First, step by step;
second, if you read a book a hundred times, its meaning will show itself;
third, professional counterparts;
fourthly, reading is the main source of knowledge.
1. Change from step by step to building personalized knowledge structure
1. Chase the frontier of the discipline.
There is a middle school in Beijing. After freshmen entered the school, the school invited a doctor of chemistry from Peking University to give them their first class. The content of the class has nothing to do with the existing textbooks. He talked about the six frontier fields of chemical research. For example, he said that we are short of water resources now, but there are enough fresh water resources under the sea floor. But these fresh waters do not exist in liquid form, but in solid form, called roller skating. Roller skating can be taken out for use, but it must be melted first. In the process of liquefaction, a lot of carbon dioxide will be produced. No one dares to do it now, because if anyone melts roller skating into liquid, the whole earth will be filled with carbon dioxide. So who can successfully solve this contradiction, that is to say, no carbon dioxide is produced during the liquefaction of roller skating, or carbon dioxide is decomposed by other reduction reactions, then the problem of fresh water shortage will be completely solved, which will make a great contribution to the world.
One of the most direct reasons why mathematician Chen Jingrun can successfully complete the research on number theory is that his middle school math teacher told a story. Once, his math teacher had five minutes left after finishing the teaching content, so he said, "Let me tell you a story." I told the story of Goldbach's conjecture. He said that whoever successfully developed the Goldbach conjecture would win the jewel in the crown of mathematics. This sentence had a lifelong impact on Chen Jingrun. Since then, he has tried to pick the jewel in this crown. The story aroused his lofty sentiments. He worked hard for more than twenty years and made great contributions to solving Goldbach's conjecture.
2. Establish a personalized knowledge structure.
knowledge is infinite, and the knowledge that individuals can master is limited. It is a realistic choice to make their limited knowledge have comparative advantages and development characteristics. In fact, everyone has their own areas of interest and expertise; Interested in, good at, it is easy to form a comparative advantage. But for a long time, we have understood all-round development unilaterally, always trying to cover everything, and the result is mediocre development and becoming a reading machine. Here, I want to put forward an important concept, namely personalized knowledge structure. According to the research of curriculum experts and psychologists, knowledge has an internal structure, and knowledge is not equivalent in the whole knowledge system. If you master the elements of knowledge, you can master the knowledge structure and achieve mastery.
second, change from passive receptive learning to active exploratory learning
to stimulate the enthusiasm of learning, the most important thing is to turn learning knowledge into inquiry questions. Learning knowledge and exploring questions should be reversed in modern learning. In traditional teaching, learning knowledge is the purpose, and helping to master knowledge through problem guidance is the means; However, in modern learning, learning knowledge is a means, and being able to apply it to solving problems is the purpose. Whether you can learn to find, find, analyze and solve problems in your study is the fundamental criterion to measure the success or failure of your study.
Problem-oriented teaching combines knowledge learning with future ability needs, and turns passive knowledge infusion into ability training. In knowledge-oriented learning, students are in a state of passive acceptance, waiting for correct answers and lacking enthusiasm; In problem-oriented learning, there is no standard answer, and it is not important to get the answer itself. What is important is the process of exploring the problem. In this process, students can become real subjects and active explorers.
third, change from linear learning to T-learning.
learn from changes. Whether a specialized talent can adapt to this change in the changing trend of the world, become a T-type talent, become a compound talent, and become a talent who can constantly adjust his knowledge structure and technical structure, which determines the possibility of this person's development in society.
The level of modernization in the United States is the highest. Statistics show that Americans move 17 times on average in their lives, and of course this change of mobility includes job hopping. But mainly because society is changing, individuals have to change. If you are 4 years old and apply for a job, the boss asks you, "How many times did you choose a job?" If you answer, "This is my second time choosing a job, I used to work in one place." The boss will be very surprised and ask, "You haven't changed jobs for more than 2 years?" That's unimaginable and incredible.
Fourth, from learning knowledge to learning
No matter how much knowledge a person has, compared with the Internet, it is like a drop of water in the sea, and the difference between a drop of water and a drop of water can be ignored. The problem is how to find, analyze and judge the knowledge you need from the network, and more importantly, how to use the knowledge on the network. At present, we are mainly studying books, and we don't feel the urgency of this problem. But when you step into the workplace and the society, you will find that whether you are good at finding knowledge from the Internet to solve practical problems determines your position, income and development prospects in the workplace.
