Unit 1: The political system of ancient China

1. The political system of Xia, Shang and Zhou

1. The political system of Xia, Shang and Zhou: ① The first period in the history of our country The founder of a dynasty, the Xia Dynasty, was Yu. my country's early national political system began in the Xia Dynasty. After Qi ascended the throne, the hereditary system of the throne replaced the abdication system in the late primitive society. ② The Shang Dynasty inherited the system of the Xia Dynasty with slight changes. It had an administrative system from the central to local governments. There are prime ministers and ministers in the center, and there are marquis and uncles in the local areas.

2. The enfeoffment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty: ① King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty defeated the Zhou Dynasty and destroyed the Shang Dynasty and established the Western Zhou Dynasty. The Western Zhou Dynasty implemented a system of enfeoffment, also known as feudal state-building. King Wu granted a certain amount of land and people to the royal family, heroes and nobles of the past generations, allowing them to establish vassal states and defend the royal family. The fundamental purpose was to consolidate the rule of the Zhou Dynasty. . Obligations: The feudal princes have the obligation to guard the territory, fight with them, pay tribute and report on their duties during pilgrimage. Impact: The enfeoffment system strengthened the Zhou emperor's rule over the local area, expanded the ruling area, and formed a strict hierarchy within the aristocratic ruling class "Emperor - princes - ministers, officials - scholars"

② In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the royal power declined ,. As the power of the princes grew stronger, the feudal system was destroyed. The landmark event was the King of Chu's ascension to the throne.

3. The patriarchal system of the Western Zhou Dynasty: ① The patriarchal system is a political system that is mutually exclusive with the feudal system. It evolved from the patriarchal system of primitive society. ②The biggest feature and core of the Western Zhou clan system is the eldest son inheritance system. There are large and small sects. The eldest son belongs to the major sect, and the rest are minor sects. The minor sects must obey the major sect. The relationship between the big clan and the small clan is not only a relationship of family hierarchy (brothers), but also a relationship of political affiliation (superior and subordinate of the monarch and his ministers). ④The embodiment of the patriarchal system in the political system is the feudal system. From the emperor to the princes to the ministers and then to the scholars (the lowest level), the enfeoffments were divided layer by layer. The patriarchal system ensures the political monopoly and privileged status of the nobility, and is also conducive to the stability and unity within the ruling group.

2. The formation of the centralized system of the Qin Dynasty

1. The supreme imperial power: ① During the Warring States Period, after Shang Yang’s reform, King Qin Yingzheng successively destroyed Han, Zhao, Wei, and Chu The six kingdoms of Yan, Qi, and Yan established the Qin Dynasty, the first unified feudal dynasty in Chinese history. ② Ying Zheng stipulated that the highest feudal ruler was the "Emperor" and called himself the "First Emperor". ③Qin Shihuang stipulated that the emperor should be called "I"; the emperor's orders should be called "Zhi" or "Edict"; and the jade seal used by the emperor should be called "Xi". All administrative, economic, military and other powers in the country were under the control of the emperor, and all major central and local officials were appointed and dismissed by the emperor. ④The emperor system pioneered by Qin Shi Huang embodies the important characteristics of China’s feudal autocratic system.

2. A relatively complete central official system: ① Qin Shihuang established a relatively complete central government organization based on the official system during the Warring States Period. ②In the center, the prime minister, the imperial censor, and the Taiwei were established as the three highest official positions in the central government of the Qin Dynasty. The prime minister helped the emperor handle the political affairs of the country, and the imperial censor was in charge of the memorials of the ministers, issued the emperor's edicts, and also handled state supervision matters. Taiwei is responsible for national military affairs. Military and state affairs were completely controlled by the emperor alone.

3. Full implementation of the county system: ① During the Spring and Autumn Period, some vassal states established counties in newly annexed areas and counties in border areas. ②During the Warring States Period, Shang Yang's Reform was abolished and replaced by prefectures and counties. ③After the unification of Qin, the feudal system was abolished nationwide and the system of counties and counties was implemented. ④The county is the highest-level local administrative agency below the central government, and the highest official is the county governor. The county is the lower-level administrative agency of the county, and the chief executive is called the county magistrate or county magistrate. There are also grassroots administrative agencies such as townships and li at the county level. ⑤The Qin Dynasty's pyramid-like governing body from the central to the local governments had a clear division of official responsibilities, which both cooperated with and restrained each other, marking the establishment of a centralized system of feudal absolutism.

