2. The development of poetry in the Song Dynasty, literature and art flourished in the Song Dynasty, and literature can be divided into ancient prose, ci poetry and popular literature, which are described separately here.
China's classical prose
The articles of Song people floated in the air in the early days, until Ouyang Xiu, Ceng Gong, Wang Anshi and Su San (Su Xun and his two sons Su Shi and Su Zhe) advocated the ancient prose movement, and the style became more and more popular, and they were called the eight masters of Tang and Song Dynasties together with Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan. Among them, Ouyang Xiu advocates that ancient prose is the strongest, and that articles are "Ming Dow" and "practical", such as Autumn and Fengle Pavilion. This is a well-known article; Wang Anshi's essays are sharp, and his meanings warn the world, such as reading Biography of Meng Changjun and Renzong Book. Su Shi (Dongpo) writes like flowing water, and his works, such as "Red Cliff Fu", can be called the swan song of the ages.
word
Tang poetry and Song ci are also called, and Song ci, as the essence of Song literature, is elegant and exquisite. Emperor Taizong, Hui Zong, Emperor Gaozong and Song Dynasty ministers Kou Zhun, Han Qi, Sima Guang, Fan Zhongyan and Ouyang Xiu were all good at writing small words. Other famous poets in Song Dynasty included Su Dongpo, Qin Shaoyou, Li Qingzhao, Zhou Bangyan, Xin Qiji and Lu You. Ci can be divided into southern school and northern school. Generally speaking, the northern faction is bold and magnificent, while the southern faction is graceful and restrained. Xin Qiji is the head of the Northern School, and Li Qingzhao is the ancestor of the Southern School. The emperor in the ci refers to Xin Qiji as the dragon in Li Yu's ci, and the three Li's in the ci refer to Li Bai, Li Houzhu and Li Qingzhao. Zhou Bangyan's halal ci is a master of Song ci.
poetic sentiment
Although the poems of the Song people are not as magnificent as those of the Tang Dynasty, they practice rules and describe them in detail. There are three schools of poetry: School of Poetry, School of Poetry in Bai Style, School of Poetry in Jiangxi, School of Poetry in Li Style and School of Poetry in Tang Dynasty. The main poets are Yang Yi, Mei, Kou Zhun, Ouyang Xiu, Huang Tingjian and Lu You.
novel
After the Song Dynasty, a large number of popular vernacular novels emerged, such as Beijing-based popular novels, Taiping Guangji, Xuanhe's posthumous works and so on. Shallow and bizarre novels at that time aroused the interest of ordinary people and promoted the development of popular literature. In the Song Dynasty, there were "story books", also known as "Pinghua" (Pinghua) and "Pinghua" (storytellers commented while talking). At that time, there were so-called "speakers", just like modern "storytellers". At first, they often use poems or stories as the introduction, and the narrative is vivid, but novels are divided into paragraphs unless they are written at one time. Therefore,
3. Briefly describe the political and economic development of the Song Dynasty ① The earliest paper money-Jiaozi appeared. In the rural areas of Song Dynasty, there were formal "fairs" and "fairs". The invention of compass strengthened the contact and trade between Song Dynasty and overseas countries. Kaifeng became the political and economic center of China. The exchange of goods increased and the business hours were long, which broke the restriction of day and night.
1. The development of commodity production in Song Dynasty was firstly the commercialization of agricultural products, such as tea, sugar, etc., and secondly the handicraft industry that produced various raw materials, such as pit smelting, which greatly expanded its scale. Workshops for daily necessities and handicrafts, such as cakes, clothes, hats, household sundries and so on, have also generally developed. 2. In the handicraft industry of Song Dynasty, the government-run handicraft industry still occupies a very important position. The organization scale of official handicrafts in Song Dynasty was larger than that in Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, the source of labor for official handicrafts was mostly recruited through the so-called "league meeting" (that is, guild organization), and the labor service system was generally implemented. This means the further liberation of the labor force. The earliest paper money appeared in Chengdu in Northern Song Dynasty. 4. Due to the further development of commodity economy, cities began to develop, and the government's intervention and control of commercial activities in the Northern Song Dynasty decreased. The boundary between residential and commercial areas gradually disappeared, and night markets began to appear. The capital of song dynasty, described in the dream of Tokyo, is a representative of the northern song dynasty. There are many very busy streets in the capital of song dynasty, where there are large shops with magnificent houses and wide facades, and each transaction is tens of millions, as well as supermarkets, night markets, restaurants, restaurants, stalls, vendors and formal temple fairs.
The economic prosperity of Song Dynasty was not as weak and incompetent as we thought. In the western world, people think that the arrival of the Millennium began with the arrival of the Song Dynasty in China. The wealth of the Song Dynasty was unparalleled in the world at that time, and the prosperity of science, technology and culture was also unparalleled. You can look at the following information. In the eyes of many people, the Song Dynasty is probably one of the worst dynasties in the history of China. The word "weak Song" seems to have dominated most or half of China.
