Potato growth habit temperature: potato likes to be cold and cool, and it is a crop that likes low temperature. The optimum temperature for tuber growth is 16℃~ 18℃. When the local temperature is higher than 25℃, tuber growth stops. The optimum temperature for stem and leaf growth is 15℃~25℃, and it will stop growing when it exceeds 39℃.
Light: Germination stage: Promoting potato to germinate short and strong buds is a prerequisite to ensure vigorous growth and high yield. Short sunshine can inhibit the elongation of buds and avoid growing into thin seedlings. Seed potatoes can be placed in short sunshine during dormancy to accelerate germination and promote the formation of short and strong buds.
Moisture: the water requirement for potato germination is very small, and the moisture in the seed potato block can basically maintain the growth of seedlings. At this stage, the soil should not be too wet, so as to avoid poor air permeability, lack of oxygen, open pores and infection with bacteria, which will cause potato rot. However, it should not be too dry to prevent the soil from absorbing the water in the seed potato block, and now the bud grows. At this stage, the soil moisture can be kept at about 50% of the field capacity.
Soil: There are high requirements for soil texture and air permeability, and sandy loam is the most suitable soil for potato growth at present.
Fertilization: Generally, the fertilization of potatoes is based on the principle of organic fertilizer, supplemented by chemical fertilizer, heavy application of base fertilizer and early application of topdressing. Because organic fertilizer is rich in organic matter, it is beneficial to fertilize, loosen soil, improve soil fertility, and is more conducive to potato tuber expansion and root growth. In the process of potato growth, it is the flowering period when water and fertilizer are most needed, and it is also the season when the temperature rises and the rainfall increases. At the same time, it is also the stage of organic fertilizer gradually maturing, decomposing and releasing nutrients. At this time, the conversion benefit of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer in base fertilizer is expanding continuously, which meets the demand for nutrients during potato growth and promotes plant growth and development.
Potato planting time and season 1, northeast and northwest regions such as Gansu and Qinghai.
Generally, it is planted in spring (from mid-late April to early May) and harvested in autumn. Usually only one season of potatoes can be planted in a year, which is called one-season planting area in the north and northwest regions.
2. Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Hunan, Hubei and other provinces.
Plant potatoes twice a year. Among them, spring potatoes were sown in February and March and harvested in June and July in Central Plains areas such as Shandong and Hebei. Sow autumn potatoes in August,1end of October 10-165438+first harvest; Spring potatoes were sown in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other central and southern provinces in 5438+0-February and harvested in May-June; Sow in September and harvest in February. These areas are called Central Plains and Central South Planting Areas.
3. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, Guizhou and other regions
Planting one-season potatoes in the gap between rice harvesting in autumn. Generally, it is sown in the middle and late June of 65438+1October-165438+1October, and harvested in February and March of the following year. Because the growing season is mostly in winter, these areas are often called southern winter farming areas. Potato planting methods and steps Soil preparation should try to choose fertile and loose soil, among which sandy land is the most suitable for potato planting. Secondly, when preparing soil, dig as deep as possible, refine the soil, and then apply base fertilizer. The land where potatoes are planted should be deeply plowed and raked to loosen the soil and improve its water storage and fertilizer conservation ability.
Sowed potatoes should be disease-free, injury-free and crack-free, especially small potato pieces 1 2 around 6 yuan are the best seeds. For large potato seeds, it is necessary to handle cutting, and potatoes are usually cut indoors. Tools such as knives and boards should be strictly disinfected. Knives should be fast, thin and absolutely clean. Generally, two knives should be prepared, one of which is soaked in 75% alcohol semen, 0. 1% potassium permanganate solution or salt water. When the knife used for cutting potatoes cuts diseased potatoes, it should be replaced immediately and the diseased potatoes should be removed in time. When cutting potatoes, cut them vertically to ensure that each potato block has more than 2 bud holes. Generally, according to the variety characteristics and soil fertility, the sowing width of double ridges and high ridges is 3 feet, that is, large row spacing 1.8 feet and small row spacing 1.2 feet. The nest spacing is 6 inches, and 6600 nests are sown per mu;
Or 2.8 feet for sowing, with large row spacing 1.8 feet, small row spacing 1 foot, and 7 100 nests per mu. Sowing requires deep, straight and uniform. That is, deep ploughing, deep planting and deep soil covering, and the sowing depth is about 7.5 inches. Sowing should be carried out on sunny or cloudy days, not immediately after rainy or heavy rain. The intercropping field is 6 feet (for places below 1 200m) or 5.5 feet (for places above1200m), and two rows of spring potatoes are planted at the interval of1foot from late October to mid-February. After sowing, cover two rows with soil to form ridges. After the emergence of potatoes, we should check the seedling situation in time and replenish the seedlings in time to ensure the whole seedling. When sowing, the extra tubers should be densely planted in the ground to supplement the seedlings. When replanting seedlings, if there are diseased and rotten potatoes in the pit, the diseased potatoes and the surrounding soil must be dug up before replanting seedlings. When the soil is dry, it is necessary to dig holes and water, and plant seedlings with a small amount of fertilizer to reduce the slow growth time of seedlings and restore growth as soon as possible. Field management 1, ventilation recently, the temperature has gradually increased, and potatoes in the shed should be ventilated and deflated. Every morning at 8- 10, when the temperature in the shed is above 18℃, open the ventilation opening to let in fresh air and control the shed temperature within 25℃; Film-covered potatoes have begun to emerge, and the whole field should be inspected before 9: 00 am every day, and the film should be broken in time to prevent the seedlings from baking after they are unearthed.