4. The role and impact of centralization: ① Stabilize borders, maintain national unity, and expand territory. The Qin Dynasty formed the first unified multi-ethnic feudal state in Chinese history. ② Promulgate laws, unify weights and measures, currency and writing, build Chi Road, and open spiritual canals, which is conducive to the development of feudal economy and culture, and is conducive to the formation of the Chinese nation with the Huaxia ethnic group as the main body.

③ It established the basic pattern of China’s feudal political system for more than two thousand years and was followed by successive feudal dynasties. ④ Qin Shihuang's autocracy put the people in a bad situation, intensified class conflicts, and broke out the Chen Sheng and Wu Guang uprisings, the first large-scale peasant uprising in Chinese history.

3. The evolution of the political system from the Han Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty

1. The evolution of the central political system: ① The central political system during the Han Dynasty basically followed the system of the Qin Dynasty, which is historically known as the "Han inheritance" Qin system". However, the harsh laws of the Qin Dynasty were abolished, which resulted in some gains and losses. ②The Han Dynasty implemented the emperor system, with the prime minister, the imperial censor, and the Taiwei in the center, who were customarily called the Three Dukes. ③In the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used commoners as prime ministers, and used his attendants and secretaries as ministers to form the "Chinese Dynasty", and the organization of the three ministers and nine ministers was called the "Outer Dynasty". ④ During the reign of Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the power of the Shangshu Desk was expanded and it became the central organization for decision-making. ⑤During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the three-province system of Shangshu Province, Zhongshu Province, and Menxia Province was formed. ⑥In the Sui Dynasty, Shangshu Province, Neishi Province, and Menxia Province were the highest central governing bodies. The division of labor among the three provinces of the Tang Dynasty was clear, and the power of the prime minister was divided into three parts. ⑦During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, six ministries including officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments, and workers were also established under the Shangshu Province, establishing a three-province and six-ministerial system. ⑧In the early Song Dynasty, Zhongshu was the highest administrative agency, and the Privy Council was the highest military and political agency, collectively known as the "Second Government". Later, the deputy prime minister was added to the post of deputy prime minister, and three ministers were set up to manage finances, thus weakening the power of the prime minister. ⑨The Yuan Dynasty integrated the political system of Han and Mongolia, and established the Zhongshu Province and the Privy Council in the central government, with the Zhongshu Province as the highest administrative organ, exercising the powers of the prime minister; the Privy Council as the highest military organ, and the Xuanzheng Yuan at the same time, commanding religious affairs and managing the Tibetan area.

2. The evolution of the local political system: ① The Warring States and Qin Dynasties implemented the system of prefectures and counties. The early Han Dynasty inherited the system of prefectures and counties, and at the same time divided the vassal kingdoms, and the two systems of prefectures and states existed in parallel. The county governor and the prime minister are the highest administrators of the county and the kingdom respectively. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the military and political power of the kingdom was lifted and the country was divided into 13 states. The states served as supervisory areas and established governors. ②During the Eastern Han Dynasty, governors gradually added local administrative and military powers. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, prefectures gradually evolved into local administrative districts. The local administrative divisions were transformed from the two-level system of counties and counties to the three levels of state, county and county. ③In the early Sui Dynasty, local administrative agencies overlapped, with more officials and fewer people. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty abolished the county level and formed a two-level system of prefectures and counties. ④The local administrative institutions of the Tang Dynasty were the same as those of the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty divided the country into 10 tracts. As supervisory areas, Tang Suzong changed the chief inspectors of the tracts to observer envoys, and the tracts gradually became administrative entities above states and counties. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, vassal towns were set up, forming a separatist situation. ⑤In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Taizu reduced the power of local Jiedushi and sent civil servants as local officials. In the Song Dynasty, local government was divided into two levels: prefectures and counties, and the "Tao" in the Tang Dynasty was changed to "Road", which was above the prefectures and counties. ⑥The Yuan Dynasty implemented a provincial system in local areas. Under the province, there are roads, prefectures, prefectures, and counties, and in remote ethnic areas there are Xuanwei departments. The establishment of the provincial system was a major change in the local administrative system in ancient China and the beginning of the provincial system in China. ⑦ From the Han Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, the central government strictly restricted local administration and did not allow the existence of an independent administrative system. Local officials must obey their superiors, local governments must obey the central government, and finally they must obey the monarch. Form a high degree of centralization.