Indeed, according to China's traditional evaluation criteria for dynasties, the Song Dynasty was indeed quite shameful. First of all, it seems that the Song Dynasty can get by with strong centralization. Secondly, isn't it enough to "spread all over the world" in the western regions? The best way is to get Moscow over here. The song dynasty is not good, not to mention the corner of the southern song dynasty. There are many satirical poems such as "Warm wind makes tourists drunk, Hangzhou becomes a frontier fortress". It was the Northern Song Dynasty that really pushed the eastern border to the Great Wall, not to mention the northwest; Finally, it is necessary to enhance the national prestige outside the country. "Those who commit crimes against Han will be punished far away!" It is best to seal wolves once a year.
What is Tiankhan? If you want the universe to be Khan, it will be even worse in the Song Dynasty. Not to mention driving in Mobei and taking Huanglong. I can't even keep myself. You keep sending money every year, and people who call uncles are always beaten. Two emperors were captured, and they couldn't stay on the mainland twice and went to sea. These are all glorious deeds that have never been seen before.
However, if we change our own perspective and try to look at history with another standard, we will not only look at the achievements of princes, but also look at the social and economic development and people's lives. Maybe things will be very different. There is an amazing number. The highest fiscal revenue in the Song Dynasty reached1.60 billion, and it reached 80-90 million in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty. Even in the Southern Song Dynasty, which lost half of its territory, the fiscal revenue was as high as1100,000.
What kind of concept is this? Let's compare it with other figures. In the five years of Qin Long in the Ming Dynasty (157 1), the state revenue was 2.5 million taels of silver.
Twenty-eight years after Zhang's political reform (1600), his revenue was 4 million taels (although Zhang died, the financial reform suffered relatively little, and it was only ten years before Zhang's death, so it is estimated that his revenue is not less than when Zhang was in office). There was chaos in the late Ming Dynasty. Under the attack of the late Jin Dynasty and the peasant uprising, the Ming government successively increased the levy of Liao, the suppression of salaries and the training of salaries, which was the famous "three salaries plus factions". As a result, people's grievances are boiling and smoke is everywhere.
So how much income has this "drinking poison to quench thirst" brought to the country? A year is about10.2 million. In other words, the total fiscal revenue of the Ming Dynasty was about150,000 taels of silver.
If we think that the general exchange rate of money is 1 two silvers = 1 copper coins, then the fiscal revenue of the Ming Dynasty is less than110 in the Northern Song Dynasty and less than 1/6 in the Southern Song Dynasty, although this is more than 300 years after the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, although the territory of the Ming Dynasty is far greater than that of the Song Dynasty. The financial situation of the Qing Dynasty was better than that of the Ming Dynasty, and the initial income in the seventh year of Shunzhi (1650)14.85 million yuan.
Xianfeng years (1850 or so) revenue is about 30-40 million Liang. The population is still far less than that of the Song Dynasty 600 years ago. At that time, the population of China had exceeded 300 million, which was estimated to be more than 2-3 times that of the Song Dynasty.
It was not until the late Qing Dynasty that the national fiscal revenue reached the level of the Song Dynasty. (The fiscal revenue of the Song Dynasty may be overestimated because of the exchange rate and discount rate, but even so, it is an indisputable fact that the fiscal revenue of the Song Dynasty is much larger than that of any other feudal dynasty. Does it mean that the financial revenue of the Song Dynasty is so huge and the burden on the people is extremely huge? Of course, it must be so in terms of per capita fiscal revenue.
However, we should know that the Song Dynasty was one of the only two great dynasties in the history of China where there was no nationwide peasant uprising. Only a few large-scale uprisings, such as Wang Xiaobo Uprising, Sung River Uprising, Fang La Uprising and Yao Uprising, have never exceeded the scope of a province.
Another dynasty with such a good record was the Western Jin Dynasty, and I am afraid that one of the reasons why the Western Jin Dynasty was able to do so was that its life span was too short and its roots were not as good as the outbreak of the uprising. It can be seen that the life of ordinary people in Song Dynasty is not bad.
I'm afraid the reason why we think that the people in the Song Dynasty are miserable is largely influenced by The Water Margin. Let's not mention the fictional ingredients in it. In fact, from the perspective of Water Margin, the main reason why those heroes who were forced to go to Liangshan became bandits was persecution, or crime, or being captured and cheated to go to Liangshan, and few of them really had no food and could not live.
So where does the huge fiscal revenue come from? Just look at the following set of figures. 10 (1077), the total income of North Om House was * * * 70.7 million, of which two taxes on agriculture were 21620,000, accounting for 30%, and two taxes on industry and commerce were 49110000 (how big is this figure? We can compare it. The Ming dynasty is very famous.