Fundamentals and applications, theories and technologies were decomposed in the past, but this is not the case now. Theory should be integrated with practice, theory should be combined with technology, and theory should use methods. Because an important feature of social development now is that the speed of transformation from theory to technology is accelerating. The transformation of theory and technology is almost synchronous, especially in the field of emerging science and technology. Those who study technology do not master theory, and those who study theory do not master technology, which is not only unfavorable to individuals, but also to the country. This concept of talent differentiation has not adapted to the needs of modern society.
Foreign students spend the longest time in the laboratory, while our students spend the shortest time in the laboratory. There are regulations in many courses: the experimental class is 5 minutes or 1 minutes, but in fact, everyone in our school is gone before the experiment time. Why? It's all done, including the steps. Because before doing the experiment, it is clear what experiment to do, what medicine to use and how to use it. When you get to the lab, just verify the experimental results and leave when you are done. However, in American schools, teachers don't care what experiments to do, but just give students a guide to what experiments they can do according to what they have learned, but let students choose which experiment to do. Students tell the teacher what experiments they want to do, how to do them, and make a list of needed equipment. After the teacher agrees, let the students find it themselves. Students go to the special drug classroom to find drugs and design experimental steps. No experiment is successful once, and everyone will fail. For example, water is dissolved by electricity to produce hydrogen and oxygen. You need power, water, beaker, etc., make your own list, and if the teacher says yes, you can get it. After receiving it, you can do it. In most cases, you can't succeed once. It doesn't matter if you don't succeed. Go to class first, and then do it when you have time after class. Write down what you do every time, including the analysis of the reasons for the failure, and verify it next time. Three times failed, four times failed, and finally succeeded. How did you succeed? Write it down in one, two, three, four, five. This is the experimental report. This is the integration of theory with practice, and it is the learning way to promote the transformation of theory into technology.
5. Actively organize and participate in social activities
Only in the process of social interaction, in the face of different interests, different viewpoints, different interests and hobbies, and in the face of conflicts and compromises, can we truly learn the qualities and abilities of "taking care of the overall situation", "unity and cooperation", "active enterprising" and "strategizing", establish a sense of responsibility, and truly exercise leadership skills in public activities.
as long as social activities are not excessive, they will not only affect learning, but also help to improve academic performance. Because, first, there are many similarities between social quality and learning quality, such as intention, self-discipline and tenacity, such as wholeness, classification, abstraction and generalization, which are essentially the same; Second, in social activities, we can improve our self-confidence and sense of responsibility, learn to predict and judge the outcome of things, increase our understanding of our personality characteristics, including strengths, weaknesses and weaknesses, and increase our self-knowledge, thus improving our ability to plan ourselves.
(2) Inquiry Teaching
1. The meaning of scientific inquiry:
According to the definition in the Oxford English Dictionary, inquiry is "an activity of seeking knowledge or information, especially seeking truth, an activity of searching, researching, investigating and testing, and an activity of asking questions and questioning."
Inquiry in American National Science Education Standards: Inquiry is a multifaceted activity that needs observation; Need to ask questions; Need to consult books and other information resources in order to find out what is already known; Need to involve research programs; It is necessary to test what is already known according to experimental evidence; Need to use various means to collect, analyze and interpret data; Need to provide answers, explanations and predictions; It is necessary to inform people of the research results. Inquiry requires clear assumptions, critical thinking and logical thinking, and consideration of possible other explanations.
1. Scientific inquiry is an activity
Science is a process, and the best way to learn science is to engage in science. Scientific inquiry is an important practical activity for students to actively acquire chemical knowledge, understand and solve chemical problems. Activity is opposite to the traditional "sitting" and "listening" to learn science, which means to let students get close to science and actively explore science with their hands and brains.
activities are not fleeting, and scientific inquiry activities are not completed at once from finding problems to solving them. They need to go through a process, which mainly involves raising questions, guessing and assuming, making plans, conducting experiments, collecting evidence, explaining and concluding, reflecting and evaluating, expressing and communicating. Considering the limitations of students' learning level, the characteristics of inquiry content and inquiry conditions, not every scientific inquiry process should include all the above eight elements, and each element is not necessarily presented in the above order.