Central and local

The establishment of the Qin emperor system, the emperor had overall political, economic and military power in the country.

The central government established the prime minister (decision-making), the Yushi doctor (supervision), and the Taiwei (military affairs)

This marked the establishment of the centralized system of feudal absolutism.

Abolition of enfeoffment and establishment of counties and counties, with the chiefs of counties and counties appointed by the emperor.

Han The Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, with some changes.

At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, there were three public officials and nine ministers.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: established the Central Dynasty and weakened the power of the prime minister.

Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty: Set up a chancery, and the emperor had overall power. In the early Han Dynasty, the two systems of prefectures and states existed in parallel, and the power of the princes became stronger, posing a threat to the central government. In the later period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, prefectures were set up as supervisory areas, and governors were appointed to supervise princes and local officials on behalf of the central government.

In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, there were three levels: prefecture, county and county.

In the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the three-province system of Shangshu Province, Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province gradually took shape.

In the Sui Dynasty, there were three provinces, namely Shangshu Province, Neishi Province, and Menxia Province, at the state and county levels

In the Tang Dynasty, Zhongshu Province (decision-making), Menxia Province (deliberation) and Shangshu Province (execution) were divided into six departments ), the power of the prime minister was divided into three, and the three provinces restrained and supervised each other to ensure the sole sovereignty of the monarch. It has been used by all dynasties since then. At the state and county levels, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty established Dao as a supervisory area. During the reign of Emperor Suzong of the Tang Dynasty, Dao became an administrative entity above the state and county. Form (road), state, county.

In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the power of Jieduzhi expanded and developed into a separatist situation of vassal towns.

Song Dynasty

The highest administrative body, Zhongshumenxia2fu

The highest military and political body, the Privy Council

Divide the financial power of the prime minister into three ministers

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Divide the administrative power of the prime minister to participate in political affairs

Weaken the power of the prime minister and further strengthen the imperial power.

The local administrative system is roads, prefectures, and counties

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Comprehensive Han and Mongolian political systems, Zhongshu Province (administration, commanding six ministries), Privy Council (military ), Xuanzhengyuan (Religion and Tibetan Affairs). In the provincial system, except for Hebei, Shanxi, and Shandong, which are under the direct jurisdiction of the Zhongshu Province, there are local Xingzhongshu Provinces, with Pingzhang Zhengshi as the highest official, and the provinces have great power. Xuanwei Division was set up for management in remote areas. The provincial system strengthened the centralization of power and consolidated the unity of the multi-ethnic country. Its establishment was a major change in the local administrative system and the beginning of China's provincial system.

In the Ming Dynasty, the prime minister and Zhongshu Sheng were abolished, and six departments were used to manage national government affairs. The autocratic monarchy system reached its peak.

Ming Taizu established college students as attendants and advisors. During the reign of Emperor Chengzu, the cabinet system was established. Xuanzong gave the cabinet ministers the right to vote.

The local government has established three departments: the Chief Secretary (administration), the Metropolitan Command Department (military affairs) and the Inspection Department (supervision).

Qing Dynasty In the early Qing Dynasty, the power of the Council of King and Ministers to discuss government affairs was higher than that of the cabinet and the six ministries, and the imperial power was greatly restricted.

During Kangxi's reign, the South Study Room was established. The three pillars of the Cabinet, the Council of Princes and Ministers for Discussing Government Affairs, and the South Study Room were concentrated in the emperor's power.

During the Yongzheng period, the Military Aircraft Department was set up, and the Military Aircraft Minister recorded and conveyed the emperor's will. The monarchy's autocratic system reached its peak.

4. The strengthening of the autocratic monarchy in the Ming and Qing dynasties

1. The abolition of the prime minister system: ① In the early Ming Dynasty, following the Yuan Dynasty system, the left and right prime ministers governed six ministries and managed national administrative affairs. ② Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, abolished the Executive Secretary and established the Chief Secretary, the Capital Command Department and the Inspection Department to take charge of local administration, military affairs and supervision, collectively known as the "Three Divisions". Later, he ordered the abolition of Zhongshu Sheng and the prime minister, and the six departments were responsible for managing national government affairs. The prime minister system was abolished. Absolute monarchy reached new heights.

