The existence of economic and financial risks is an unavoidable objective existence for every enterprise in China. Due to the impact of the economic crisis, many enterprises have fallen into more serious financial difficulties, and the resulting negative impact is becoming more and more serious. Therefore, enterprises need to manage and avoid risks in the company's economy and finance through reasonable and effective strategies, so as to maximize the effective use of the company's economy and finance. This paper briefly introduces the types and management stages of economic and financial risks in enterprises, and puts forward the strategies of risk management and risk avoidance.

Keywords: economic and financial risks; Type; Risk management; Risk avoidance; measure

1 types of economic and financial risks

1. 1 risk of raising funds

When raising funds, enterprises often choose several common strategies, such as bank lending, stocks, bonds and financing, which will be affected by changes in the capital supply and demand market and macroeconomic environment. For example, the national fiscal policy, monetary policy and industrial policy will all cause certain risks to the financing of related enterprises, which will damage the economic interests of related enterprises and make them face more risks and challenges.

1.2 Risk of fund utilization

Enterprises' investment in basic projects, formal use of projects, stock investment and production and construction of related projects all belong to the use of funds. However, in this process, it is often due to the change of market demand, the investment of enterprises in the market and various reasons encountered in project production. Among them, investment risk has the greatest impact on the safety of enterprise funds, which can be divided into two categories: systematic risk and unsystematic risk. Investment risk is directly proportional to the company's investment income. Therefore, if the investment with different risks can't get the corresponding utilization rate, it will lead to the repeated construction of Chinese enterprises, lead to the decline of investment efficiency, and finally make the risk of enterprise capital use more and more serious, becoming one of the biggest economic and financial risks of enterprises.

1.3 return on capital risk

The remuneration obtained by Chinese enterprises after selling goods or providing services related to economic activities is the process of enterprise capital return, an important link of enterprise capital circulation and a manifestation of enterprise-related economic activities. When the enterprise's funds return, it is often because of the changes in the market that the funds cannot be recovered in time, or it may be because of bad debts in the company account and dormant accounts. All these will make enterprises face economic and financial risks, reduce their solvency, increase their payment pressure and get into financial difficulties, which will seriously affect the image and reputation of related construction enterprises, thus affecting their normal operations.

1.4 Risk of fund allocation

Capital distribution, also known as profit distribution, can be divided into shareholder profit distribution, employee welfare distribution, enterprise provident fund accumulation and enterprise capital reinvestment. However, the organizational scale of domestic enterprises is different, and even the management mode of the leadership is different, which leads to differences in the investment and use of cost funds, the distribution of working hours and the working methods of employees. Therefore, the amount of profits generated by enterprises is different from the degree of capital loss, so it will also contain certain risks, which will eventually lead to the risk of capital allocation and affect the normal operation of enterprises.

2 economic and financial risk management process

2. 1 risk identification

The most basic economic and financial risk management is financial risk identification, which is the basis of risk management. Risk identification usually exists before financial risks occur. Therefore, the financial manager of an enterprise should be able to perceive and analyze the risks of personnel, finance, management, production technology and market, understand the various factors that cause the risks, and make a correct plan to deal with the risks. At the same time, relevant financial managers should also follow the relevant principles of risk identification, such as scientific calculation, systematization and institutionalization, and correctly understand various potential financial risks. Only by fully grasping these potential risk factors can we take the most effective strategies to deal with risks in the first time.

2.2 Measurement of risk

The measurement of economic and financial risks is based on risk identification. Only by fully understanding and understanding economic and financial risks can we better measure economic and financial risks, which is the key link to improve the quality and efficiency of risk management. When enterprises measure financial risks, they usually adopt such operational strategies as pricing model, data statistics, leverage analysis and value measurement. Through the measurement strategies of these systems, the risks encountered in the economic and financial management of enterprises can be measured more effectively; Moreover, the measurement attitude of enterprises to financial risks also determines the attitude and results of enterprises to financial risks to a certain extent.

2.3 Risk constraints

The strategies of financial risk control are mainly risk retention, transfer, avoidance and loss control. Through these strategies, managers can restrain the financial management of enterprises and limit economic losses to a minimum. Among them, the most important thing is to transfer the financial risks of enterprises. The transfer of risk mainly means that enterprises can reduce the probability of taking risks by signing insurance and contracts. At the same time, it is necessary to effectively restrain the early, middle and late stages of project construction to reduce the possibility of serious risks.

3 How to effectively manage economic and financial risks

3. 1 Establish a macroeconomic early warning mechanism.

Because of the great changes in national policies, the most effective risk management is to establish a macroeconomic early warning mechanism, which can not only provide enterprises with corresponding early warning signals, but also plan their future income, financial situation and future investment in detail, so that enterprises can adjust their strategic development direction in time, effectively curb the occurrence of financial risks and reduce the losses caused by existing risks.

3.2 Further optimize the capital structure of enterprises.

Because the unreasonable capital structure of enterprises is easy to lead to financial risks, it is inevitable for enterprises to optimize their capital structure. Enterprises should be able to adapt the capital structure of the company to its development scale, fully consider the actual situation of the company when financing, establish the best capital structure, and make the company's cash flow free; Moreover, it is necessary to set the corresponding authority for the approval of the use of funds by enterprises, regularly check the use of funds by enterprises, fully understand the company's situation, and minimize the losses caused by bad debts. If the enterprise does not have a balanced capital structure, it will make the enterprise more likely to have financial risks.

3.3 Establish a high-quality financial management team.

Enterprises should establish a team of high-quality and high-level financial managers. Only high-level personnel can accurately find out the reasons and deal with them effectively. Relevant financial managers should have strong risk awareness and be able to accurately identify various reasons and risks arising in the process of production and operation; Relevant staff should also have a solid knowledge base, be able to manage the financial risks of enterprises through professional analysis, and look at the risks faced by enterprises scientifically; At the same time, the relevant staff must have rich financial knowledge, be able to allocate and contact all aspects of the production and operation of the enterprise reasonably, allocate funds most effectively and allocate resources within the company most effectively; Only in this way can the relevant enterprises better manage their own production activities and minimize the possibility of financial risks.

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