Over the years, due to economic difficulties, backward infrastructure, inconvenient transportation, insufficient ideological preparation and other unfavorable factors, reform and opening up have begun.
The color is not big, and it is still in its infancy. Tajikistan, in particular, is out of the question of reform because of years of war. Other 4
China, Kazakstan and Kyrgyzstan have made great progress in reform. Their common feature is the comparison of economic policies.
Slow and steady, don't adopt the "shock therapy" implemented by Russia, advocate limited and phased privatization, and don't just develop market access.
Relations, but also retained the necessary macro-control of the state, while implementing a certain social security system in the reform, thus reducing the differences between urban and rural areas.
The living difficulties encountered by residents in the process of reform have ensured social stability. After independence, Central Asia paid more attention to opening to the outside world and attracting foreign investment.
Invested and adopted a series of legal documents for this purpose. Alenov, deputy director of the Institute of Strategic Studies directly under the President of Kazakhstan
In August this year, he spoke at the international seminar "China and Central Asia: Development and Cooperation" sponsored by China Institute of Contemporary International Relations.
It is said that the focus of Kazakhstan's future reform is how to enter the world market, and Kazakhstan is prepared to achieve this goal within 10- 15 years. To this end,
The Government of Kazakhstan has formulated major reform measures to be implemented in the future:
① Reform the economic structure. First, develop the oil exploration industry, mainly exploiting the Black Sea continental shelf, Mangheshitu and Akkubin oil.
Oil fields and natural gas in West Kazakhstan, the second is to develop metallurgy and machinery manufacturing, so as to organically combine them, and the third is to develop.
Agricultural machinery and its processing industry, the fourth is to develop transportation and build a continental bridge.
② Reform the financial and investment policies: raise the exchange rate according to international standards, and link wages with enterprise benefits and investment.
Stimulate the micro-economy: set up an economic reform foundation, review various investment projects, and provide medium and long-term loans for key reform projects.
Paragraph; Make use of the resource potential of gold, silver and precious stones, prepare to issue domestic currency, and strive to grasp the autonomy of economic development.
③ Accelerate the privatization process. To this end, the government has established three objectives of privatization: first, economic objectives, that is, promoting enterprises.
Developing production, the second is the social goal, making people own private property and reducing the state-owned economy from the current 96% to 30%.
Left and right, the third is the political goal, that is, to establish a middle class, making it the basic guarantee for supporting reform and promoting economic development.
④ Adjusting the foreign economic strategy. Decision: Accelerate the development of export commodity production and change the current situation that raw materials account for 90% of export products.
Form, learn from foreign experience, set up special economic zones, formulate foreign investment laws and other legal documents.
⑤ Ensure economic security, establish your own energy production and supply system, and get rid of dependence on Russia.
⑥ Establish regional economy, and focus on the western region in the future, and vigorously develop oil and natural resources there.
Gas.
⑦ Develop the national factors of economy, and strive to make Kazakhs occupy an absolute dominant position in China by 2029. To this end, in addition to improving
In addition to the natural growth rate of Kazakh population, Kazakhs from other countries are also welcome to return to China to settle down.
(2) Carry out steady and moderate political reform. At the beginning of their independence, Central Asian countries all indicated that they would carry out "national reform".
So as to gain sympathy and assistance from the Quartet countries. Kyrgyzstan has made great progress in this regard and is praised as "the people" by the west.
A model of god. "As early as before independence, the party and government powers were divided and other governments were absorbed in the cabinet and state organs.
Party representatives, which also created conditions for the emergence and activities of various political parties. First Congress of Democratic Parties and Movements in Central Asia
Held in Bishkek, the capital of the country. Kazakhstan's leaders also said that they would carry out political reforms and a multi-party system was being implemented in the country.
Form. Uzbek President Karimov said, "Uzbekistan is ready to build an open society.
In society, there will be no rule by a single political party, and Uzbekistan will resolutely take the road of democratic reform. However, from
On the whole, most former Central Asian countries did not "abandon the old way of thinking", but "stuck to the old system and direction".
Leap forward "position, so it is prudent to carry out" democratic reform ". Central Asian countries are generally not interested in the former.
Take drastic action, and some * * * will remain an important force in political life after they are renamed. Kyrgyzstan is * * *
No, but President Akayev said that it is not allowed to take action against * * * "arbitrary". Some countries in Central Asia are right.
The activities of social and political organizations should be supervised. For example, the authorities in Turkmenistan banned the publication of independent newspapers founded by "Democrats".
It is not allowed to publish newspapers such as Moscow News run by "Democrats" in Moscow. On February 5 last year, Kazakhstan refused to
Arash newspapers and other newspapers are registered on the grounds that they "incite nationalist sentiments, provoke ethnic disputes and call for change."
And the territorial boundary of the Republic of China ". Uzbek and Tajik officials also refused to recognize Berlik and Rastokz.
