Many people are familiar with loans, but the way of credit seems unclear, and even many people are not familiar with the specific situation of credit. Since everyone wants to know about credit, then everyone should look at the existence of credit funds soberly. Since people want to know about credit, what are the credit funds? What is the definition of credit funds?
Many people are familiar with loans, but they don't seem to know the way of credit, and even many people are not familiar with the specific situation of credit. Since everyone wants to know about credit, then everyone should look at the existence of credit funds soberly. Since people want to know about credit, what are the specific credit funds? What is the definition of credit funds? I hope I can give you a good reference.
What are the credit funds?
First, simply speaking, it refers to all kinds of funds obtained through bank credit channels, including working capital loans, fixed assets loans, personal mortgage loans, bank acceptance bills, discounts and trade financing.
Second, the analysis of the source and application of bank credit funds can be carried out from both macro and micro levels.
From the macro level and the scope of the entire financial system, the sources of credit funds mainly include the following three parts:
1, various deposits. This is the most important source of funds, generally accounting for more than 80% of all credit funds.
2. Financial bonds. Generally accounting for about 4% of the total credit funds.
3. Liabilities to international financial institutions. From the micro level, this paper analyzes the source, channel and application direction of credit funds from the perspective of a commercial bank.
The sources of funds (liabilities) of commercial banks mainly include
1, various deposits.
2. Obtain funds from the bond market.
3. Loan from the Central Bank.
4. Interbank deposits and interbank lending.
What is the definition of credit funds?
1. Credit funds refer to monetary funds that exist and develop in the process of reproduction and are used for borrowing on the condition of repayment. Its sources are mainly: various forms of deposits (financial deposits, corporate deposits, savings deposits of urban and rural residents, etc.). ) and bank's own funds.
2. Credit funds are mainly used to issue loans to enterprises and society to meet the needs of social production and commodity circulation.
3. There are two explanations: first, the funds here refer to a certain amount of monetary funds, which are neither commodity funds nor production funds; Second, it is monetary funds because it is not only the currency of capital function, that is, the circulation of funds starts from here, but also the currency of functions of money, that is, it plays the role of circulation means and payment means in circulation.
4. Funds used by socialist state banks to issue loans. The collection and use of credit funds take the form of paid deposits and loans, which are characterized by borrowing and paying interest on time.
The analysis of what credit funds include and what is the definition of credit funds is here. On the issue of credit funds, we should realize that there are many credit-related contents in life, and as a key financial issue in credit, we should fully understand and fundamentally understand the credit situation in order to better ensure the credit security.
At present, the main sources of bank credit funds in China are
Equity. That is, when a commercial bank is established, the proportion of capital invested by shareholders is very small;
Liabilities to customers are the funds deposited by individuals and enterprises in banks and the main source of funds for commercial banks;
Interbank lending is a loan that commercial banks borrow from other financial institutions to cope with the short-term shortage of funds, with a short term and a small proportion.
I. Various deposits
1. Company deposits
2. Savings deposits of urban residents
3. Agricultural deposits
4. Trust deposits
5. Other deposits (excluding the above)
Second, bond financing.
1. Issue financial bonds
2. National investment bonds
3. Selling repurchase bonds
Three. Borrow from the central bank
Four. Interbank lending and interbank deposits
Verb (abbreviation for verb) deposits on behalf of others.
1. Agency financial deposit
2. Entrusted deposits and entrusted investment funds
3. Financial institutions entrust loan funds.
6. Owners' equity refers to the capital invested by investors in commercial banks. Divided into RMB loans and foreign exchange loans by currency.
According to the purpose, it is divided into working capital loans and fixed assets loans. The former includes revolving loans, temporary loans and discounted bills, while the latter includes technology issuance loans, capital construction loans and technology development loans.
It is divided into short-term loans and long-term loans according to the term. Short-term loans 1 year, medium-term loans 1 year or more (excluding 1 year) but less than 5 years (including 5 years), and long-term loans for more than 5 years (excluding 5 years).
It is divided into industrial loans, commercial loans, agricultural loans and foreign trade loans according to economic sectors.
According to the loan method, it is divided into credit loan, secured loan and bill discount, and secured loan is divided into secured loan, mortgage loan and three kinds.
According to the loan object, it is divided into wholesale loans and retail loans.
According to the nature of loan use, it is divided into foreign trade loans, real estate loans and entrusted loans.
According to the different repayment methods, it can be divided into demand loans, term loans and overdrafts.
According to the different ways of interest rate agreement, it can be divided into fixed interest rate loans and floating interest rate loans.
In1June, 1996, the people's bank of China promulgated the general principles of loans, and the classification of loans is as follows.
