(A) separate operation and mixed operation
1, separation and mixed operation coexist.
In 1930s, separation and mixed operation coexisted: 1933, the United States passed glass-steagall act. Banks are divided into investment banks and commercial banks, and their businesses are separate.
Germany, Switzerland and Nordic countries continue to maintain mixed operations on the grounds that business diversification can attract customers, understand customers, increase profits and spread risks.
2. The turn of the United States, Japan and other countries.
Since 1970s, omnipotence and integration have become the mainstream of the development of commercial banks.
1998, Japan promulgated a financial system reform package law (called financial Bigbang), allowing financial institutions to conduct business across industries.
1999 10 In June, the United States passed the Financial Services Modernization Act, allowing banks, securities and insurance to penetrate each other.
3. Mixed operation mode
Banks are engaged in credit, insurance, investment, trust and other businesses.
Financial holding company A company that controls different financial businesses.
(B) Financial innovation
1. Financial innovation
Financial innovation refers to breaking through the traditional management situation of the financial industry and making obvious innovations and changes in financial instruments, financial methods, financial technologies, financial institutions and financial markets.
2. Risk-averse innovation
Variable interest rate debt instruments: variable interest rate certificates of deposit, mortgage contracts and variable interest rate loans.
Develop the forward market of financial instruments and financial futures.
Developing debt instrument option market
3. Avoid administrative innovation
ATS, an automatic transfer system, avoids the rule that demand deposits do not pay interest.
Transferable payment instruction Now, a savings account can issue a payment instruction with check function, but the name is not a check.
MMMF, a mutual fund in the money market, avoided the interest rate ceiling.
Absorb Eurodollars and repurchase agreements to avoid reserve requirements.
4. Financial innovation driven by technological progress
Innovation of settlement, clearing system and payment system
Provide technical support for complex financial instruments
Integrate financial markets
(3) Online banking
1. Online banking refers to banks that provide various financial services through the Internet or other electronic channels.
2. Types of online banking
A pure online bank, with only one site and office address and no business outlets or branches, was established in Atlanta, USA on June 1995+ 10/8? Security first online banking SFNB?
Branch network banks, traditional banks use the Internet as a new service means, establish bank websites and provide online services.
3. Features of online banking: convenience, rapidity, low cost, broadening service areas and customer-oriented marketing.
4. Obstacles to the development of online banking: security issues \ legal norms.
(D) the management theory of deposit money banks
1. Operating principles: profitability, liquidity and safety.
2. Management theory: asset management, liability management and comprehensive asset-liability management theory.
3. Asset management theory (before 1960s)
Commercial loan theory: in order to maintain the high liquidity of funds, loans should be short-term and commercial; Loans for commodity production and circulation should be paid by themselves, and loans based on real bills should be issued.
Convertibility theory: in order to maintain liquidity, commercial banks can invest part of their funds in negotiable securities.
Expected income theory: A good loan should be a repayment plan based on the borrower's future income or cash flow.
5. Debt management theory (11960s)
Through the innovation of debt business, actively attract customers' funds, expand the sources of funds, and adjust or organize liabilities according to the needs of capital business, so that liabilities can meet the needs of asset business. Effective debt management will eliminate the need to maintain a large number of highly liquid assets.
Debt management has created conditions for the expansion of the scale and scope of banking business, but there are also some defects: it increases the financing cost and operational risk, which is not conducive to stable operation.
6. Integrated Asset-Liability Management Theory (late 1970s)
Predict liquidity demand from two aspects: assets and liabilities, and find ways to meet liquidity from these two aspects.
Focus on analyzing the gap between liquid assets and volatile liabilities and the gap between loan growth and deposit growth, monitor daily liquidity positions, and maintain the ability to adjust and arrange positions at any time.
Management means: interest rate sensitivity difference management method
(5) Bad creditor's rights
1. Non-performing creditor's rights, also known as non-performing assets or non-performing loans, refer to overdue loans, sluggish loans and non-performing loans in China.
2. Five-level classification of loan risk
Normally, the borrower can perform the contract and repay the principal and interest in full.
In the category of concern, the borrower has the ability to repay the principal and interest of the loan at present, but there are some factors that adversely affect the repayment.
In the second category, there are obvious problems in the borrower's repayment ability, and it is impossible to guarantee the full repayment of principal and interest by relying on its normal operating income.
Suspicious category, the borrower can not repay the principal and interest in full, even if the mortgage or guarantee is implemented, it will certainly cause certain losses.
For the loss, after taking all possible measures and all necessary legal procedures, the principal and interest cannot be recovered, or only a very small part can be recovered.
(6) deposit insurance system
1. The deposit insurance system is an institutional arrangement to protect the interests of depositors and stabilize the financial system. All deposit-taking financial institutions need to apply for insurance with deposit insurance institutions according to the amount of deposits absorbed and the prescribed insurance rate. Once the deposit institution goes bankrupt, the insurance company will be responsible for paying the statutory insurance premium. 1933, the United States established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).
2. Organizational form
Formally established insurance institutions: USA \ UK \ Canada
Deposit insurance institutions jointly established by the government and the banking sector: Japan, Belgium, etc.
Insurance institutions established by officially supported banks: Germany \ France \ Netherlands, etc.
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