2. The establishment of the cabinet: ① After Ming Taizu deposed the prime minister, he appointed a grand master of the palace as an attendant advisor. ② During the reign of Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty, Hanlin Academy officials were selected to serve in the Wenyuan Pavilion to participate in decision-making on confidential affairs, which was known as the "cabinet" in history. The cabinet system was formally established. ③ During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty, the cabinet was granted the power to draft votes for academicians. ④The Ming Dynasty cabinet was never a statutory central-level administrative or decision-making body, but a chamber of commerce that provided advisors to the emperor. ⑤The cabinet is the product of the strengthening of the monarchy and cannot restrict the imperial power.

3. The pinnacle of the autocratic monarchy: ① After Nurhaci established the Houjin regime, he implemented the tradition of tribal nobles discussing politics together. ② Huang Taiji set up a meeting of kings and ministers to discuss government affairs. There is also a cabinet and six ministries. The power of the council of kings and ministers to discuss government affairs is higher than that of the six ministries. Imperial power was greatly restricted. ③After Emperor Kangxi came to power, the South Study was set up, and the central organization was divided into three. The cabinet, the meeting of kings and ministers, and the South Study were three pillars, restricting each other, and finally centralizing power in the emperor. ④ During the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, the Military Aircraft Department was also established, and the emperor selected trusted Manchu and Han ministers to serve as military aircraft ministers. The meeting of kings and ministers and the south study room were in name only, and were subsequently abolished. The cabinet also existed in name only, and the autocratic monarchy reached its peak. ⑤The rulers of the Qing Dynasty inherited the Ming system and pushed the autocratic monarchy system to its peak. The emperor was not only the highest legislator, but also the highest administrator and the highest judicial person, free from restraint and supervision. This absolute monarchy greatly hinders the progress of society and the growth of the buds of capitalism.

What impact did the strengthening of the autocratic monarchy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties have on Chinese society?

Positive effects: It is conducive to the unification and consolidation of multi-ethnic countries, social stability, economic development and cultural prosperity, and provides political guarantee for the emergence of the prosperous age of Kangxi and Qianlong.

Negative effects: The extreme expansion of imperial power has become an important factor hindering social progress. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, bourgeois revolutions or reforms occurred in Britain and other Western countries (the Glorious Revolution in Britain, the War of Independence in the United States, etc.), establishing bourgeois rule and promoting the development of capitalism. The unprecedented strengthening of the autocratic rule of the monarchy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties greatly hindered social progress. From then on, the development of Chinese society began to lag far behind the West.

Unit 2 The Political System of Ancient Greece and Rome

Five Cradles of Greek Civilization

Characteristics - Influence of Geographical Environmental Factors

① Economy: Surrounded by water on three sides, there are many harbors, especially islands scattered along the route to West Asia, which is conducive to navigation and cultural exchanges. Therefore, Greece's commodity production and overseas trade are relatively developed.

②External relations: Since navigation and navy were of great significance to ancient Greece, the ancient Greeks, who had less land and more people, often relied on these advantages to expand overseas colonies.

③Politics: The characteristics of Greek city-states are that they are small countries with few people, and each state has long-term independence and self-governance; the civil politics implemented by Greek city-states enable citizens of the city-state to enjoy relatively sufficient political rights; in particular, the democracy of Athens has laid a solid foundation for future generations. Provided valuable reference experience.

Athenian Democracy

Solon: Citizens were divided into four classes according to the amount of property. The Citizens’ Assembly was the highest authority, and citizens at all levels could participate. The reform was shaken The hereditary privileges of the old clan aristocrats guaranteed the democratic rights of citizens and laid the foundation for Athenian democracy

Clitis: Set up a council of five hundred people to govern in turns,

Perik Here: (The development of democratic politics reaches its peak): The granting of theater subsidies is Athens’ brilliant achievement in the spiritual and cultural field

The basic characteristics of Athenian democracy: people’s sovereignty and rule by turns.

Significance: ① Innovation: It provides mankind with a new form of collective management, creates a democratic operation method, and accumulates valuable experience for the development of democratic politics in later generations.

②Advantages: Decision-making by the majority allows for a more comprehensive consideration of issues; public officials are elected by a majority and are under the supervision of the masses, reducing the possibility of abusing power for personal gain.

③Civilization progress: It promoted the development of cultural undertakings and made Greek civilization an important civilization center in the ancient West and even the entire world

Limitations: ① It is only for citizen groups Non-citizens, such as foreign immigrants, slaves and citizens of other countries, do not enjoy the rights of democracy;

②It is a democracy for male citizens;

③All public offices are elected by and lottery, this kind of turn-by-turn governance is very likely to lead to extreme democratization and the decline of democracy.