2. Pay attention to those who have insufficient soil moisture when watering and sowing, and observe the soil moisture under the film. If the humidity is insufficient and the topsoil is dry, the seedlings may be burned before being unearthed. It is suggested to replenish water in time to facilitate the emergence of seedlings.
3. The stem and leaf growth of bunchy potato before seedling stage is not large, but the leaf spreading speed is very fast. After clustered trees, the growth of stems and leaves soared and began to form lateral branches. In order to meet the large demand for nutrients and water in the growth period of trees, water and topdressing should be done before the trees are overgrown. Common potato diseases in pest control include virus disease, late blight, bacterial wilt, ring rot, scab and cancer. Late blight should be controlled with Bordeaux mixture or Trichoderma as soon as possible. The control methods of bacterial wilt mainly include rational rotation, selection of disease-resistant varieties and small whole potatoes as seeds. The main pests are ladybugs, silkworms, aphids, lice and crickets. This can be controlled by drugs or artificial killing. Harvest after maturity When the plant stops growing and most of the stems and leaves turn yellow, the tubers are easy to separate from the stolons, the periderm becomes hard, and the dry matter content is the highest. Therefore, the best harvest time of edible tubers can be advanced by 5-7 days to reduce the adverse effects of high temperature in the later period and improve the seed quality.
Key points of potato high-yield cultivation techniques 1. Planting time
As for the planting time, due to the great difference between the north and the south, it can be planted in winter in southern China. The northern area can be planted in spring.
Second, choose good varieties.
Do not choose degraded potato seeds, choose disease-resistant and virus-free potato seeds.
Third, accelerate germination.
Before potato sowing 1520 days, put potatoes indoors, pile them up at a height of 3060 cm, and then cover them with paper. The temperature is controlled at 1820 degrees. Turn the pile every 3 to 5 days and turn it up and down evenly. After about 12 days, open the paper cover to let the potatoes see the light and the potato buds turn green. When the potato buds grow to about 0.5 cm, they can be sliced.
Fourth, cut into pieces.
Cutting should be carried out 0 to 2 days before sowing. When cutting into pieces, don't cross-cut, so there are no potato buds at one end. Cut the potatoes in half lengthwise. Potatoes can be cut into 4 pieces. Sterilize potato seeds with alcohol. Ventilation time is 12 days.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) sow.
Trenching depth15cm, row spacing 70cm. First, apply chemical fertilizer at the bottom of the ditch, then apply farmyard manure on the chemical fertilizer, then put the cooled potato seeds at a distance of 30 cm, and finally close the ditch.
Intransitive verb Tian Tuan management
1, reasonable fertilization, generally 667 square meters (l mu) of decomposed high-quality farmyard manure of 20002500 kg, plant ash 100 150 kg, and special fertilizer for potatoes of 7080 kg.
2. The suitable moisture for potato growth is 80%. The suitable water content of potato in bud stage is 70.80%. The suitable water content in the potato setting stage is 80.85%. If it is dry, water it properly.
3, in addition to pests
Before sowing potatoes, add phoxim into fine soil according to the ratio of 1: 15002000. Then sprinkle phoxim in a good proportion in the sowing ditch. It can kill grubs, ground tigers and other pests. If there are aphids and other pests on potato seedlings, 90% trichlorfon crystals can be mixed with water to prepare 1000 1200 times solution and sprayed on the leaves.
Seven, weeding and soil cultivation
After the potato buds are unearthed, when they are equal to 56 leaves, loosen the soil to weed and cultivate the soil at the roots.
Eight, harvest
Potatoes are harvested at physiological maturity. It usually starts in mid-July.