This figure shows that the main body of national fiscal revenue is no longer agriculture, but industry and commerce, and the agricultural society has begun to move towards an industrial society. The huge financial revenue in Song Dynasty did not aggravate the exploitation of farmers, but was the result of the rapid development of national economy, the extremely prosperous industry and commerce and the improvement of productivity.
As a traditional agricultural country, directly collecting agricultural taxes from a large number of small farmers has always been the basis of state rule, which is really unique in the Song Dynasty. It was not until the late Qing Dynasty that the industrial and commercial income once again exceeded the agricultural tax. Because a large number of independent small farmers are no longer the foundation of the country's survival, the Song Dynasty was able to adopt a completely different land policy from other dynasties.
For thousands of years, China has traditionally regarded land annexation as a national disaster and tried every means to contain it. So that this cycle is formed? .
5. The Economic Development of Song Dynasty Short Agriculture
(1) The population of Song Dynasty exceeded 100 million, and the labor force increased greatly. (2) Agricultural production tools and farming techniques have been greatly improved, and the tools used in rice transplanting season-seedling horse; Farmland water conservancy has made great progress. (3) The urban rice planting area has expanded rapidly, and rice has gradually jumped to the top of grain output.
manufacture
(1) Coal production ranks first in the world. (2) The smelting of metals such as iron and copper reached the highest level in the world at that time in both quality and quantity. Iron production is roughly equivalent to the total output of European countries in the18th century. (3) The ceramic manufacturing industry has also developed to a new stage. Porcelain is exquisitely made and has become the best-selling product in the world market.
Commercial (1) A large number of markets have appeared around the city and near the main roads in rural areas, gradually forming large and small towns, which greatly promoted the prosperity of urban commerce. (2) In the early Northern Song Dynasty, Jiaozi appeared in Sichuan, which was the earliest paper money in the world. In the Southern Song Dynasty, banknotes such as "Huizi" and "Guanzi" were very popular.
Overseas Trade (1) The Song government actively encouraged overseas trade, set up "Fanfang" in some important ports for foreign businessmen to live in, and set up "Fan Shi" and "Xue Fan". (2) Urban shipping agencies have been set up in Guangzhou, Hangzhou and other places to manage overseas trade. (3) The overseas trade in the Song Dynasty was very extensive. Merchant ships traveled from Korea and Japan in the east to Arabia and the Persian Gulf in the west, and traveled to and from China.
It is wrong to say that it already exists to lay the foundation for the germination of capitalism, which only appeared in the Ming Dynasty.
6. About the Economy and Military Affairs of the Song Dynasty [Historical Essay] The dreamy Great Song Dynasty The peak of the feudal dynasty in China was the Song Dynasty, not the Tang Dynasty.
Song Dynasty is the dynasty with the most prosperous economy, the most advanced science and technology, the most prosperous culture, the deepest art and the richest people's living standard in the history of China. Song Dynasty was the most brilliant dynasty in China, and it was also the country with the most inventions in the world at that time.
The Song Dynasty was also the period when China made the greatest contribution to the world. More than half of the important inventions in China's history appeared in the Song Dynasty. At that time, three of China's so-called four great inventions were invented or began to be applied on a large scale, including gunpowder, compass, printing, paper money, vertical textile and important reforms in porcelain-making technology. In the Song Dynasty, navigation, shipbuilding, medicine, technology and agricultural technology all reached unprecedented and unparalleled heights in ancient times.
The Song Dynasty also developed a new science, technical science. These brilliant achievements are directly related to the overall civilization of the Song Dynasty.
The GDP of Song Dynasty accounts for 50% of the world. The comprehensive strength of a country, both in quality and quantity, was the largest in the world in Song Dynasty.
The Song Dynasty has reached the peak of the feudal dynasty, and the seeds of capitalism have emerged. 1. 【 Economy and Commerce in Song Dynasty 】 The Song Dynasty was the only dynasty in ancient China that did not implement the policy of "restraining business" for a long time.
Since the Song Dynasty, it has been managing pits and organizing the development of tea salt. As a result, a large number of farmers liberated from the land invested in commercial handicrafts, and the private economy was stimulated and developed by leaps and bounds.
Created unprecedented wealth and prosperity. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, Song Taizu Zhao Boxin called on people to "accumulate more money, live in a city house to bequeath their children and grandchildren, and sing and dance until the end of their lives". Song Taizong also wrote a letter "Let the two systems know how to discuss politics and prosperity", so that officials can learn how to manage money and seek wealth.
Song Shenzong, on the other hand, believed in "managing money first" and promulgated the imperial edict of "managing money first". These policy orientations led to the vigorous development of the commercial tide, the rapid development of commerce and the rapid development of banking, which prompted the earliest paper money and banks in the world history to appear for the first time in the Song Dynasty.