I. Self-operated loans, entrusted loans and special loans.
(1) Self-operated loan refers to a loan that is independently issued with the funds raised by the lender in a legal way, with the risks borne by the lender and the principal and interest recovered by the lender.
(2) Entrusted loans refer to loans provided by government departments, enterprises, institutions, individuals and other principals, which are issued, supervised and recovered by the lender (i.e. the trustee) according to the loan object, purpose, amount, term and interest rate determined by the principal. The lender (trustee) only collects the handling fee and does not bear the loan risk.
(3) Special loans refer to loans granted by wholly state-owned commercial banks after taking corresponding remedial measures for possible losses caused by loans with the approval of the State Council.
Short-term loans, medium-term loans and long-term loans.
(1) Short-term loans refer to loans with a term of less than one year (including one year).
(2) Medium-term loans refer to loans with a loan term of more than one year (excluding one year) to less than five years (including five years).
(3) Long-term loans refer to loans with a loan term of more than five years.
Credit loans, secured loans and bill discounting.
(1) Credit loan refers to the loan issued by the borrower's credit.
(2) Secured loan refers to secured loan, mortgage loan,.
A. Guaranteed loan refers to a loan issued by a third party in the form of guarantee stipulated in the Guarantee Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), which promises that the borrower shall bear general guarantee liability or joint liability as agreed.
B. Mortgage loan refers to the loan granted with the property of the borrower or a third party as collateral according to the mortgage method stipulated in the Guarantee Law of People's Republic of China (PRC).
C, refers to the loan pledged by the movable property or rights of the borrower or a third party according to the Guarantee Law of People's Republic of China (PRC).
(3) Bill discount refers to the loan issued by the lender in the form of purchasing the borrower's unexpired commercial paper. Except for natural persons and institutions that do not need to be approved and registered by the industrial and commercial department, the borrower shall go through the annual inspection formalities in the industrial and commercial department with a business license.
Hold a loan certificate/card issued by the local people's bank within the validity period.
The borrower opens a basic account or general deposit account in our bank, and maintains a certain deposit and settlement business in our bank in proportion to the loan; If the loan amount of our bank accounts for a large proportion of its total loan amount, we should open a basic settlement account with our bank.
The borrower has the ability to repay the principal and interest on schedule, and the principal and interest of the due loan have been fully paid off; If there is no repayment, a repayment plan approved by our bank has been made.
To apply for medium-and long-term loans, the proportion of the legal person owner's equity of the newly-built project enterprise to the total investment required for the project shall not be lower than the proportion stipulated by the state.
The borrower can truthfully provide the information required by our bank, accept our review and supervision on the use of credit funds and related production, operation and financial activities, implement relevant loan conditions, and use the loan according to the purpose and schedule agreed in the loan contract.
The borrower's financial and credit status and management meet the requirements of the bank. Enterprises apply and submit relevant documents.
The bank conducts an investigation and completes the loan investigation report.
Banks conduct internal review, inspection and approval of loans.
Sign a loan contract and go through relevant mortgage and notarization procedures.
Use the money according to the contract and pay interest.
After the loan is issued, the bank shall inspect and supervise the loan use and mortgage of the enterprise. Repayment or deferred repayment.
What are the sources of funds for enterprises to repay loans?
Sources of funds for enterprises to repay loans: undistributed profits, depreciation expenses and other income.
Undistributed profit is the profit retained by the enterprise to be distributed or to be distributed in future years. Distribution can be continued in future years, and it is an integral part of owners' equity before distribution. In terms of quantity, undistributed profit is the balance of undistributed profit at the beginning of the period plus net profit realized in the current period, minus various surplus reserves and distributed profits.
Depreciation expense refers to the depreciation expense calculated and extracted according to the original value of the fixed assets of the enterprise and the specified residual value rate and depreciation method, excluding the fixed assets that have not been depreciated.
Extended data
Repayment method of enterprise loans:
1, equal repayment of principal and interest
This is the most common repayment method, and general banks will also recommend borrowers to adopt this repayment method. Because this repayment method has the same repayment amount every month, it is convenient for borrowers to remember, and it is also convenient for borrowers to arrange income and expenditure, which is suitable for borrowers with stable income. However, because the interest will not decrease with the repayment of the principal, it is precisely because of this that the total interest on repayment is relatively high and it takes a long time to occupy bank funds.
2. Repayment by average capital
Compared with equal principal and interest repayment, this repayment method can save a lot of interest, but the amount to be repaid in the early stage is more, so the repayment pressure in the early stage is greater, but the repayment pressure will decrease month by month, which is suitable for borrowers with better economic income.