6 The Origin and Development of Roman Law

The "Law of the Twelve Tables": including civil law, criminal law and litigation procedures, it is basically a compilation of unwritten customary laws in the past. He clearly defended private property rights and the vested interests of the nobility

Significance: ① It is a victory for the common people; (Reason: Because with statutory law, judgments and sentences must be based on the law, and the nobility cannot interpret customary law at will like in the past.

②This law is the source of Roman law and the basic law of Rome;

③Limitations: The fundamental purpose is to safeguard the interests of slave owners.

"Civil Law Encyclopedia" marks the final completion of the Roman legal system

Unit 3: The Establishment and Development of the Modern Western Capitalist Political System

Seven The Establishment of the British Constitutional Monarchy

The Glorious Revolution: the fundamental reason: feudal autocratic rule hindered the development of capitalism

In 1640, Britain became a republic, and in 1688 the Glorious Revolution

Significance: Realizing the desire of the bourgeoisie to take power, overthrowing the feudal autocratic monarchy, establishing a constitutional monarchy, and paving the way for the development of the British capitalist economy and the establishment of a capitalist political economy

"Bill of Rights" ": 1689

Contents: ① Restrict royal power from legislative, judicial, financial, military and other aspects;

② Affirm the free power of parliament in the form of law;

Meaning:

①The relationship between the king and parliament: the sovereignty of parliament is established, and the king’s power is limited by parliament;

②The relationship between royal power and law: the king can only act as stipulated in the constitution To exercise power within the scope, the United Kingdom established a constitutional monarchy;

③ Changes in the way of governance: The United Kingdom implemented collective rule by parliament and the king, and the governance method shifted from rule of man to rule of law. British society has since entered a period of long-term and stable development

Characteristics: The power of parliament is supreme, and the monarch rules without rule

Responsible cabinet: the prime minister controls the power of the country

① After the "Glorious Revolution", the king gradually withdrew from the cabinet. Become the head of state who "rules without governing". The cabinet assumed actual administrative responsibilities, and its power and importance also increased;

②In 1721, Robert Walpole became the first cabinet prime minister in British history, presiding over cabinet meetings and coordinating the work of various departments. . The responsible cabinet system was formed;

③ Development: In the mid-19th century, with the gradual expansion of the electoral system and the development of the two-party system, parliamentary elections became a power competition between two political parties. The majority party that won the general election Come to power and form a cabinet.

Eight. The Establishment of the U.S. Federal Government

Serious political problems: ①The Confederacy has limited rights, has no power to tax, and does not control military power

②The rights of states are very limited It is a large country and has the power to recruit troops, tax and issue currency

③ Riots and social unrest often occur in various places

④ The United States is often at a disadvantage in its trade with European countries, and its economy is Development was seriously affected

In 1787, the Federal Constitution was promulgated,

Contents: ① It stipulates that the United States is a federal country with rights higher than those of the states

② The federal government has political, economic, military and diplomatic powers

The principle of federalism: stipulates a strong federal government, including a president, a national parliament, and a federal judicial system; at the same time, the constitution allows states to retain It has greater autonomy;

The President: the highest executive power, military command power, partial constitutional veto power, and the power to appoint senior government officials;

Parliament: fiscal power and legislative power ;

The Supreme Court: the highest judicial power and the right to interpret the Constitution

Principle of separation of powers and checks and balances: the separation of legislative, executive and judicial powers and mutual restriction

Two-party system The formation and development of the Democratic Party

The 1920s and 1920s were an important period for the formation of the two political parties in the United States. In the mid-1850s, the confrontation between the Democratic Party and the Communist Party finally took shape

Nine The expansion of the capitalist political system on the European continent

The difficult road to peace in France

The outbreak of the 1789 Revolution

1791~~1792 Constitutional monarchy System

1793~~1804 First *** War

1804~~1814 First Empire

1815~~1830 Restoration Dynasty

1848~~1852 The Second French Republic

1852~~1870 The Second Empire

The establishment of the French French Republic

In 1875, the National Assembly adopted the constitution of the Third French Republic

Influence: The political system was finally established and promoted the development of French capitalism

The constitutional monarchy of the German Empire

⊙The head of the empire is the "German Emperor". The emperor has the power to appoint the imperial prime minister and imperial officials; the power to convene and dissolve the Federal Parliament and the Imperial Congress; the power to sign and publish imperial laws and supervise the implementation of the laws; the imperial army is commanded by the emperor, and the officers are appointed by the emperor. In short, the emperor is The holder of the highest power.

