Interest rates in economics include bank loan interest rates. Interest rate means that if you borrow a sum of money from a bank, the bank will charge interest, which can be regarded as interest rate, also called bank loan interest rate. Interest rates will also show up in other aspects, such as the interest rate of inflation.
In a narrow sense, it refers to the interest rate range determined by the central bank, that is, the interest rate of deposits, that is, if you deposit money in the bank, the rate of return given to you by the bank is called interest rate. But the profit in the broad sense of economics is interest rate, which includes risk return rate, default return rate, time value of money, risk of loss of liquidity funds and so on. However, in terms of interest rate in daily life, it refers to the basic deposit interest rate set by the central bank to major commercial banks, and major banks have the right to fluctuate up and down, that is, for example, banks have determined that the deposit interest rate this year is 3%, and major banks can adjust it independently. 2% means adjusting 2% on the basis of 3%, with a maximum of 3.5% and a minimum of 2.5%.
The interest rate in microeconomics refers to the risk-free interest rate, which is about equal to the interest rate of national debt. Generally recognized interest rate of national debt.
There are different opinions about the interest rate adjusted by the central bank. Adjusting the deposit and loan interest rate is different from adjusting the deposit reserve interest rate. Adjusting the deposit and loan interest rate is to adjust the stock of money and silver in the market, and raising the deposit and loan interest rate is the embodiment of absorbing deposits and lending less. The adjustment is the whole. Adjusting the deposit reserve interest rate means adjusting the bank's own money and silver stock. The deposit reserve is similar to the deposits deposited by commercial banks in the central bank. After the adjustment, the amount of money and silver in commercial banks will change, and then directly adjust the amount of money and silver in the market.
It's not going well. I hope you can understand. Hehe, actually this thing is easy to understand. The expression of real interest rate is only an approximate expression. Because the currency we have in reality is low, we think the specific formula r=i-e/ 1e, and the expected inflation rate on the right side of the formula is unknown, although the nominal interest rate can be replaced by the bank loan interest rate as the landlord said. IrvingFisher believes that the essential interest rate is essentially determined by people's impatience. The more impatient people are, the higher the essential interest rate is, but the disadvantage is that it is impossible to observe. I think another indicator to measure the basic interest rate is the basic growth rate of the economic aggregate. Simply put, it is the GDP growth rate MINUS the inflation rate. In fact, expectations can also be obtained. Modern western economists have found several methods to predict. One is the cobweb model that takes the actual value of the current period as the expected value of the next period, the other is adaptive expectations, which is based on a weighted uniformity of the previous period and the current period, and the last is the top rational expectation. For this introduction, you can see the Guide to Higher Microeconomics.
How to understand the interest rate in macroeconomics, which is deposit interest rate or loan interest rate?
The most puzzling basic concept in primary macroeconomics is "interest rate". This is because the discussion involved in most primary school textbooks is not deep. For the convenience of use, many connotations such as deposit interest rate, loan interest rate, risk-free interest rate and discount rate are simply equated with an "interest rate" without specifying the specific use environment. This requires beginners to identify and use it flexibly. In most cases, the interest rate involved in the discussion refers to the price of obtaining funds, that is, the "loan interest rate". Therefore, it can be concluded that interest rates and investment are moving in opposite directions. In addition, readers should pay special attention to the use of real interest rate and nominal interest rate in different situations.
What's the deposit and loan interest rate?
What's the deposit and loan interest rate? First of all, deposit and loan interest rates are two concepts, namely deposit interest rate and loan interest rate. Below I sorted out the definition and detailed description of deposit and loan interest rates.
Deposit and loan interest rate-deposit interest rate
Refers to the currency in which the customer deposits in the bank account according to the agreed conditions, and the interest amount is the same as the loan amount, that is, the principal interest rate, within a certain period of time. There are current interest rates and fixed interest rates, and there are annual/monthly/daily interest rates.
Deposit and loan interest rate-loan interest rate
Refers to the ratio of interest amount to principal amount during the loan period. The interest rate in China is managed by the People's Bank of China, and the interest rate determined by the People's Bank of China is implemented after being approved by the State Council.
The loan interest rate directly determines the profit distribution ratio between the borrowing enterprise and the bank, thus affecting the economic interests of both borrowers and lenders. The loan interest rate varies with the types and duration of loans, and it is also related to the scarcity of borrowing funds.
Deposit and loan interest rate-loan interest rate policy is an important part of China's credit policy, and interest rate is an important lever for the state to regulate economic activities.
(1) legal loan interest rate
The legal loan interest rate refers to various loan interest rates set by the People's Bank of China approved by the State Council and authorized by the State Council. Once the legal loan interest rate is determined, no unit or individual has the right to change it. The People's Bank of China is responsible for publishing and implementing the statutory loan interest rate.
(2) floating interest rate
Floating interest rate refers to the loan interest rate determined by financial institutions within the floating range specified by the head office of the People's Bank of China on the basis of the statutory loan interest rate. Higher or lower than the legal loan interest rate. If it is higher than the legal loan interest rate, it is called interest rate floating up, and if it is lower than the legal loan interest rate, it is called interest rate floating down. The range and scope of interest rate fluctuation shall be stipulated by the head office of the People's Bank of China.