2. Scientific inquiry is an important way of learning
Science is not only some concrete facts and abstract theories, but also a process. Science is based on inquiry, and the study of science should also be carried out in the way of inquiry. Scientific inquiry, as a way of learning, means that we should take inquiry as an important way for students to know nature and understand the material world, a way to think and explore the world we live in, and an effective means to acquire knowledge. We should learn science by inquiry rather than acceptance. Inquiry learning mode advocates that knowledge is not directly taught to students in the form of a conclusion, but requires students to contact with the learning object directly, which can only be obtained through an independent process of exploration and discovery. From this perspective, the inquiry-based learning style corresponds to the acceptance-based learning style. Taking scientific inquiry as an important way of learning for students will help to fundamentally change the traditional situation in which learning dominates classroom teaching.
Inquiry is an important and effective way of learning, but it is not the only way of learning. Inquiry learning and receptive learning are not antagonistic. As long as it is meaningful learning, whether it is inquiry or acceptance, it is an important way to acquire knowledge, but the inquiry learning method emphasizes the inquiry process of knowledge, and the acceptance learning method points more to the conclusion of knowledge. Compared with receptive learning, inquiry learning has stronger discovery and exploration, and students have more initiative; Advocating diversified learning methods based on inquiry is not to reject other learning methods, but to focus on the current situation of too much emphasis on learning, rote learning and mechanical training, and inquiry-based learning methods should attract our attention. At present, inquiry teaching should try its best to explore the factors of inquiry from the acceptance of learning, and try its best to guide students to explore by using traditional methods such as teaching, questioning, discussion and experiment, so as to prepare for the complete scientific inquiry learning.
3. Scientific inquiry is an important learning content
Scientific inquiry is an activity around "problems" and a process of analyzing and solving problems step by step. This problem often corresponds to one or several knowledge topics, and it belongs to the content of learning itself. More importantly, in the process of scientific inquiry, students can effectively learn the hidden but extremely important learning content-scientific methods. The process of inquiry learning itself is the application of many scientific methods. In inquiry learning, students can personally experience the important role of scientific methods in inquiry, learn how to properly apply scientific methods to solve problems, and gain scientific knowledge. Through inquiry learning, the hidden scientific method education can be manifested in time, and the scientific method learning can be best implemented. As a higher level of learning content, scientific inquiry is the cultivation and improvement of learning ability. The process of scientific inquiry is always linked with problem solving. Students need to collect, analyze and sort out data and apply them to problem solving. The whole process is a process of effectively cultivating students' ability to find problems and comprehensively apply what they have learned to solve problems.
Second, the basic elements of scientific inquiry
The eight elements of the scientific inquiry process summarized in the Curriculum Standard for Educational Chemistry in Senior High Schools (Experimental Draft) are: asking questions, guessing and assuming, making plans, conducting experiments, collecting evidence, explaining and concluding, reflecting and evaluating, and expressing and communicating.
Third, the basic characteristics of chemistry inquiry learning
1. Problem-centered
Inquiry is problem-based, and scientific inquiry learning needs to be carried out around certain scientific problems. The so-called scientific questions are put forward for objects, organisms and events in the objective world. The questions should be related to the scientific concepts that students learn, and can trigger their activities of conducting experimental research, collecting data and using data to explain scientific phenomena. That is to say, as the starting point of scientific inquiry learning, questions should be able to stimulate students' curiosity and inquiry consciousness, be thoughtful and inspiring, and make students willing to explore.
2. Emphasize independent participation
To ensure students' independent participation, teachers should respect students' interests and hobbies, encourage students to actively discover and ask questions, and students should form hypotheses, conduct experiments and collect evidence according to their own ideas and ways according to their own attitudes and views on the problem until the problem is solved, instead of strictly following the so-called "only correct" ideas designed by teachers in advance. In other words, inquiry learning advocates and ensures that students decide their own inquiry methods and ways, and teachers only provide necessary help and guidance, and must not "step in". In this way, students can not stick to books, be superstitious about authority, be unconventional, be bold in imagination, and have ample opportunities to put forward new ideas, methods and viewpoints through their own thinking. Moreover, in the whole process from asking questions to solving problems, students have the right to evaluate the progress of the learning process and can actively express their views. In this way, the initiative of exploration and research is controlled by students themselves, which reflects students' autonomy and student-oriented everywhere. Teachers' authority is no longer based on students' passive acceptance, but on students' independent participation to promote their full development.