⊙The Prime Minister presides over the imperial government and is only responsible to the emperor and not to the parliament;

⊙The Federal Parliament and the Imperial Diet are legislative bodies and exercise legislative power. The Imperial Congress is elected, but it cannot form a representative government. It cannot pass any bill on its own that is unfavorable to the government. It has no administrative supervision power over the government. The only thing that exerts pressure on the government is to approve the budget.

The German Empire implemented a constitutional monarchy, but it had a strong flavor of absolutism

The differences between the political systems of Britain, the United States, France and Germany

Government heads of state and How the power government is generated Parliamentary power

And status power

Center

The British constitutional monarchy is hereditary;

The king only plays a ceremonial role , is a symbol of the country. The cabinet is elected by the parliament and is responsible to the parliament. The prime minister of the cabinet is the highest administrative head and has the highest administrative power and creative legislative power; the parliament is the highest power organ and the center of national power. Parliament

Germany The emperor is the head of the empire and is hereditary; he appoints the prime minister and officials of the empire, convenes and dissolves parliament, signs and promulgates laws and supervises the implementation of laws, commands the army, and appoints military officers; the emperor appoints the prime minister and officials, and the prime minister presides over the imperial government and is only responsible to the emperor. It is directly elected and cannot form a representative government. It has no power to supervise the government and only has the power to approve the budget.

Emperor

The President of the United States is both the head of state and the head of government; he is elected by the people; he has the highest executive power, military command power, partial legislative veto power, the power to appoint senior government officials and organize the government; the president appoints senior government officials , the government is responsible to the president, has legislative and financial powers, and mutually restricts the president with the president and the federal courts

Legal democracy and the president are both the head of state, the head of government and the supreme commander of the military; he is governed by the people Elected by the parliament; has the power to propose laws and dissolve the House of Representatives; the president and cabinet ministers are both responsible to the parliament; cabinet ministers are appointed by the president, presidential orders must be countersigned by ministers, and the cabinet is responsible to the parliament. It has the power to elect the president, make legislation, and initiate laws; the president and ministers are responsible to the parliament, and the parliament exercises supervision power over the government. Parliament

Core features: representative democracy;

Different powers possessed by parliament: legislative power, financial power and administrative supervision power;

Fourth Unit: The trend of resisting aggression and seeking democracy in modern China

Ten Opium Wars

1 Background: (1) In Sino-British foreign trade, China is in a leading position. (2) In order to reverse the trade deficit with China, Britain smuggled opium into China. (3) After the Industrial Revolution, Britain urgently needed to open up the Chinese market and make China its raw material origin and commodity dumping market.

2 China’s anti-smoking campaign: (1) Reasons: The import of opium seriously endangered the rule of the Qing Dynasty. (2) Evaluation of the Humen anti-smoking campaign: It was a great victory for China’s anti-smoking movement and demonstrated the strong determination of the Chinese nation to resist foreign aggression.

3 The fundamental reason for the Opium War: in order to open up the Chinese market and plunder the commodity sales market and raw material origin.

4 Gunsmoke in Humen: Faced with the dangers of opium, Emperor Daoguang sent Lin Zexu to Guangdong to ban opium. Lin Zexu arrested cigarette dealers in Guangdong, confiscated opium, and destroyed it in public on Humen Beach, that is, Humen destroyed cigarettes. Britain used this as an excuse to launch a war of aggression against China.

The signing of the "Treaty of Nanjing": In 1842, the Qing government was forced to sign the first unequal treaty in modern Chinese history with the United Kingdom

Main content:

①Certain Hong Kong Island to the United Kingdom; (undermining China's territorial sovereignty)

②Pay compensation of 21 million silver dollars;

③Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai as treaty ports ; (Undermining China's trade sovereignty)

④China must negotiate with the United Kingdom on the taxes paid by British merchants on imported and exported goods. (Destroying China’s tariff autonomy)

① Changes in the nature of society: From a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Politically, China was an independent feudal country before the war. After the war, through a series of unequal treaties, China's territory, territorial waters, judicial, customs, and trade sovereignty were severely damaged, and China began to become a semi-colony. Economically, before the war, the country was dominated by a self-sufficient feudal economy. After the war, China's feudal natural economy began to disintegrate.