(3) Preferential interest rate
Preferential interest rate refers to the interest rate charged when issuing loans that is lower than the interest rate of similar loans. China's preferential interest rates are mainly applicable to loan projects that need special support according to national economic policies, as well as low-interest preferential treatment for some low-return enterprises with poor objective conditions and urgent need for development. The preferential loan interest rate is one to two percentage points lower than the general interest rate of the same grade.
(4) Penalty interest policy and its stipulated proportion
According to the regulations of the People's Bank of China, financial institutions impose penalty interest on customers' overdue loans and misappropriated loans, that is, interest is charged at the penalty interest rate, and the interest rate, scope and conditions must be determined by the head office of the People's Bank of China.
The bank loan interest rate is comprehensively evaluated according to the credit situation of the loan, and the loan interest rate level is determined according to the credit situation, collateral and national policy (whether it is the first suite). The People's Bank of China has decided to lower the benchmark interest rate of RMB deposits and loans of financial institutions from July 6, 20 12. The benchmark interest rate for one-year deposits of financial institutions is lowered by 0.25 percentage point, and the benchmark interest rate for one-year loans is lowered by 0.3 1 percentage point; The benchmark deposit and loan interest rates of other grades and the deposit and loan interest rates of individual housing provident fund are adjusted accordingly.
From the same date, the lower limit of the floating range of the loan interest rate of financial institutions was adjusted to 0.7 times of the benchmark interest rate.
The floating range of individual housing loan interest rate will not be adjusted, and financial institutions should continue to strictly implement differentiated housing credit policies and continue to curb speculative investment in housing.
Does interest rate in economics mean deposit interest rate or loan interest rate?
Unless otherwise specified, "interest rate" in economics refers to the loan interest rate.
1. Interest rate refers to the ratio of interest amount to borrowed funds (principal) in a certain period. Interest rate is the main factor that determines the capital cost of enterprises, and it is also the decisive factor for enterprises to raise funds and invest. To study the financial environment, we must pay attention to the current situation and changing trend of interest rates.
2. Interest rate refers to the ratio of the interest amount due in each period to the par value of the borrowed, deposited or lent amount (called the total principal). The total interest of the lent or borrowed amount depends on the total principal, interest rate, compound interest frequency and the length of time of lending, deposit or borrowing. Interest rate is the price that the borrower needs to pay for the money borrowed, and it is also the return that the lender gets by delaying his own consumption and lending it to the borrower. The interest rate is usually calculated by the percentage of one-year interest to the principal.
Third, when the economy is overheated and inflation rises, interest rates will be raised and credit will be tightened; When the economy is overheated and inflation is controlled, interest rates will be lowered appropriately. Therefore, interest rate is one of the important basic economic factors. Interest rate is an important financial variable in economics, and almost all financial phenomena and financial assets are related to interest rate to some extent.
4. In modern economy, interest rate, as the price of capital, is not only restricted by many economic and social factors, but also the change of interest rate has a great influence on the whole economy. Therefore, modern economists pay special attention to the relationship between various variables and the balance of the whole economy when studying the decision of interest rate. Interest rate determination theory has also experienced the evolution and development of classical interest rate theory, Keynesian interest rate theory, loanable funds interest rate theory, IS-LM interest rate analysis and contemporary dynamic interest rate model.
5. In terms of expression, interest rate refers to the ratio of interest amount to total loan capital in a certain period. Interest rate is the interest level of unit currency in unit time, indicating the amount of interest. Economists have been trying to find a set of theories that can fully explain the structure and changes of interest rates. Interest rates are usually controlled by the national central bank and managed by the US Federal Reserve. So far, all countries regard interest rate as one of the important tools of macro-control.
Is the deposit interest rate the same as the loan interest rate
The deposit interest rate is different from the loan interest rate. Banks are money-making industries, users can get a small amount of income by depositing in banks, while users have to pay a lot of fees by lending in banks. The deposit interest rate is the ratio of interest amount to deposit amount in a certain period. The loan interest rate is the interest rate charged by banks and other financial institutions to borrowers when they issue loans. The bank's deposit interest rate and loan interest rate are both tools for the state to macro-control the economy.
The relationship between bank deposit interest rate and loan interest rate;
1. The loan interest rate and bank deposit interest rate change according to the national macro-control. When the currency issued by the state depreciates, the state will raise the deposit and loan interest rates and enhance the value of the currency.
2, the loan interest rate is mainly controlled by the state, which also controls the development of some enterprises, so that the economy will cool down and will not cause a hot phenomenon. Enterprises that develop too fast control it, and enterprises that develop too slowly support it. On the one hand, it can also control the flow of state funds, on the other hand, it can also prevent banks from creating a fixed amount of dormant account.
3. If the state raises the deposit interest rate, the bank loan interest rate will also increase. Similarly, when the deposit interest rate drops, the number of loans issued by banks will also increase.