Banks can make loans and pay in different places. During the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of mineral deposits such as gold, silver, copper, iron and coal were mined, and the earliest manufacturing plants and processing plants in the world history also appeared all over the country.
Such as shipyards, firearms factories, paper mills, printing plants, weaving factories, official kilns and so on. Workers in this factory are paid on time.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were seven or eight thousand craftsmen in the Military Equipment Institute. There are more than 1200 apprentices in the branch of the association.
Jin Ling College has more than 400 weavers. In addition to public factories, some private factories have also appeared and flourished in large numbers.
Due to the unprecedented economic prosperity, the number of coins minted in Song Dynasty was very large, such as 5.06 million coins minted in Song Shenzong. At the peak of the Tang Dynasty, Kaiyuan minted 320,000 coins.
The forms and types of money in Song Dynasty were too rich. Copper coins and silver ingots were the standard currencies in the Song Dynasty.
Copper coins and iron coins were used together in the Song Dynasty, and some of them contained alloy components. Besides, there are some silver coins.
The coins of the Song Dynasty were the highest and best coins in the ancient history of China in terms of variety, quantity and quality. The exquisite calligraphy engraved on the coins of the Song Dynasty was mostly written by famous artists and emperors, and the seals were covered with grass, ancient seals and thin gold seals.
All kinds of exquisite coins make people fondle them, and the art of coins in Song Dynasty is the highest. At that time, Song Qian was the favorite and strongest currency of neighboring countries.
Song's money became a treasure of the national treasury. Although there are imitations of Song coins in Liao countries, Jin countries and other countries, Song coins are the most widely circulated in Jin countries.
Up to now, the most Song money has been unearthed. Today, it has been unearthed in many areas, as far away as Japan and as far west as Europe and Africa.
It serves to show the prosperity and strength of the Song Dynasty. In order to avoid the trouble of carrying a lot of copper coins, the earliest paper money "Jiaozi" appeared in Sichuan around 998 AD (the first year of Xianping).
This is the earliest paper money in China and the world. But this kind of paper money is only equivalent to a guaranteed token.
There are several kinds of banknotes printed and issued by the Song government, such as Jiaozi, Yin Qian, Guanzi and Huizi. 1023 (the first year of Tiansheng), the Song government opened the first official institution in charge of issuing paper money-Yizhou Jiaozi Department, which was the earliest central people's bank in the world.
In A.D. 1024, the Song government began to print and distribute "Jiaozi". This kind of "Jiaozi" copper plate, with birds and animals, patterns, patterns or stories in color printing, is extremely exquisite. This kind of paper, like public debt, is issued at different levels.
The jiaozi was originally divided into two years, and the old jiaozi was abolished and recycled when the new jiaozi was issued. Since A.D. 1072 (the fifth year of Xining), although it still occurs every two years, the circulation period of each crossing has increased to four years. Jiaozi face value is a fixed face value from consistent to consistent, based on iron money, with issuance reserve, which has basically the characteristics of modern standard currency.
Its application is more and more extensive. The use of bills provides convenient conditions for commercial prosperity.
In the fourth year of the Northern Song Dynasty, a new type of paper money called "Yin Qian" was issued in Jiangbei and North China, but it was printed only once, and it stopped printing because of poor circulation. 1 107 (the first year of Daguan), Sichuan Jiaozi was renamed Yin Qian, and Jiaozi service was also renamed Yin Qianyi. A large number of banknotes were printed and issued, resulting in a serious devaluation of Yin Qian.
1 1 10 years (the third year of Daguan), the circulation is limited to1250,000, and the circulation areas are also limited to Sichuan, Shaanxi and Hedong, using iron money. Later, various methods were adopted for exchange, and the old coins were stopped and the reserves were increased, so that the value of the currency was restored. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Song government set up Huiji in Hangzhou to manage its printing.
One thousand, two thousand, three thousand, two hundred, three hundred, five hundred and six denominations were printed. The meeting takes three years as the "boundary", which expires when it expires, and the old and the new alternate.
From A.D. 1 17 1 to A.D. 1240, * * * issued the 18th Society. Later, the government stipulated that the 17th and 18th clubs could circulate permanently.
This is pure paper money issued by the government in the true sense. Paper money has gradually replaced copper coins as the main medium of exchange.
The rapid development of commerce has played a driving role. In Song Dynasty, the traditional practice of heavy punishment and light people was adjusted, and both justice and benefit were paid equal attention, and economic legislation was attached great importance.
Laws and regulations cover all aspects of social and economic activities, and specially set up monopoly laws, such as salt law, wine law, tea law and so on. Song Dynasty became the most active period of economic legislation in ancient China.