② Changes in social contradictions: From the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class to the contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation, the contradiction between feudalism and the masses of the people, the contradiction between Chinese foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation , becoming the most important contradiction among various social contradictions.

, ③ Changes in the revolutionary mission: before the war, it was to oppose the country’s feudal rule, and after the war, it was necessary to fight against both feudalism and aggression

④ Changes in the nature of the revolution: China has since entered the old The period of democratic revolution;

⑤ Changes in the ideological field: New ideas of "learning from the West" began to sprout.

So, the Opium War was a turning point in Chinese history and the beginning of modern Chinese history.

After the Opium War, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the "Five-Port Trade Charter" and the "Treaty of Humen", from which Britain obtained "consular jurisdiction", "unilateral most-favored-nation treatment", and leased land at treaty ports , house and the privilege of permanent residence. The United States and France also coerced the Qing government into signing the "Treaty of Wangxia" and "Treaty of Huangpu" respectively, seizing more rights for aggression.

The Opium War reignited: (Second Opium War)

The fundamental reason: Britain and France were not satisfied with the vested interests of the Opium War and demanded further opening of the Chinese market and expansion of their rights to invade.

The nature of the war: an aggressive and unjust war of plunder;

① In 1856, Britain and France jointly launched the Second Opium War, taking the blackmail rejection of the "treaty amendment" as an opportunity. ②In 1858, the British and French forces went north to capture Dagu and invaded Tianjin. The Qing government successively signed the Treaty of Tianjin with Russia, the United States, Britain and France. ③In 1859, the British and French forces once again captured Dagu and Tianjin. In 1860, he invaded Beijing and looted the Old Summer Palace. ④In 1860, the Qing government signed the Treaty of Beijing with Britain, France and Russia. Content: (1) Open Tianjin as a commercial port; (2) Cut off the Kowloon Division to the British. ⑤The Second Opium War and the signing of the Treaty of Tianjin and the Treaty of Beijing caused China to lose a large amount of territory and sovereignty, and led to open collusion between Chinese and foreign reactionary forces. The degree of semi-colonial and semi-feudalization in China has deepened.

Impact: Politically, China lost a large area of ??territory and sovereignty: the rulers of the Qing Dynasty surrendered to foreign invaders and began to become their vassals and tools. Chinese and foreign reactionary forces openly colluded to suppress the Chinese people. of resistance.

Economically, foreign aggressive forces have expanded to coastal provinces and into the interior, making it easier for them to dump goods and plunder cheap raw materials and labor, making it difficult for China to withstand the impact of capitalist economic aggression.

Eleven Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement

The fundamental reason for the rise of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement: Corrupt feudal rule and heavy exploitation led to the intensification of class conflicts.

①Rise: Jintian Uprising in 1851

②Development: Yongan was established, and the political power was initially established; Tianjing was established as the capital in 1853, and the political power that confronted the Qing government was formally established;

③ Heyday: The Northern Expedition, the Western Expedition and the Eastern Expedition were carried out from 1853 to 1856

Northern Expedition: Purpose: To overthrow the rule of the Qing government.

Leaders: Lin Fengxiang, Li Kaifang.

Result: Failed due to going deep alone.

Meaning: It contained the enemy's forces and created favorable conditions for the victory of the Western Expedition and the Eastern Expedition.

Western Expedition: Purpose: To consolidate the revolutionary base camp in Tianjing

Leader: Lai Hanying

Result: Shi Dakai defeated the Hunan Army and consolidated Tianjing

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Eastern Expedition: Purpose: To cut off the financial resources of the Qing government and enrich its own economic strength

Leader: Qin Rigang

Result: Capture Yangzhou and defeat the Jiangbei and Jiangnan camps, military reached its heyday.

Main content:

①The basic content is about land distribution, which fundamentally negates feudal land ownership.

② Regarding the distribution of products, it stipulates an absolutely equal distribution plan that "no one in the world should be selfish, and everything belongs to the Lord".

(2) Evaluation: "The Tianchao Land Acquisition System" is the revolutionary program promulgated by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom after it established its capital in Tianjing.

Revolutionary: First of all, it clearly advocated the abolition of feudal private ownership of land, which became the highest peak of Chinese peasant struggle for thousands of years;

Utopian: equal distribution of land and products could not be realized at the time , this holy treasury system of absolute equal distribution goes against the nature of small producers and cannot mobilize the revolutionary enthusiasm of farmers.

