you to plug in mainstream graphics cards. However, AGP Pro is not widely accepted, and today's high-end graphics cards either have a separate power supply or an additional power connector on the card.
High-end graphics cards provide additional power through the traditional 4-pin or 6-pin D-type power connectors
The Molex 6-pin power connector, commonly found on PCIe cards
AGP Multiplier and Corresponding Bandwidth
Note: There are two voltage standards for the AGP connector: the AGP 1X and 2X utilize 3.3V, while the AGP 4X and 8X only support 1.5V.
Advanced Mode
Advanced mode provides a more comprehensive UEFI BIOS environment that is designed to help speed up data transfer, reduce costs, and improve performance.
The top is a 3.3V AGP card with a notch on the left side of the gold finger, the middle is a generic AGP card with two notches on the gold finger (one for AGP 3.3V and one for AGP 1.5V), and the bottom is a 1.5V AGP card with a notch on the right side of the gold finger.
PCI Express: Serial Bus
PCI Express X16 slot (top of image) and two 2 PCI Express X1 slots (bottom of image)
Dual PCI-Express slots for nVIDIA SLI graphics cards, with a smaller PCI Express x1 in the center. slot
PCI Express is a serial bus, whereas PCI-X (see details below) or PCI are both parallel bus interfaces.
PCI Express (PCIe) is the newest interface for graphics cards, and can also be used to connect to other boards, although there are very few of these available. In theory, PCIe X16 offers nearly twice the unidirectional bandwidth of AGP 8X, but in practice, the bandwidth advantage is not fully utilized by today's graphics cards.
AGP graphics card (top of image) and PCI-Express graphics card (bottom of image)
Below, from top to bottom: PCI Express x16, two PCI, PCI Express x1
PCI and PCI-X: Parallel buses
PCI is a bus standard for connecting a variety of boards to a PC. bus standards, such as network cards, Modem cards, sound and video editing cards, and so on.
Most mainstream motherboards utilize a 32-bit, 33MHz, version 2.1 PCI interface that provides up to 133MB/s of bandwidth. Some motherboards also feature 66MHz version 2.3 PCI, though not many products are currently compliant with this specification.
Another evolution of the parallel PCI bus is PCI-X. This slot is common on workstation and server motherboards, where SCSI controllers and multiport NICs require this high-bandwidth interface. For example, a 64-bit, 133MHz PCI-X 1.0 can provide 1GB/s of bandwidth.
PCI 2.1 specification currently supports 3.3V. The divider on the left side of the slot prevents incorrect insertion of older 5V PCI boards (shown in the picture)
This graphics card has notches on the left side of the gold finger to correctly insert the 3.3V PCI slot
RAID controller card inserted into a 64-bit PCI-X slot
The picture below shows one 32-bit PCI slot at the top, and three 64-bit PCI-X slots at the bottom.
The bottom green slot supports ZCR (Zero Channel RAID)
Glossary of Terms: PCI = Peripheral Component Interconnect
Power connector and ATX standards
Power plugs
AMD/Intel Platform ATX power specification
24-pin Extended ATX power plug
20-pin ATX motherboard power connector
20-pin ATX power cable
6-pin EPS connector
Difficult to see floppy drive power cables anymore
20/24-pin detachable motherboards Power connector (ATX or EATX)
Mistake Demonstration! Don't plug the 4-pin extension connector of the 20/24-pin detachable power connector into the 12V auxiliary (AUX) power connector (generally that connector is also farther out of your reach). This guy either becomes part of the Extended ATX power connector or is completely useless (on motherboards that use the 20-pin ATX power connector).
It's the separate 4-pin power cable that belongs to the 12V auxiliary (AUX) power connector, and it's easy to recognize: two yellow and two black wires
Some motherboards also require a D-type power connector like this for extra power