Kind of like a nationalist party. The five Central Asian countries have made some compromises and concessions to religious forces, but they have also taken measures to their activities.
Some restrictive measures, such as censorship of religious newspapers, stipulate that imams are not allowed to serve as members of parliament. Central Asia has expressed its determination.
Oppose religious fantasies. Kyrgyz President Akayev said that "religion is not allowed to interfere in state affairs" and it is necessary to make
Uzbek Prime Minister Mutalov declared that Kyrgyz people are not harmed by "Islamic fundamentalism".
Doctrine is not in line with Uzbekistan's national conditions, and the government will make every effort to resist this trend, "said Turkmenistan President Nya.
Zoff said that they "don't trust" Islamic fundamentalism and should take measures to resist it.
Zarbayev said that Kazakhstan has a special role in "guiding Central Asian countries to get rid of the influence of Islamic fundamentalism and Iran".
Responsibility. "
(3) Actively expand foreign relations. After independence, Central Asian countries actively carried out diplomatic activities, striving for international recognition and seeking
Foreign aid and mutually beneficial cooperation. So far, except Tajikistan, four other countries have received commitments from more than 65,438+000 countries.
Recognized and joined the United Nations and other international organizations.
The vast majority of residents in the five Central Asian countries believe in Islam and are inextricably linked with neighboring countries rich in natural resources.
Its strategic position is impressive. Islamic neighbors Turkey and Iran use their own race, religion, language and
People who are close to Central Asia are ahead of others in cultural tradition. Turkey has upgraded itself through trade with Central Asia.
At the same time, we hope to promote the western "democratic ideas" through economic and trade cooperation to fight against Islamic fundamentalism.
Expand its influence in the region. Turkey has conducted frequent exchanges with five Central Asian countries for this purpose. The two sides set up embassies and signed them.
Sign commercial and cultural exchange agreements to support the five Central Asian countries politically and economically, such as 1989 to pull into Turkey.
The Black Sea Economic Cooperation Circle advocated by Auzard has enabled Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and
Kyrgyzstan has joined the Economic Cooperation Organization composed of Turkey, Iran and Pakistan. Iran is not far behind. Currently working.
Carry out diplomacy in Central Asia, sign economic cooperation agreements with them, provide loans to Central Asia, set up joint ventures, and promise to invest in oil.
Give strong support and cooperation in natural gas exploitation and transportation. At the same time, officials from five Central Asian countries also visited.
I have asked Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and other countries, and some have signed diplomatic agreements and opened embassies and consulates.
And agreements to exchange business and cultural ties.
In order to curb the expansion of Islamic fundamentalism, the United States and other western countries have further strengthened their presence in the Persian Gulf and South Asia.
Its position has also strengthened its diplomatic activities with the five Central Asian countries. Western businessmen also examined the possibility of investing in factories.
Make love. Central Asian countries also attach great importance to developing relations with western countries in order to win western aid and investment. It's been over a year.
President Nazarbayev visited the United States, Britain, France, Germany and other western countries and signed a series of economic and trade agreements.
Discuss and attract western capital to start some joint ventures.
The five Central Asian countries are inextricably linked with Russia in politics, economy, military, nationality and culture. single
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), they all made their own way to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and began to keep their distance from Russia. But more than a year's practice has proved that
Ming believes that it is difficult for them to get out of trouble with the aid of the west and the help of neighboring countries, and they rely on Russia.
It is difficult to change the pattern at once. For example, in the past, 80% of raw materials in Central Asia had to be transported to Russia for processing, at a cost of 5O 1.
70% of industrial products and raw materials need to be imported from Russia. Nazarbayev admitted that 80% of the current economic crisis in Central Asia
The reason is that the economic ties with CIS countries, especially Russia, have been destroyed. The situation over the past year or so shows that,
Central Asia has strengthened its ties with the Commonwealth of Independent States, especially with Russia, and recently established an economic union within the Commonwealth of Independent States.
The alliance is an example.
Central Asia and China are close neighbors, and the three Central Asian countries are bordered by China. After the independence of Central Asia and
China's relations have entered a new stage. The two sides established formal diplomatic relations, and some Central Asian countries visited China one after another, and held talks with China in Xu.
Signed documents on exchanges and cooperation in various fields. Both Central Asia and China want to maintain a peaceful and stable domestic and international environment.
Conditions; Economically, the two sides are highly complementary and have potential that is far from being realized. In international affairs, Central Asia and China.
Have a lot in common. In addition, the "Eurasian Continental Bridge", which is geographically close and runs through the east and west, makes the Central Asian countries move eastward to the Pacific Ocean.
Main road. It can be predicted that the cooperation between Central Asia and China has a very broad prospect.
To sum up, Central Asian countries actively carry out diplomatic activities with the international community, seeking to provide economic assistance and attract foreign investment and technology.
Technology, which will provide good conditions for the development of Central Asia.