Backwardness: This program takes small-scale peasant economy as the ideal goal it pursues, but it does not actually transcend the economic category of feudalism.

Reasons: unable to mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers; unable to be implemented due to the war environment;

Reasons for failure: ① Objective reasons: Chinese and foreign reactionary forces colluded too powerfully and jointly strangled the Taiping Rebellion.

②Subjective reasons: First, the limitations of the peasant class. The second is a strategic mistake.

(3) Lesson: The tragedy of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom shows that due to the limitations of class and era, the peasant class cannot lead the Chinese revolution to victory

(4) Historical significance: 1. It is modern China A great anti-feudal and anti-aggression peasant movement in history, it was the highest peak of China’s peasant wars in thousands of years. ② It lasted for 14 years and reached 18 provinces. It severely punished the reactionary forces at home and abroad. ③ It assumed the dual mission of anti-feudal and anti-aggression. Opposing feudalism accelerated the decline and collapse of the Qing Dynasty and the entire feudal system; resisting aggression broke the Western invaders' attempt to rapidly colonize China. ④Some leaders began to seek truth from the West and explore ways for China to become independent and prosperous.

"New Chapter of the Government"

Content: Political aspect: advocating democracy

Economic aspect: learning from the West and developing capitalist industry and commerce

Cultural and educational aspects: establish new schools

Diplomatic aspects: free exchanges with foreign countries, but do not allow foreign countries to interfere in China's internal affairs

Evaluation: "New Chapter of Zizheng" was written by Hong Rengan in 1859 A plan to reform internal affairs and build the country in order to revitalize the Taiping Rebellion. It has a distinct capitalist flavor and is the earliest plan proposed by advanced Chinese people to develop capitalism in China. It is not the product of the peasants’ revolutionary practice, does not reflect the peasants’ wishes, and is not implemented.

The 12th Sino-Japanese War and the Eight-Power Allied Forces' invasion of China

The fundamental cause of the Sino-Japanese War: After the Meiji Restoration, Japan vigorously developed capitalism, but the domestic market was small and it hoped to benefit from the war. Find a way out. (2) European and American powers have a conniving attitude. (3) The Donghak Party uprising in North Korea became the trigger.

The course of the war

(1) Outbreak: In 1894, the Japanese navy raided a Chinese troop transport ship off the coast of Fengdao Island outside Asan Pass, and the war broke out.

(2) Battle of Pyongyang: Hui general Zuo Baogui died; Pyongyang fell.

(3) Battle of the Yellow Sea: Deng Shichang and Lin Yongsheng sank together with the ship; the main force of the Beiyang Fleet remained, and Japan gained control of the sea.

(4) Battle of Liaodong: Nie Shicheng led his troops to resist; the Japanese army caused the Lushun Massacre.

(5) Battle of Weihai: Ding Ruchang committed suicide and martyred his country; the entire Beiyang Fleet was annihilated (indicating the bankruptcy of the Westernization Movement).

"Treaty of Shimonoseki"

Contents: 1. Cut the Penghu Islands, Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan and its affiliated islands to Japan. 2. Open Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou as commercial ports. 3. Allow Japan to set up factories in China’s treaty ports.

Hazards: ①Certain territory: destroys China’s territorial sovereignty, stimulates the ambitions of the great powers to carve up China, and sets off a frenzy to carve up China;

②Reparations: increases the burden on the Chinese people, It facilitated the great powers to control China's economic lifeline through loans. ;At the same time, it promoted the rapid development of Japan's economy;

③Opening of ports: The aggressive forces of the great powers further extended to the inland; (the most inland Chongqing).

④ Setting up factories: This allows foreign countries to further plunder China’s raw materials and labor force, seriously hindering the development of China’s national capitalism.

The Eight-Nation Allied Forces invaded China

In 1900, the Eight-Nation Allied Forces of Britain, the United States, Russia, Japan, France, Germany, Italy and Austria launched a war of aggression against China on the pretext of suppressing the Boxer Rebellion

"Treaty of Xinchou":. In 1901, the Qing government signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" with eight countries.

Influence: ① Huge indemnities deepened the suffering of the Chinese people;

② The establishment of embassies in Beijing became a sign of the invasion of China by the great powers.

③The Qing government became a tool for the great powers to rule China;

④China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society finally formed;

China completely fell into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society